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This presentation is suitable both for a lesson in the world around us in grade 1, and for an extracurricular activity on the rules of the road in grades 1-2. The presentation shows the types of transport: land, underground, water and air, as well as special transport.

The presentation was made according to the outline of the lesson, which was taken from N.V. Ershova's manual "SDA in elementary school". Publishing house "PHOENIX" Rostov-on-Don, 2013. The summary is located on pages 62-65 of this teacher's guide.

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"Presentation for the lesson" Modes of transport. "

Modes of transport /extracurricular activity/

The presentation was made by a primary school teacher at School No. 2098 in Moscow

Khorcheva Olga Alekseevna

PURPOSE OF TRANSPORT

• passenger
• cargo
• special

MODES OF TRANSPORT - PASSENGER

• Bus
• trolleybus
• Tram
• Underground
• Taxi

TYPES OF TRANSPORT - CARGO

• Truck
• Airplane
• Train
• Ship

MODES OF TRANSPORT - SPECIAL

• Street cleaning
• Ambulance
• Police
• Fire Department
• Rescue Service

PHONES FOR SPECIAL VEHICLES

Fire Department 01

Police 02

Ambulance 03

PUZZLE 1

talking car

At the car.

PUZZLE 2

Handy, toothy,

Walking, wandering down the street

It's snowing and it's falling,

And the janitor just squints.

PUZZLE 3

This car with a red cross

Rushing to the aid of the sick run.

Wearing a white coat on the car

From afar you can see her red cross.

PUZZLE 4

There is not a cloud in the sky,

And it's pouring rain on the asphalt.

PUZZLE 5

A car drives fast to a fire,

The driver does not spare gasoline.

This car has water cannons

The car is torn with fire to join the battle.

QUESTIONS for fixing the material

• Name the types of transport.
• What cars are public transport.
• Name the special purpose vehicles.
• What are the phone numbers where special vehicles come to help the victims.

USED ​​BOOKS

• N.V. Elzhova “SDA in elementary school”, pp. 62-65 (summary of the lesson). - Rostov-on-Don, "Phoenix", 2013
• Internet resources YANDEX (pictures)

Transport. Ground transport. Air Transport. Transport in my city. Transport logistics. Sea transport. Transport complex. Transport activity. Transport law. Road traffic accidents. Vehicle safety. Theme "Transport". Vehicle appraisal. Children's road traffic injuries.

Prevention of children's road traffic injuries. Road and transport safety. Unified transport system. Transport container. Prevention of children's road traffic injuries. Water and air transport. Transport card of the student. Transport project. Transport of substances. The history of the development of transport.

Transport complex of Russia. Intelligent transport systems. Geography of transport of the world. Prevention of traffic accidents. Transport infrastructure projects. Development of transport logistics. Transportation needs. Modeling of transport processes. What is the transport. Transport support of foreign economic activity.

Theory of transport processes and systems. transport systems of the body. Organization of work on the prevention of children's road traffic injuries. A cyclist is a driver of a vehicle. Electronic transport. Forwarding activities in road transport. Presentation "Motor transport".

Transport video surveillance systems. Lesson on the topic "WATER TRANSPORT". Causes of traffic accidents and injuries of people. European Agreement Concerning the Work of Crews of Vehicles Engaged in International Road Transport (AETR).

1. Classification of urban transport The transport complex of a modern city includes intracity passenger transport, intercity and suburban passenger transport, freight transport, specialized transport (transportation of bread, milk, gasoline, household waste disposal, medical transport, etc.), as well as various services and subdivisions that ensure its functioning (transport parks or depots, garages, maintenance services for tram tracks, electric transport contact network, stations, parking lots, gas stations, repair and maintenance services). The organization of the coordinated work of these parts of a complex transport complex requires management by the city authorities.

In turn, depending on the use of vehicles and their ownership, urban passenger transport is divided into: mass - general use; public - individual use (taxi, departmental cars and buses); individual - personal use (private cars). The normal life support of a modern city, especially a large one, is impossible without convenient and reliable transport links.

At the same time, mass types of urban passenger transport are of the greatest importance for the life of the city, the role of which in a modern city is to provide amenities and reduce the time spent on movement. The level of development of urban passenger transport, the branching and density of the transport and route network in the city, the interval and speed of traffic determine the time that city residents are forced to spend on necessary trips. The duration of the trip, determining the phenomenon of transport fatigue of the population directly affects the productivity and quality of work.

2. Mass types of urban passenger transport. Mass types of urban passenger transport operate on predetermined routes and are characterized by large capacity, high carrying capacity. The most common of these is the bus. Its advantages over other types of urban passenger transport include: - good maneuverability; - relatively small capital investments in traffic organization; - a wide variety of types and types both in terms of capacity (from minibuses to Ikarus with increased capacity) and in terms of cost. The disadvantages of this mode of transport: - environmentally harmful mode of transport, causing environmental pollution; - relatively low carrying capacity (9-10 thousand passengers per hour).

Thus, the bus is a trackless street type of transport with an autonomous power supply, which has high maneuverability and does not require the construction of special track devices. The bus provides the ability to easily change the route network in accordance with fluctuations in passenger traffic and organize routes in new residential areas. The main disadvantages of bus transport are associated with the complexity of an autonomous internal combustion engine, with significant operating costs, a relatively small capacity of vehicles, environmental pollution, and high noise levels. However, due to the advantages of bus transport over other modes and, despite its inherent shortcomings, it has become widespread and is the only mode of transport in small towns and villages with relatively small passenger flows. The trolleybus is almost as good as a bus in terms of operational performance, but it requires large investments in the organization of traffic. The main advantage is an economical and environmentally friendly type of urban transport. The tram has an increased carrying capacity, but the complex arrangement of the rolling track requires large investments, in addition, the tram, as a type of passenger transport, is characterized by extremely low maneuverability.

The main performance indicators that are used in the organization of transport services to the population are: - carrying capacity of transport; - message speed. There are low, medium, high and very high carrying capacity. The tram has the highest carrying capacity, and the bus has the lowest. The speed of the message is the average speed at which the transport moves, taking into account stops and delays on the line. For these modes of transport, the average speeds of messages are comparable and range from 16 to 18 kilometers per hour. Indicators Modes of transport metro-tram-trolleybus-bus Carrying capacity 15 3.5 1 1 Speed ​​of communication,2 Cost price 1.5 1.6 1.3 1 Characteristics of types of urban passenger transport

The main economic criteria in the organization of the transport system of the city and the choice of the type of urban transport are the amount of capital investments and the cost of transportation (the cost of one passenger-km.). For ease of comparison, if we take the worst indicators (least carrying capacity, speed of communication, cost price) as a unit, then these indicators of the main types of land-based urban passenger transport can be estimated in conventional units.

More complex in operation and management are the enterprises of urban electric transport (UET), they consist of the following elements: rolling stock, repair base (trolleybus depots, tram depots), energy facilities (contact network), track facilities (tram) and in organizing the management of UET it is necessary to ensure the coordinated and effective work of these units. In the management structure of enterprises of the GET, there are: the management apparatus itself (head, accounting, personnel department, financial department, etc.), rolling stock service (organization of repair and release on the line), traffic service (traffic organization - scheduling of traffic, formation order for release, including the dispatch service - control of movement on the line and compliance with the schedule and regularity of movement), track facilities service (maintaining tracks in good condition), energy management service (maintenance and repair of network facilities and electrical substations), and various emergency recovery services and brigades. To improve the efficiency of traffic control and the efficiency of making managerial decisions, automated traffic dispatch control systems (ADCS) have been widely introduced recently, transport units (tram, trolleybus) are equipped with special devices that transmit a signal to the dispatcher console.

In the largest cities of the country, off-street types of passenger transport operate: - the subway, the functioning of which is within the federal competence in coordination with the city authorities; monorail, which is undergoing trial operation in Moscow. In some cities, water, rail and other types of transport are used as intracity passenger transport. When organizing the transport complex of the city, the features of urban passenger transport as an object of management should be taken into account.

Relationship with the city layout and capacity of the street and road network Possibility of competition between modes of transport Significant fluctuations in passenger flows by time and direction Peculiarities of urban passenger transport Large share of privileged categories of passengers Coincidence in the time of production and consumption of services Competition between the municipal and private sectors in road transport Possibility different methods of payment for services (one-time or travel tickets for a certain period of time, advance payment) High degree of wear and tear of vehicles and high costs for their renewal Features of the transport complex of the city

For the organization of urban passenger transport of the city, the most important thing is to comply with the necessary compliance of the capacities of individual links and elements of the transport system with the expected volumes of passenger transportation. The main elements of the transport economy are, firstly, rolling stock, secondly, track devices, thirdly, the power supply system, and fourthly, devices for storing and repairing rolling stock.

The calculations are based on the determination of passenger flows for all types of movement in different periods of the day, day, season and year. It is the magnitude of passenger traffic that determines the general nature and volume of transport work in the city, as well as the composition and size of the transport sector. In this case, the following indicators are calculated: 1. The annual traffic volume (A) is determined by the formula: A = n * N (thousand passengers per year), where N is the number of city residents (thousand people); n - transport mobility of the population, characterizes the number of trips per person per year.

The following factors influence the value of transport mobility of the population: - the population of the city; - the size and shape of the urban area; - planning of the city; - the degree of development of urban passenger transport, which depends on the degree of provision of the city with transport and is determined by the number of car or car spaces provided to the population and the quality of the designed transport network; - the level and condition of the organization of traffic on the streets of the city.

Transport mobility of the population is constantly changing for the following reasons: - increase or decrease in the level of well-being of the population and tariffs for urban transport services; - an increase in the number of trips for cultural and community purposes - the concentration of places of employment, etc. To determine the indicator of population mobility, various methods (tabular, graphical, empirical) and criteria are used (depending on the employment of the population, on the size and layout of the city, according to time balance). For aggregated calculations, the following formula is used in practice: where: the number of movements per employee per year (work trips); α - the proportion of the active population, varies from 0.4-0.6; K tr - coefficient of use of transport for labor purposes; the number of movements for cultural and community purposes per year per inhabitant; K k-b - coefficient of use of transport for cultural and domestic purposes; λ - transfer coefficient from route to route or to different modes of transport, depends on the convenience of planning the transport and route network of the city, is taken in the range from 0 to 0.4; q - coefficient taking into account visitors from the suburbs, ranges from 0.07 to 0.1; f - the share of passengers mastered by mass urban passenger transport within 0.8-0.85 of the total.

2 The annual volume of work of urban transport (Р), which determines the size of transport enterprises, is calculated by the formula: various kinds of surveys of passenger flows, but for practical purposes the most convenient and simple method for calculating the travel distance is the method according to empirical formulas: lav. = 1.3 + 0.3 Fc lmax = 1.3 + 0.72 Fc lmin = 1.3 + 0.13 Fc Fc - residential (city area except for industrial, warehouse, railway, etc. territories) territory cities. (sq km)

3. The volume of passenger traffic characterizes the distribution of passenger traffic in directions and sections of the city's transport network. Passenger flows are characterized by power - the number of passengers passing through a given section of the route in one direction in a certain time. The average passenger flow (Pt) in the city is calculated by the formula: Pt = P: Lc, where Lc is the length of the city's transport network. (km.) The transport network of the city is organized taking into account the following requirements: - it must provide the shortest connections between residential areas and the main points of attraction for passengers; - the density of the network should be such as to provide a pedestrian approach to the passenger transport line (no more than 1 m to stopping points); - transport networks should pass in the direction of the main passenger flows; - the length of the transport network should be in accordance with the general plan of the city and the number of vehicles.

A characteristic feature of urban transport that affects its design and organization of operation and movement along the routes of the city is the uneven distribution of passenger flows over time and territory of the city, which creates maximum and minimum loads on the route network. Passenger flows during peak hours determine the nature of mass movements and are the basis for determining the need for rolling stock, when addressing issues of the transport and throughput capacity of transport and the city's street and road network. Patterns of changes in passenger traffic are called fluctuations. The greater the fluctuations in passenger flows, the lower the transport utilization coefficients, the less economical the transport system of the city. On weekdays, the nature of fluctuations in passenger traffic is determined mainly by the start and end times of most enterprises and organizations in the city.

Fluctuations in passenger traffic by hours of the day when calculating the transport system are taken into account by the “peak” coefficient. Taking into account the unevenness of passenger flows, the movement of passenger transport on urban routes is organized, for example, a stepped schedule for the release of transport units per line is used, which in general terms repeats the nature of the passenger traffic schedule. In accordance with the schedule, during hours with a minimum passenger flow, part of the rolling stock is settled in bus and trolleybus depots and tram depots. The mode of operation of urban transport should also be linked to the work schedule of large city-forming enterprises. The unevenness of passenger flows is manifested not only by the hours of the day, but also along the length of the transport network, in directions of movement, as well as seasons of the year and days of the week.

Fluctuations in passenger traffic along the length of the transport network and routes are stable and depend on the layout of the city, on the routing of transport lines and other factors. To study fluctuations, various methods of surveying passenger flows (questionnaire, tabular, coupon, visual, ticketing, polling, automated, and others) are used, on the basis of which a cartogram of passenger flows is compiled. Cartogram of passenger flows is a graphical representation of the loading of individual sections of the transport network by passenger flows for a certain period of time and is used in organizing the movement of passenger transport.

The unevenness of passenger flows in sections of the transport network in the design and organization of transport routes is taken into account by the corresponding coefficient, which is defined as the ratio of the maximum flow in a certain section of the network to the average flow of passengers on the transport network. The value of this coefficient is usually higher in large cities due to a more extensive transport network. The distribution of passengers along the routes is determined using the coefficient of uneven occupancy of the rolling stock along the length of the route, which is the ratio of the product of the maximum number of passengers and the length of the haul to the total volume of transport work in this direction. This coefficient is used when organizing the route system of the city.

The management of the organization of passenger transportation in the city by the city authorities is designed to meet the needs of all segments of the population with minimal loss of time. Therefore, the main comprehensive criterion for assessing the quality of transport services for the population of the city is the indicator of the total time spent (T) of passengers on a trip (movement). This indicator can be determined by the following formula: T = tn1 + texp. + tmov. + tn2, min. where tn1 is the time of approach to the stop, tn2 is the time of approach from the stop to the destination. The values ​​of these terms directly depend on the density of the city transport network. With a uniformly distributed network tn1 = tn2, then: T = 2tn + t expected. + t move. t expected - the average waiting time for a vehicle by a passenger depends on the interval of traffic on the route, as well as on compliance with the traffic schedule. t mov. - the average time of a passenger's movement in urban transport depends on the operational speed of movement, as well as on the number of transfers from route to route made by the passenger (transfer coefficient).

Evaluation of the convenience of the movement interval from the point of view of the passenger Movement interval, minutes Very convenient Convenient Moderately convenient Less convenient Uncomfortable Up to more than 10 Evaluation of the movement interval The value of the specified indicator should not exceed 1 hour, otherwise the phenomenon of "transport fatigue" occurs, which leads to a sharp decrease in productivity labor.

Indicators of the operation of urban passenger transport Total volume of passenger traffic in dynamics Number of passenger-kilometers per inhabitant for a period of time (day, month, year) Occupancy of the rolling stock (number of passengers per car-kilometer) Level of safety (normative level of traffic accidents) Performance indicators of urban passenger transport

The main tasks of the municipal administration in the field of organizing transport services for the population are: - ensuring the reliable condition of transport lines and the development of highways; - modernization of traffic management systems, dispatching and quality control of transport services to the population; - bringing the rolling stock into proper condition, corresponding to the technical parameters and standards; - ensuring the safety of transportation. The functions of local governments in managing the transport complex of the city are shown in the figure

Adoption of the rules and procedures for organizing the work of transport Development of a traffic scheme Establishment of tariffs for transportation Functions Issuance of a municipal order for passenger and specialized transportation and conclusion of contracts Development of schedules and traffic dispatching Development of a scheme for the development of a road network parameters of transport operation (through the traffic police) Functions of city government in the field of transport

In the context of the diversity of forms of ownership of vehicles and the competition of municipal and private passenger transport, the main mechanisms for regulating and coordinating the activities of transport enterprises are the municipal order for transportation and traffic dispatching. City governments may also be vested with state powers to finance municipal and private transport companies and carriers to compensate for the transportation of preferential categories of passengers, subject to the receipt of appropriate subventions from the federal or regional budget. Many complex problems have accumulated in the urban transport system of most Russian cities. One of them is the problem of fare control. Another equally important problem is the wear and tear of rolling stock.

In most cities of Russia, municipal passenger transport is worn out by almost half. The funds of the city budget, as well as part of the proceeds of municipal transport enterprises, are not enough to repair the rolling stock, since most of them go to compensate for the travel of privileged categories of the population. The increase in fares only causes an outflow of passengers to private buses, as a result of which municipal transport suffers additional losses. It is also necessary to link the work of intracity and external transport. Management of external transport facilities (railway and bus stations, river and sea ports, airports, etc.) is carried out, as a rule, by state enterprises or large joint-stock companies. City governments are obliged to ensure the "docking" of these objects with intracity transport routes, a network of trade and public catering enterprises, and other city services.

To organize and manage the transport complex of the city, the administrations of most large cities have structural units in charge of urban transport issues. A scheme with a single structural subdivision in charge of passenger transport and the maintenance of urban roads is preferable. A promising scheme is the allocation to a separate structure (municipal enterprise) of the service of the municipal customer of transport services. In this case, the structural subdivision of the administration is assigned the issues of legal regulation of transport activities on the territory of the municipality and financing the transportation of preferential categories of passengers through the municipal order system. The transport services customer service distributes traffic volumes between municipal and private carriers on a competitive basis, sets traffic schedules, exercises dispatch control and performs other functions of public transport management.

Svetlana Obukhova
Presentation for classes on the topic "Transport"

Good day, colleagues who came to my page! I offer you visual material that can be successfully used on classes for acquaintance with the outside world, for the development of speech and thinking, in speech therapy games, for the development of logical thinking.

Kinds transport for children - a fascinating, interesting topic that introduces their classification, tells about the features and purpose of each variety. At the same time, the task of the teacher is not only to conduct a conversation, but also to consolidate the information received through various games.

The full development of babies is carried out through acquaintance with the outside world. Children are interested in questions how: what happens transport why people need it. Getting to know preschoolers transport classification forms in them new knowledge about various types, their features, purpose, enriches vocabulary, reinforces the generic concept " transport". In addition, a detailed consideration of this topic allows you to learn next:

Compare different types transport, because it is important for children to be able to find common and distinctive features;

Combine them into groups on common grounds, classify.

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Synopsis of a speech therapy lesson on the lexical topic "Transport" Abstract of a speech therapy lesson on the topic "Transport" (senior group) Purpose: Activation and updating of the dictionary on the topic "Transport". Tasks:.

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Objectives: To introduce children to transport, modes of transport, the name of machine parts, to develop coherent speech. Tasks: Educational: Form.

Abstract of the lesson in the senior group on the lexical topic "Transport" Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten No. 37 of Novocherkassk Abstract of a lesson on the development of cognitive.

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For the implementation of educational activities in the family on the topic "Transport" it is recommended to parents: Task 1. - observe the street with the child.