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Zhostovo painting is one of the most famous folk crafts for painting metal trays. Thanks to the work and skill of Russian craftsmen, these trays from everyday items have become real works of arts and crafts.

Zhostovo tray - as we know it.

The history of the fishery

The birthplace of folk craft - the village of Zhostovo Moscow region, and its history began in the first decades of the 19th century. The appearance of the craft of painting iron trays in the Moscow region was caused by several important events:

• the discovery by Russian masters of the secret of transparent varnish;
• the emergence in the 18th century in the Urals - the center of Russian metallurgy - of the craft of painting metal trays, the main images on these trays are floral and floral ornament;
• production in St. Petersburg of trays of unusual shapes with drawings of flowers, birds, complex curls, etc.;
• opening in the 1820s in Zhostovo F.N. Vishnyakov workshops, which launched the production of painted lacquerware from papier-mâché: trays, caskets, all kinds of boxes, etc.

The artist at work in the studio of F.N. Veshnyakov.

They painted these products with scenes from folk life, landscapes.

In the 1830s, trays were already forged from metal, and soon only they began to be produced in Zhostovo. Despite the initial influence of the technique and subjects of painting the Ural and St. Petersburg trays, by the 1870s, the Zhostovo tray acquired original style and unique painting.

At the end of the 19th century, cities were actively growing in Russia, numerous shops, hotels, taverns and restaurants were opened. All of them needed trays, which contributed to the development of the Zhostovo craft.

In 1960 there was organized Zhostovo factory decorative painting, which employs wonderful craftsmen and produces trays that are in great demand both in Russia and in other countries.

Zhostovo factory. Soviet period.

Features and techniques for making Zhostovo trays

The trays have various sizes and shapes. They are huge, the size of a table, and small, no larger than a saucer. The most common shapes are oval and round, but there are rectangular, square, triangular, polygonal, combined.

Manufacture of trays from sheet metal cold forging or by stamping. Before painting, the product is primed and puttied, then carefully polished and repeatedly coated with colored varnish. trays painted with oil paints, and after painting, a transparent varnish is applied several times.

The main theme of the Zhostovo paintings is large bouquets of large and small flowers. The flower bouquet is located in the center of the tray. There is a golden pattern along the side of the tray. Bouquets can be complemented by images of berries and joyful, colorful birds. There are also scenes from folk life, landscapes. It has long been one of the favorite stories - a daring trio of horses.

Favorite plot - Russian troika.

The background of the trays is not only black; it can be dark green, bright red, blue, golden and even white.

Painting stages:

• zamalyonok - drawing silhouettes of flowers and leaves;
• tenezhka - applying shadows;
• laying - determining the shape of flowers and leaves;
• glare - applying glare creates color and mood, gives volume to the depicted;
• drawing - drawing with a thin brush the contours of each flower and leaf;
• binding - antennae, twigs, blades of grass are drawn, linking the bouquet into a single whole;
• cleaning - drawing a pattern on the sides of the tray.

Stages of drawing.

Due to the variety of color combinations and their arrangement on the tray, each Zhostovo tray is unique. Among the millions of trays made over almost 200 years no two are the same.

Each product is unique.

Festive, bright trays are used not only in everyday life, but also as decoration.

Zhostovo trays are very popular, so they are often faked. To distinguish a real tray from Zhostovo, you must first look at the edge of the tray. It should be perfectly smooth and even. On the back of the tray should be trademark of the Zhostovo factory - a flower and a tassel.

The unique technique of lacquer painting was invented not at all near Moscow, but at the Ural factories of the merchants Demidovs, in Nizhny Tagil. The serf Khudoyarov invented "crystal" lacquer, which "does not crack at all on iron, copper and wood." A special painting technique developed in Tagil from the end of the 18th century, then it was mastered in other workshops - everyone really liked these elegant trays with beautiful bouquets of flowers!

Tray fishing in the Moscow region arises at the beginning of the 19th century, and this is due to the activities of the Veshnyakov family, local natives.

Each craftsman in Zhostovo has his own brand, by which you can find out the authenticity of the tray.

The Veshnyakovs were peasants who bought themselves free, talented craftsmen and successful entrepreneurs. They founded workshops in which they were engaged in the manufacture of a variety of papier-mâché products with miniature paintings. Beautiful little things were in great demand among the population, the business developed rapidly, and Philip Veshnyakov, the eldest of the clan, soon moved to Moscow. However, his son Osip separated from his father, returned to small homeland and opened his own business in the village of Zhostovo. Troitskaya volost, where the village was located, was then the center of handicraft production near Moscow. In many villages there were workshops in which skilled artisans were engaged in various crafts, and in the village of Zhostovo there were twenty-two such workshops.

Osip Veshnyakov produced snuff boxes, boxes, tea caddies, caskets, cigarette cases, visors for caps, and along with painted trays. Unfortunately, they were too fragile and impractical, although beautiful, but the Tagil iron trays were more popular with buyers.

Zhostovo trays are in the collections of Spanish and British monarchs.

iron trays

Osip Veshnyakov decided to abandon papier-mâché and also switch to the manufacture of iron trays, because the demand for them was constantly increasing. The Zhostovo masters had an advantage over their Tagil competitors - they knew the secret of a more durable varnish that did not crack for a long time, preserving the painting. This has become a decisive factor in the competitive struggle. The workshop in Zhostovo almost completely switched to the production of iron trays, expanding production every now and then, and only very old craftsmen continued to make cute knick-knacks from papier-mâché.

As with the Tagil trays, the main motif of the Zhostovo trays was flower bouquets. This painting has many sources. It is reminiscent of folk beadwork, Pavloposad shawls, Ivanovo bright chintz, Kursk carpets. Here the same brightness of colors, a bold combination of colors, lush decorative effect. Similar motifs can also be seen in the folk paintings of peasant chests and spinning wheels, on wooden and ceramic dishes. The masters of the factory took note of all these folk ornaments, and as a result they developed their own unique style, recognizable by everyone. flower bouquets Zhostovo trays not to be confused with any others.

Each master makes several trays at the same time, an experienced professional paints from five to ten products a day. During the painting, the tray does not lie on the table, but on the master’s knee, and the artist rotates or moves the tray, as if substituting the desired area under the brush.

Zhostovo factory

The Zhostovo factory successfully developed throughout the 19th century. Trays were bought in rich merchant houses, and in the apartments of workers, and in the famous Moscow tea treats were served just for them. Many bought Zhostovo trays to decorate the house, and not for use - these bright “pictures” were so pleasing to the eye.

However, like many handicraft industries, at the beginning of the 20th century the factory was going through hard times. Demand for trays began to fall, and their production began to decline steadily. Masters were forced to engage in peasant labor or go to factories.

Further events in history - the war, the revolution, the first years of Soviet power - put an end to this beautiful craft, but in the early 1920s, a gradual revival of many artistic artels began, including Zhostov. Handicraft industries of neighboring villages in 1928 were merged into one big factory under the name "Metal tray" (in 1960 it was renamed the Zhostovo factory of decorative painting - that's how it is still called).

The new government demanded ideological support from artists. But the Zhostovo masters managed not to abandon their art, they did not switch to revolutionary and socialist subjects. There were attempts to make the painting of the trays more realistic, using the techniques of easel painting, but they were unsuccessful, and the masters abandoned these ideas. On the trays of the Zhostovo factory, colorful bouquets still bloomed against a black background and garlands of flowers, made with the same highest craftsmanship, continued to bloom.

Japanese scientists examined Zhostovo trays using a special device and came to the conclusion that they radiate good energy. By their order, trays with the image of sakura and hieroglyphs were made.

Maybe, greatest flourishing Zhostovo factory has reached in the 60-70s of the twentieth century. Beautiful, elegant trays self made were in many Soviet families, served as home decoration, were considered excellent gifts. These unique author's products were also in great demand abroad; foreign tourists took them away as a Russian souvenir along with Khokhloma, Gzhel, nesting dolls and Dymkovo toys.

Today, the old craft is still alive, and the former masters are being replaced by young ones, who adopt the secrets of their exquisite art with interest and pleasure.

Mastery Secrets

Making Zhostovo trays is a long and painstaking process. Modern masters strictly observe the ancient technology. Primed and puttied, painted with black paint and covered with two layers of varnish, the trays finally get to the artists. They paint with oil paints heavily diluted with turpentine and linseed oil. Such paint flows easily from a squirrel brush, and this allows you to make an elastic and thin stroke.

The first stage of painting is called painting, the second - dressing. In painting, the artist sketches the silhouette of the bouquet with a wide brush. After that, the tray is dried for 12 hours. The painting is done without a preliminary drawing, immediately whitewashed - so that nothing can be corrected later. At the straightening stage, small details are drawn, shadows and highlights are cast.

The finished painting is covered with three layers of light varnish. Each layer is dried and polished with pumice stone and coarse cloth. The last stage is the aiming of a mirror shine on the varnish: it is done manually, using the finest flour-grinding chalk.

Zhostovo painting- an old Russian tradition that appeared in the first quarter of the 19th century in the territory of the village of Zhostovo near Moscow, after which the craft got its name. At first, in the workshops that opened in several neighboring villages, they painted exclusively papier-mâché pieces. And only almost a hundred years later, in 1922, the Novoseltsovskaya Labor Artel began to produce metal lacquered trays, and the artists began to paint products that were new to them.

Zhostovo painting in our time
Today, masters of Zhostovo painting create unique metal forged trays, which can be viewed at http://imatreshki.ru/magazin/folder/zhostovskie-podnosy and used both for purely utilitarian purposes, such as serving dishes on the table, and as an element of decor. The main motif of the painting is a bouquet of a simple composition, in which there are both small and large flowers. According to the established tradition, painting is done on a black lacquer background, but sometimes green, red, silver and blue trays are used. Sometimes white and dark red colors can be used. The trays themselves can have a different shape:

Round or oval - these are the classic forms of Zhostovo trays;
- rectangular;
- octagonal - a very interesting shape for decorative elements;
- combined and others.

Today, Zhostovo trays are one of the most popular products that can be used as a stylish and expensive gift for any occasion.

Where to use trays with Zhostovo painting
The main motif of the painting, as mentioned above, is a rather simple bouquet of flowers. But in general, Zhostovo products are very diverse in subject matter. This is a bizarre interweaving of leaves and branches, berries and fruits, birds among flowers, simple and complex ornaments, and even the use of elements of Khokhloma and Gzhel painting.

Amazingly beautiful painted trays are widely used in everyday life. The very first thing that a designer can think of is using these souvenirs to decorate a room. A colorful tray can become a central element of the interior, a semantic and color accent that can literally transform a room.

Another application is an elite table setting for an important family holiday. A painted tray will perfectly emphasize the significance of the moment, and at the same time become evidence of the impeccable taste of the owners.

Buying trays with Zhostovo painting is easy. You just need to visit the website of the company "Ai, Matryoshki", select a product in the catalog and place an order. The tray you like will appear in your home very soon.

Zamalevok

With bleached paints, the general silhouette of the composition is outlined, the location of the main color spots. In painting, the master draws the silhouette of a bouquet on the working surface of the tray with a wide brush. Zhostovo painting is carried out without a preliminary drawing with dense, somewhat whitened paints simultaneously on several trays. The cursive manner of writing allows the Zhostovo masters to paint 5, 6 or more trays a day. Creating a bouquet, the artist rotates the tray on his knee, as if substituting the desired area of ​​its surface under the brush. At the same time, you need to follow the beauty and expressiveness of the silhouette of flowers, buds, leaves and stems, the rhythmic arrangement of colorful spots, the ratio of the scale of the painting of the form and the background of the tray. The painting is dried for 3-4 days in free air or for several hours in an oven, after which it is covered with a light varnish and cleaned for the second stage of writing.

Tenezhka

Shadows are superimposed on the dried out painting with glazing paints. This technique immerses the bouquet in the depth of tone. Glazing paints are applied with strong, juicy strokes with a wide flat brush: blue (Prussian blue or ultramarine), green (emerald green) and red (kraplak). The shawl is designed to enhance the sound of color and emphasize shady places in flower forms.

Pad

Dense body letter. The forms of the bouquet are refined, highlighted using dense colors. With bright, dense colors, the artist reveals (paves) the volumes of flowers and leaves.

blikovka

The overlay of highlights reveals the volume and light, completes the sculpting of forms. Complements the lining with bleaching cuts of flowers, buds and leaves.

Drawing

This technique quickly and easily outlines the petals and leaves, seeds in the cups of flowers. It completes the cutting of the main forms of the bouquet with thin, musical lines, drawing the outlines of the petals and leaf veins. In the cups of flowers, the master depicts stamens and pistils, which is called planting seeds.

Binding

Final letter. Grass pattern, written in green or brown paint in the gaps between flowers and leaves. Zhostovo bouquets are characterized by the brightness of colors: blue, red, green, yellow, white, orange, the sonority of which is especially emphasized by the black lacquer background.

Ornament

Painted with gold paint on the side of the tray. The sides of the trays are decorated with a light, openwork ornament. The ornament is executed with a squirrel brush and light varnish.

Trays are made from ordinary sheet iron. Forged products are primed, puttied, polished and varnished, which makes their surface perfectly smooth, then painted with oil paints and covered with several layers of transparent colorless varnish on top. The most important operation requiring genuine creativity is painting. Painting subjects - floral and floral ornaments and everyday scenes from folk life, landscapes, scenes of folk festivals, weddings and tea parties. The most common type of Zhostovo painting is a bouquet located in the center of the tray and framed on the side with a small golden pattern. In this construction, one can see a certain reflection of the composition of the easel still life of the 19th century, enclosed in a gilded frame. But the motive itself received a more decorative and conditional interpretation than in easel paintings. It becomes a part of a decorative thing, special techniques allowed the craftsmen to organically fit it in, as if to “melt” it into the lacquered surface of the tray. The bouquet has turned into an elegant group of flowers, loosely placed on a brilliant lacquer background. Three or four large flowers (rose, tulip, dahlia, and sometimes more modest pansies, bindweed, etc.) were surrounded by a scattering of smaller flowers and buds, interconnected by flexible stems and light “grass”, that is, small twigs and leaflets. The image seemed to be born from a shimmering depth, dissolving in it with transparent shadows and flashing bright bouquets on the surface. Slightly "drowned" in the background, the flowers seemed light semi-volumetric, tactfully given foreshortenings and turns of the rims did not visually break through the plane of the object.

Zhostovo painting and its painting technique, as well as the painting of each tray itself, is original and unique, because it is performed without any samples. Behind the captivating lightness and unconstrained artistry of writing, lies a huge skill developed by generations of talented unknown peasant artists in the past. Zhostovo artists paint with oil paints and soft squirrel brushes. While working, the artist holds the tray on his knee and, when necessary, turns it. And the hand with the brush rests on a wooden plank lying across the tray. At first, the artist only outlines the future painting, draws freely with quick and precise strokes. And even repeating the drawing, the master improvises, adds something new. Zhostovo painting begins with a "painting", with bleached paints a general silhouette of the image is outlined, the location of the main spots. The painted trays are dried in ovens for several hours. The following techniques, "shadow" and "laying", build the shapes of flowers and leaves; first, transparent shadows are applied, then light areas of the painting are “paved” with dense bright colors. This is followed by “glare”, that is, the application of whitewash strokes that clarify all volumes. The painting ends with elegant graphics of “drawings” and “bindings”. The elastic lines of the “drawing” easily run around the contour of the petals and leaves, expressively emphasizing their juicy painting in contrast. Small twigs, not accidentally called "binding", soften the transition to the background. Each craftsman uses these traditional techniques that have developed in the craft in his own way, creatively playing with the decorative possibilities of brush writing (for example, “glare” can gently “melt” with the “laying”, or can clearly stand out on it). As a result, endless variants of similar motifs and images appear, but one never sees literal copies or repetitions among them. So each tray is a unique work of art. Sometimes painting, also known as Zhostovo painting, glows with a special flickering light. This master used mother-of-pearl fragments in the picture, laying them directly on the tray. The means of Zhostovo art are vividly expressive. It has its own artistic system, pictorial techniques and original style, formed from an alloy of ornamental folk paintings and a realistic pictorial still life mastered by folk masters.

The art of Zhostovo is based on the techniques of writing developed by generations, without which his artistic mastery would have been impossible. It is born in the very process of a kind of painting-murals, combining the strict consistency and refinement of handicraft techniques with the improvisation of creativity.

The charm of Zhostovo's art lies in the sincerity, immediacy of its content and means of expression. It is democratic in all its manifestations; its perception does not require special knowledge and training. Garden and wild flowers - both real and born by the artist's fantasy, collected in bouquets and spread out in wreaths and garlands - this theme resonates with every person, awakens a sense of beauty.

Art objects can be a real decoration of a house, apartment, or if used correctly. Those who appreciate masterpieces from the talented hands of Russian craftsmen are probably familiar with Zhostovo trays. A beautiful thing from a real master is an option for a wonderful gift to a relative or colleague. So, we will talk about the history of the creation of Zhostovo trays and where they are now made.

The history of the Zhostovo tray

Zhostovo painting is a folk art craft, which consisted in painting tin products (trays), which began its existence in 1825 from the village of Zhostovo, Moscow Region. Initially, several workshops appeared simultaneously under the direction of Korobov and Philip Veshnyakov, which took as a basis the tradition of Tagil painting of the 17th century on papier-mâché products. Then the trays began to be made of iron, but the paint was poorly fixed on this material. Then, in the middle of the 19th century, they began to use Forged Products of steel.

With the advent of Soviet power, the workshops united into labor artels. Since the 60s of the XX century, Zhostovo trays began to gain popularity, not only in the USSR, but also abroad. Beautiful handicrafts took part in numerous exhibitions. Zhostovo steel trays calling card Russian folk art and the country.

Today, the Zhostovo tray is still famous among connoisseurs and ordinary people. The main problems are cheap mass fakes that flooded souvenir and art shops.

How are Zhostovo trays made?

If we talk about where Zhostovo trays are made, then the workshops have not changed the address - in the village of Zhostovo they are still engaged in this type of craft. Now it is a factory, consisting of a forging and stamping workshop. metal products, and a paint shop where the trays are varnished and then painted black. And only after that, after the prepared products fall into the hands of master painters.

Zhostovo painting is characterized by the image of a colorful flower bouquet, where small field and large garden flowers alternate, sometimes garden fruits. Basically, the background for the image is dark, but you can also find products with a silver, red or green background. At the heart of this painting is a free and juicy brush stroke. Moreover, the masters work by hand not according to samples, but according to the rules. Each author signs his work. Thus, the author's Zhostovo trays do not have repetitions, each work is unique.

As for the form of Zhostovo trays, they are very diverse. Simple - round, oval or rectangular. “Guitar” and octagonal trays, decorated on the sides with embossed forged elements and slotted handles, look impressive. Trays are made by hand using cold forging (such items are many times more expensive) or using stamp molds.

By the way, according to their purpose, Zhostovo trays are divided into a group for domestic use (under, under fruits, serving food) and used as room decoration.

How to care for a Zhostovo tray?

Of course, products designed to decorate a room need timely cleaning from dust. As a rule, a soft piece of cloth soaked in water is used, or special wet wipes for cleaning. Care of Zhostovo trays used for household purposes in the kitchen may include the removal of fat droplets. In this case, aggressive products may not be suitable, as they will spoil the applied layer of painting. It is best to use special products with a mild effect.