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In the process of standardization, norms, rules, requirements, characteristics relating to the object of standardization are developed, which are drawn up in the form of a regulatory document.

Consider the types of regulatory documents that are recommended by ISO / IEC Guide 2, as well as those adopted in the state standardization system of the Russian Federation. ISO/IEC guidance recommends: standards, documents specifications, codes of practice, regulations (technical regulations), provisions.

A standard is a normative document, developed by consensus, approved by a recognized body, aimed at achieving an optimal degree of streamlining in a particular area. The standard is set for general and repeated use general principles, rules, specifications regarding various kinds activities or their results. The standard should be based on the generalized results of scientific research, technical achievements and practical experience, then its use will bring optimal benefits to society.

A draft standard is a temporary document that is adopted by a standards body and communicated to a wide range of potential users, as well as those who can apply it. The information obtained in the process of using the preliminary standard, and feedback on this document, serve as the basis for deciding on the appropriateness of adopting the standard.

Standards are international, regional, national, administrative-territorial. They are accepted respectively by international, regional, national, territorial standardization bodies. All these categories of standards are intended for a wide range of consumers. Under existing standardization norms, standards are periodically reviewed for amendments so that their requirements correspond to the state of scientific and technological progress, or, according to ISO/IEC terminology, standards should be "recognized technical rules". A normative document, including a standard, is considered a recognized technical rule if it is developed in cooperation with interested parties through consultation and consensus.

The above categories of standards are called public standards. Other categories of standards, such as company or industry standards, while not being such, can, however, be used in several countries according to the legal norms existing there.

In the textbook, the standard is considered as one of the varieties of regulatory documents. However, in practice, the term "standard" can also be used in relation to a standard, sample or description of a product, process (service). In essence, this is not a fundamental mistake, although it is more correct to attribute the standard to the field of metrology, and use the term "standard" in relation to a regulatory document.

A technical specification document specifies technical requirements to a product, service or process. Typically, the specification document should specify the methods or procedures to be used to verify compliance with the requirements of this normative document in such situations when it is necessary.

The set of rules, like the previous normative document, can be an independent standard or an independent document, as well as part of the standard. A set of rules is usually developed for the design processes, installation of equipment and structures, Maintenance or operation of objects, structures, products. The technical rules contained in the document are advisory in nature.

All of the above normative documents are advisory. In contrast, regulations are mandatory.

A regulation is a document that contains binding legal norms. The regulation is adopted by the authority, and not by the standardization body, as in the case of other regulatory documents. A variety of regulations - technical regulations - contains technical requirements for the object of standardization. They can be presented directly in this document itself or by reference to another normative document (standard, specification document, set of rules). In some cases, a normative document is fully included in the technical regulation. Technical regulations are usually supplemented by methodological documents, as a rule, instructions on methods of control or verification of the compliance of a product (service, process) with the requirements of the regulation.

ISO/IEC Guide 2, summarizing international experience in standardization, presents the following possible types standards.

A foundational standard is a normative document that contains general or guiding provisions for a specific area. It is usually used either as a standard or as a guidance document from which other standards can be developed. A terminological standard in which terms are the object of standardization. Such a standard contains a definition (interpretation) of the term, examples of its application, etc.

The standard for test methods establishes methods, rules, procedures for various tests and related activities (for example, sampling or sampling).

A product standard containing product requirements that ensure that the product is suitable for its intended purpose may be complete or incomplete. A full standard establishes not only the above requirements, but also the rules for sampling, testing, packaging, labeling, storage, etc. An incomplete standard contains part of the requirements for products (only quality parameters, only delivery rules, etc.).

A process standard, a service standard, are regulatory documents in which the object of standardization is, respectively, a process (for example, production technology), a service (for example, car service, transport, banking, etc.)

The compatibility standard establishes requirements regarding the compatibility of the product as a whole, as well as its individual parts (parts, assemblies). Such a standard can be developed for a system as a whole, such as an air cleaning system, an alarm system, etc.

The provisions may be methodical or descriptive.

Methodological provisions are a methodology, a method for implementing a process, a particular operation, etc., with the help of which it is possible to achieve compliance with the requirements of a regulatory document. You can call a normative document containing such a provision a "methodological standard".

The descriptive clause usually contains a description of the structure, details of the structure, composition source materials, dimensions of parts and parts of the product (construction). In addition, a normative document may also contain an operational provision that describes the "behavior" of the standardization object during its use (application, operation).

Standard with open values. In some situations, this or that norm (or the quantitative value of this or that requirement) is determined by manufacturers (suppliers), in others, by consumers. Therefore, the standard may contain a list of characteristics that are specified in the contractual relationship.

The Russian standardization system, of course, is based on international experience, is close to international rules, norms and practice of standardization, but also has domestic rich experience and its own characteristics, which, however, do not contradict the above. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the varieties of regulatory documents in force in the Russian Federation.

Normative documents on standardization in the Russian Federation are established by the Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization". These include:

State standards Russian Federation(GOST R);

applied in accordance with legal regulations international, regional standards, as well as rules, norms and recommendations for standardization;

all-Russian classifiers of technical and economic information;

industry standards;

enterprise standards;

standards of scientific and technical, engineering societies and other public associations.

Until now, the standards of the USSR are also in force, if they do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation. In addition to standards, normative documents are also PR - rules for standardization, R - recommendations for standardization and TU - technical conditions. A special requirement is placed on regulatory documents for products that, according to Russian legislation, are subject to mandatory certification. They should indicate those requirements for the product (service) that are confirmed through certification, as well as the methods of control (tests) that should be used to establish compliance, the rules for labeling such products and the types of accompanying documentation.

Consider the content of Russian regulatory documents.

State standards are developed for products, works and services, the needs for which are intersectoral in nature. The standards of this category are accepted by the State Standard of Russia, and if they relate to the field of construction, architecture, industry building materials- Gosstroy of Russia.

The state standards contain both mandatory requirements for the object of standardization and recommendations.

The mandatory ones include: the safety of the product, service, process for human health, environment, property, as well as industrial safety and sanitary standards; technical and information compatibility and interchangeability of products; unity of control methods and unity of marking. Safety requirements are of particular relevance, since product safety is the main aspect of conformity certification. Mandatory requirements must be observed by state authorities and all business entities, regardless of the form of ownership.

The safety requirements in the standards include: electrical safety, fire safety, explosion safety, radiation safety, maximum allowable concentrations of chemicals and pollutants; safety in the maintenance of machinery and equipment; requirements for protective equipment and measures to ensure safety (guards, machine stops, blocking devices, alarms, etc.).

In the standards for certain types products may be given characteristics such as hazard class; permissible levels of dangerous and harmful factors production arising from the operation of the equipment; the effect of a substance on a person, etc.

The standards indicate all types and norms of permissible danger of a particular product or group of homogeneous products. They are designed with the expectation of the safety of the object of standardization during the entire period of its use (service life).

The customer and the contractor are obliged to include in the contract conditions on the compliance of the subject of the contract with the mandatory requirements of state standards.

Other requirements of state standards may be recognized as mandatory in contractual situations or if there is a corresponding indication in the technical documentation of the manufacturer (supplier) of products, as well as the service provider. These requirements include the main consumer (operational) characteristics of products and methods for their control; requirements for packaging, transportation, storage and disposal of the product; rules and regulations regarding production development and operation; rules for drawing up technical documentation, metrological rules and norms, etc.

Compliance with mandatory requirements is confirmed by tests according to the rules and procedures of mandatory certification. Compliance of a product (service) with other requirements can be confirmed in accordance with legislative provisions about voluntary certification.

In some cases, if it is reasonable and necessary to provide more high level competitiveness of domestic goods, the standards can set promising (preliminary) requirements that are ahead of the capabilities of traditional technologies. This, on the one hand, does not contradict the above provision on preliminary standards, on the other hand, serves as an incentive for the introduction of new, advanced technological processes at domestic enterprises.

Industry standards are developed in relation to the products of a particular industry. Their requirements should not contradict the mandatory requirements of state standards, as well as the rules and safety standards established for the industry. Such standards are adopted by state authorities (for example, ministries) that are responsible for compliance with the requirements of industry standards with the mandatory requirements of GOST R.

The objects of industry standardization can be: products, processes and services used in the industry; rules concerning the organization of work on industry standardization; typical designs of products for industry applications (tools, fasteners, etc.); metrological assurance rules in the industry. The range of applicability of industry standards is limited to enterprises subordinated to government agency management that has adopted this standard. On a voluntary basis, it is possible to use these standards by business entities of other subordination. The degree of obligation to comply with the requirements of the industry standard is determined by the enterprise that applies it, or by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer. Control over the implementation of mandatory requirements is organized by the department that has adopted this standard.

Enterprise standards are developed and adopted by the enterprise itself. The objects of standardization in this case are usually the components of the organization and management of production, the improvement of which is the main objective standardization at this level. In addition, standardization in an enterprise may also affect the products manufactured by this enterprise. Then the objects of the enterprise standard will be the components of the product, technological equipment and tools, general technological norms for the production process of these products. Enterprise standards may contain requirements for various types of internal services.

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization" recommends the use of standardization at the enterprise for the development by this particular enterprise of state, international, regional standards, as well as for regulating the requirements for raw materials, semi-finished products, etc. purchased from other organizations. This category of standards is mandatory for an enterprise that has adopted this standard. But if in the contract for the development, production, supply of a product or the provision of services there is a reference to the enterprise standard, it becomes mandatory for all business entities - participants in such an agreement.

Standards of public associations (scientific and technical societies, engineering societies, etc.). These regulatory documents are developed, as a rule, for fundamentally new types of products, processes or services; advanced testing methods, as well as non-traditional technologies and production management principles. Public associations dealing with these problems pursue the goal of disseminating, through their standards, noteworthy and promising results of world scientific and technological achievements, fundamental and applied research.

For business entities, the standards of public associations serve as an important source of information about advanced achievements, and by the decision of the enterprise itself, they are adopted on a voluntary basis for the use of certain provisions in the development of enterprise standards.

Both the standards of enterprises and the standards of public associations should not contradict Russian legislation, and if their content concerns the safety aspect, then the drafts of these standards should be agreed with the state supervision authorities. Responsibility for this is borne by the economic entities that have accepted them,

The rules for standardization (PR) and recommendations for standardization (R) by their nature correspond to the normative documents of the methodological content. They may relate to the procedure for harmonizing regulatory documents, submitting information about the adopted standards of industries, societies and other organizations to the State Standard of the Russian Federation, creating a standardization service at an enterprise, rules for conducting state control for compliance with the mandatory requirements of state standards and many other issues of an organizational nature. PR and R are developed, as a rule, by organizations and subdivisions subordinate to the State Standard of the Russian Federation or the State Construction Committee of the Russian Federation. The draft of these documents is discussed with interested parties, approved and published by these committees.

Specifications (TS) are developed by enterprises and other business entities in the case when it is not practical to create a standard. The object of TS can be products of a one-time supply, produced in small batches, as well as works of art crafts, etc. The procedure for adopting TS differs from that described above for other regulatory documents.

In accordance with the Law "On Standardization", specifications are classified as technical, not regulatory documents. At the same time, it has been established that specifications are considered as regulatory documents if they are referred to in contracts or agreements for the supply of products. Then their approval (acceptance) is carried out according to PR 50.1.001-93.

A feature of the approval procedure for specifications is that during the acceptance of new products manufactured in accordance with their requirements, they are finally agreed with the acceptance committee. But in order to submit the specifications for the acceptance committee during acceptance, a preliminary distribution of the draft specifications and supplementary documentation to those organizations whose representatives will participate in the acceptance of products is required. Specifications are considered finally agreed upon if an acceptance certificate for an experimental batch (or prototype). This also solves the issue of the possibility of producing an industrial batch of products. In those cases when an enterprise decides to manufacture products without an acceptance committee, specifications must be agreed with the customer. Those requirements and norms of technical specifications that are mandatory are not subject to agreement in both cases. In this case, the technical specifications provide a link to the relevant state standard. The rules for the approval of specifications leave their developer to decide the issue of approval with the customer, if this document was created on its own initiative.

Technical specifications are accepted by their developer (head or deputy head of the organization) without specifying the validity period, except in certain cases when the customer (consumer) of the product is interested in this.

Types of standards. The listed regulatory documents, as shown above, are accepted (approved) for different levels management economic activity. On this basis, categories of standards of the Russian Federation are distinguished.

As in world practice, in Russia there are several types of standards that differ in the specifics of the object of standardization: fundamental standards; standards for products (services); work standards (processes); standards for control methods (tests, changes, analysis).

Fundamental standards are developed with the aim of promoting mutual understanding, technical unity and interconnection of activities in various fields of science, technology and production. This type of normative documents establishes such organizational principles and regulations, requirements, rules and norms that are considered as common for these areas and should contribute to the fulfillment of goals that are common * for both science and production. In general, they ensure their interaction in the development, creation and operation of a product (service) in such a way that the requirements for environmental protection, product or process safety for human life, health and property are met; resource saving and other general technical standards stipulated by state standards for products.

An example of fundamental standards can be GOST R 1.0-92, GOST R 1.2-92, GOST R 1.4-93, GOST R 1.5-92 - regulatory documents for the organization State system standardization in Russia.

This example also suggests that another regulatory document can be a set of standards that combines interrelated standards, if they have a common target orientation, establish agreed requirements for interrelated standardization objects. Thus, the set of fundamental standards, being essentially a union of interrelated regulatory documents of a methodological nature, contains provisions aimed at ensuring that the standards applied at different levels of management do not contradict each other and the law, ensure the achievement of a common goal and the fulfillment of mandatory requirements for products, processes, services.

Standards for products (services) establish requirements either for a specific type of product (service) or for groups of homogeneous products (services). In domestic practice, there are two varieties of this type of regulatory documents:

standards of general specifications, which contain general requirements for groups of homogeneous products and services;

technical specifications standards containing requirements for specific products(service).

It is also allowed to develop standards for individual requirements for groups of homogeneous products (services). For example, classification, test methods, rules for storage and / or transportation, etc. Most often, a separate object of standardization is the parameters and norms of safety and environmental protection.

The standard of general specifications usually includes the following sections: classification, main parameters (dimensions), general requirements for quality parameters, packaging, labeling, safety requirements; environmental protection requirements; product acceptance rules; methods of control, transportation and storage; rules for operation, repair and disposal. The presence in the content of the standard of certain sections depends on the characteristics of the object of standardization and the nature of the requirements for it.

The specification standard establishes comprehensive requirements for specific products (including various brands or models of these products) relating to production, consumption, supply, operation, repair, disposal. The substance of these requirements should not conflict with the general specification standard. But the specification standard contains specific additional requirements related to the object of standardization (indication of a trademark, if it is registered in the prescribed manner; marks of conformity, if products are certified; special requirements regarding safety and environmental protection). Service specification standards may contain requirements for the range of services provided (accuracy and timeliness of performance, aesthetics, comfort, comprehensiveness of service).

Standards for work (processes) establish requirements for specific types of work that are carried out at different stages of the product life cycle: development, production, operation (consumption), storage, transportation, repair, disposal. In particular, such standards may include requirements for methods computer-aided design products, modular design, circuit diagrams technological process of manufacturing a product, technological regimes or standards. A special place is occupied by safety requirements for the life and health of people in the implementation of technological processes, which can be specified in relation to the use of certain equipment, tools, fixtures and auxiliary materials.

When conducting technological operations standardization is subject to the maximum allowable norms of various types of impacts of technology on the natural environment. These impacts can be chemical (emission of harmful chemicals), physical (radiation radiation), biological (infection by microorganisms) and mechanical (destruction of architectural monuments) in nature, dangerous in the environmental aspect. Environmental requirements may relate to the conditions for the use of certain materials and raw materials that are potentially harmful to the environment; performance parameters of the treatment equipment; rules for accidental releases, liquidation of their consequences, maximum allowable discharges of pollutants with wastewater.

Standards for control methods (tests, measurements, analysis) recommend the use of control methods that provide the most objective assessment of the mandatory requirements for product quality that are contained in the standard for it. The main criterion for the objectivity of the control method (tests, measurements, analysis) is the reproducibility and comparability of the results. It is necessary to use standardized methods of control, testing, measurement and analysis, since they are based on international experience and cutting edge achievements. Each of the methods has its own specifics, associated primarily with a specific object of control, but at the same time, it is possible to distinguish general provisions subject to standardization: controls and auxiliary devices; the procedure for preparing and conducting control; rules for processing and reporting results; allowable error of the method.

The standard usually recommends several methods of control in relation to one indicator of product quality. This is necessary so that one of the methods is chosen as arbitration, if necessary. True, it must be borne in mind that the methods are not always completely interchangeable. For such cases, the standard provides either a clear recommendation on the conditions for choosing a particular method, or data on their distinctive characteristics.

In order for the results to be reliable and comparable, one should use the recommendations of the standards regarding the method and place of sampling from a batch of goods with its quantitative characteristics, schemes of test facilities, rules that determine the sequence of operations and processing of the results obtained.

In 1996, a change was made to the fundamental standard GOST R 1.0-92, according to which a technical regulation is added to the list of regulatory documents used in Russia.

Full compliance with international regulations in this issue can be achieved when laws appear in Russia that establish mandatory requirements and norms, similar to the Directives in force in the European Union. In the EU, the technical regulation becomes binding document if it is referenced in the relevant Directive.

The difference between the Russian approach to technical regulations can be traced in the very text of the above change: "technical regulations should include legislative acts and decrees of the government of the Russian Federation containing requirements, norms and rules of a technical nature; state standards of the Russian Federation in terms of the mandatory requirements established in them; norms and rules federal bodies executive power, whose competence, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, includes the establishment of mandatory requirements.

The technical regulation contains technical requirements either directly (for example, the mandatory requirements of state standards), or by referring to the standard, or by including the content of the standard.

6.1. Standardization and standards. General information

6.1.1. Technical regulation

6.2. Types of regulatory and technical documents in the Russian Federation

6.2.1. Standard pointers

6.2.2. General technical systems of standards

6.3. Metrology

6.4. Normative and technical documents in the library fund

6.1. Standardization and standards. General information

Standardization is an instrument of state technical policy, an activity to establish rules and characteristics for the purpose of their voluntary reuse, aimed at achieving order in the areas of production and circulation of products. Standardization is an effective means of managing the economy, an essential link that combines science, technology and production into a single process. The economy cannot do without standards. There are many examples of this - from the size of writing paper to the names of domains for the Internet.

Goals of standardization:

· increasing the level of safety of life or health of citizens, environmental safety, safety of life or health of animals and plants;

· increasing the level of safety of facilities, taking into account the risk of natural and man-made emergencies;

· ensuring scientific and technological progress;

· increasing the competitiveness of products, works, services;

· rational use of resources;

· ensuring technical and information compatibility;

· ensuring the comparability of the results of research (tests) and measurements, technical and economic-statistical data;

· ensuring the interchangeability of products.

Standardization principles:

· voluntary application of standards;

· maximum consideration in the development of standards of the legitimate interests of stakeholders;

· application international standard as the basis for the development of a national standard, except in cases where such application is recognized as impossible due to the inconsistency of the requirements of international standards with the climatic and geographical features of the Russian Federation;

· inadmissibility of creating obstacles to the production and circulation of products;

· the inadmissibility of establishing such standards that are contrary to technical regulations;

· providing conditions for the uniform application of standards.

Basic terms used in standardization

international standard – standard adopted by an international organization.

national standard – a standard approved by the national body of the Russian Federation for standardization.

Technical regulation – legal regulation of relations in the field of establishing, applying and fulfilling mandatory requirements for products, production processes, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal, etc.

Technical regulation– a document that establishes mandatory requirements for the application and implementation of requirements for objects of technical regulation (products), including buildings, structures and structures, production processes, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal. Technical regulations are adopted by laws or decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation.

6.1.1. Technical regulation

Technical regulations are adopted in order to protect the life or health of citizens, the property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, the protection of the environment, the life or health of animals and plants, and the prevention of actions that mislead consumers.

Technical regulations, taking into account the degree of risk of causing harm, establish the necessary requirements to ensure:

· radiation safety;

· biological safety, explosion safety;

· mechanical safety;

· fire safety;

· industrial safety;

· thermal safety;

· chemical safety;

· electrical safety;

· nuclear and radiation safety;

· electromagnetcompatibility in terms of ensuring the safety of the operation of instruments and equipment;

· unity of measurements.

It is planned to develop 181 draft technical regulations in the near future, including technical regulations to ensure nuclear and radiation safety.

Currently operating

· Technical regulation on the safety of buildings and structures Federal Law No. 384-FZ of December 30, 2009

· Technical regulation on safety requirements for blood, its products, blood-substituting solutions and technical means used in transfusion - infusion therapy. Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of January 26, 2010 N 29.

· Technical regulation on the safety of machinery and equipment, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 15, 2009 N 753.

· Technical regulation on the safety of wheeled Vehicle, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 10, 2009 No. 720.

· The technical regulation on the safety of products intended for children and adolescents was approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 307 dated April 7, 2009.

· Technical regulation on requirements for automobile and aviation gasoline, diesel and marine fuel, jet fuel and heating oil, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 118 of February 27, 2008.

· Technical Regulations for Tobacco Products, Federal Law No. 268-FZ of December 22, 2008

· Technical regulations for juice products from fruits and vegetables, Federal Law No. 178-FZ of October 27, 2008

· Technical regulation on fire safety requirements, Federal Law No. 123-FZ of July 22, 2008

· Technical regulation for oil and fat products, Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 24, 2008

· Technical regulations for milk and dairy products, Federal Law No. 88-FZ of June 12, 2008

· Special technical regulation "On the requirements for emissions of harmful (polluting) substances by motor vehicles put into circulation on the territory of the Russian Federation". Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 12, 2005 No. 609

· Technical regulations on the safety of elevators Approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 2.10. 2009 N 782. (Entered into force on 12.10.2010)

· Technical regulation on the safety of low-voltage equipment Federal Law No. 347-FZ of December 27, 2009 (effective from December 27, 2010)

· Technical regulation on safety apparatus operating on gaseous fuel Approved Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 11, 2010 N 65. (Entering into force on January 1, 2011)

· Technical Regulations on the Safety of Equipment for Operation in Explosive Atmospheres Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 24, 2010 N 86. (Entering into force on March 1, 2011)

· Technical regulation on the safety of maritime transport facilities, Approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 12, 2010 N 620. (Entering into force on August 12, 2011)

Currently, standardization as a type of activity in Russia is regulated by the Federal Law "On technical regulation”, adopted in December 2002 and put into effect on July 1, 2003. The issues of state policy in the field of standardization and metrology are under the jurisdiction of the State Standard of Russia, which was transformed in 2004 into federal agency on technical regulation and metrology ( Rostekhregulirovanie) Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Russian Federation.

6.2. Types of regulatory and technical documents in the Russian Federation

The following documents are valid on the territory of the Russian Federation:

· national standards;

· standardization rules, norms and recommendations in the field of standardization;

· classifications, all-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information.

National Standards approves the National body of the Russian Federation for standardization. Any person can be a developer of a national standard.

Currently, the fund of national standards consists of more than 20,000 standards, of which about 40% are harmonized with international standards. From the date of entry into force federal law"On Technical Regulation" national standards are recognized as state and interstate standards adopted by the State Standard before July 1, 2003.

Consider the designation of the national standard of the Russian Federation. It consists of the GOST R index, registration number and separated by a dash, the last two digits of the year of approval. For example: GOST R 50314-92. Since 2000, the year of approval is indicated by four digits. For example: GOST 7.60-2003.

State standards former USSR CIS countries are recognized as interstate and operating on the territory of the CIS member states, if they do not contradict national legislation. The designation of the interstate standard consists of the GOST index, the registration number and a dash of the last two digits of the year separated from it. Since 2000, the interstate standard has also been indicated by four digits. In the designation of standards, both interstate and state of the Russian Federation, included in the set of standards, the first digits with a dot in their registration number determine the set of standards.

Currently, work is underway to harmonize interstate and national standards with international standards. Russia actively cooperates with international organizations for standardization - the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), international organization on standardization (ISO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), etc., - taking part in the development of international standards and in ensuring their application in the national economy of the country.

The designations of the interstate and national standard of the Russian Federation, drawn up on the basis of authentic texts of the international standard and not containing additional requirements, consist of the GOST and GOST R index, respectively, and the designation of the corresponding international standard and the year of adoption of the interstate and approval of the state standard separated from it by a dash sign (before 2000 - two digits of the year, after 2000 - four). For example, GOST R IEC 536-94. Where standards are based on the authentic text of an International Standard and contain additional requirements, the designation of the International Standard applied is given in parentheses, for example:

GOST 7.32–91 (ISO 5966–82) GOST R 50314–92 (ISO 7944–84)

In Russia, the Index of National Standards is published annually. It contains all regulatory documents in force as of January 1 of the current year. The standards are systematized by sections, groups and subgroups.

Since 2001, all current regulatory documents have been systematized according to the codes of the interstate classifier of standards and the all-Russian classifier of standards.

6.2.1. Standard pointers

All-Russian classifiers of technical, economic and social information – regulatory documents that distribute technical, economic and social information in accordance with its classification (classes, groups, types, etc.) and are mandatory for use when creating state information systems and information resources. The procedure for development, adoption, implementation is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The All-Russian Classification of Standards (OKS) is part of unified system classification and coding of technical, economic and social information (ESKK) of the Russian Federation. Harmonized with the International Classifier of Standards (ISS) and the Interstate Classifier of Standards. OKS is intended for use in the formation of catalogs, indexes, selective lists, bibliographic materials, as well as to ensure the provision of information and distribution of these documents on a national, interstate and international scale. The objects of classification of the OKS are national standards and other regulatory and technical documents.

The classifier is a hierarchical three-level classification with a digital alphabet code of classification groups of all levels of hierarchical division and has the following structure:

XX-section P example :31–Electronics

XXX-Group31.060-Capacitors

XX - subgroup 31.060.70 - Power capacitors

For users of the OKS, an alphabetical and subject index (ASU) has been developed and included in the classifier as a separate application. The maintenance of the All-Russian classifier of standards is carried out by VNIIKI. In accordance with the law "On Technical Regulation", the Federal Fund for Technical Regulations and Standards was created on the basis of VNIIKI.

The library also receives an information index of standards (IUS) "National Standards". This index provides information on approved standards, on standards replaced and canceled on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as changes approved to the national standards of the Russian Federation. The classification of the All-Russian classifier of standards is used, which is convenient for users.The Yearbook includes information about all standards in force as of January 1 of the current year. In recent years, the index has been published in 3 volumes. Volumes 1 and 2 reflect current standards. The description of the standard contains: the designation of the standard, its name, an indication of which document this standard was introduced to replace, and, for GOSTs introduced after January 1, 2005, the degree of compliance with a similar international standard (the standard is identical or modified). Descriptions of standards are placed in the index according to All-Russian classifier standards (OKS). Volume 3 contains auxiliary indexes. Here, a list of GOSTs is printed strictly in ascending order of the digital sequence (but without a name) indicating the code for the OKS and the group for the Classifier of State Standards (KGS), according to which the standards were systematized before the introduction of the OKS. Here, in the "For Marks" section, information about the changes in GOST is placed in parentheses, indicating the serial number of the change and the year and number of the IUS in which the change was published. From this list, you can quickly find the name of the GOST of interest, as well as determine whether it has been changed. In the same volume, among other things, a detailed subject index is printed, which lists the page numbers of the 1st and 2nd volumes of the yearbook, which contain descriptions of GOSTs corresponding to this subject heading. Therefore, for ease of use, the 1st and 2nd volumes have continuous page numbering.

The monthly information index "National Standards" (NIS) promptly registers all changes in the system of national standards. It has been published since 1940. It publishes new national standards of the Russian Federation and interstate standards put into effect as national standards of the Russian Federation; information about replaced and canceled standards; information about changing standards; notifications on the development of draft new national standards indicating the developer. IMS information when working with standards is important, because current standards should be used in a form that provides for all the latest current changes in them.

6.2.2. General technical systems of standards

In the total volume of national standards, complexes of standards of general technical systems occupy a special place. The creation of mutually beneficial systems of normative documents based on an integrated approach has in its time become one of the most important achievements of Soviet and Russian standardization. In Russia, there are 15 systems and 10 sets of standards, including the Unified System for Design Documentation (ESKD), the Unified System for Program Documentation (ESPD), etc.

The study of the block of technical disciplines begins with the study of the standards of the Unified System for Design Documentation ESKD.

ESKD is a set of national standards that establish uniform interrelated rules and regulations for the development, execution and reference to design documentation. A system of this kind was developed for the first time in the world. Thanks to the introduction of a single language of simplified images and methods for their application, the labor costs of designers have been significantly reduced. Further development The system is carried out taking into account the high efficiency of the processes of design automation, automated production and management at all levels of the national economy.

In the cycle of studied technical disciplines, the norms for calculations and strength tests, technology issues of various industries and much more are studied, which makes it possible to develop and design complex modern installations at the stage of diploma design.GOSTsESKD are available in the library both in the traditional version and in electronic form.

SIBID- System of standards on information, librarianship and publishing. GOST 7.32-2001. Research report. Structure and rules of registration. This standard establishes general requirements for the structure and rules for the design of scientific and technical reports. This standard applies to reports on fundamental, search, applied research work in all areas of science and technology, carried out by research organizations, higher educational institutions and other organizations.

Standardization in the field of information technology

The fundamental principle of construction information society, electronic dissemination of information - information and communication technologies. In Russia, work on the development and improvement of the domestic regulatory framework in the field of information technology is of particular importance. There are now more than 450 national standards in this area, which also provide a direct introduction of international standards. Fundamental standards are being developed in the most relevant areas - software engineering, open systems interconnection, computer maintenance, support life cycle science-intensive products, etc. Software engineering is one of the most priority areas of standardization for Russia. Its questions are thoroughly and deeply studied at MEPhI. Software measuring information systems, systems for monitoring and optimizing processes, verification and calibration systems and the use of artificial intelligence in measuring technologies, ensuring the security of the measuring system and its protection against unauthorized access - these are the main directions of standardization in this area.

6.3. Metrology

Important role in reform Russian system standardization is assigned to metrology, which should ensure the uniformity of measurements, increase their accuracy and reliability in the process of performing scientific research. The regulation of metrological rules for preparing and performing measurements, processing and presenting their results is the main goal of the regulatory documents of the State System for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements (GSI). Today, the regulatory framework of the CSI consists of more than 2.8 thousand regulatory documents, including national standards, rules, methodological instructions, policy documents. The main objects of regulation are general, fundamental norms and rules, verification schemes, methods for checking measuring instruments and methods for performing measurements. The reference base of Russia is a national treasure and determines the level of scientific, technical and cultural development of the country.

The GSI includes public service standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials, as well as the most important metrological services: the State Service of time, frequency and determination of the parameters of the Earth's rotation; State Service of Reference Materials for the Composition and Properties of Substances and Materials; State Service of Standard Reference Data on Physical Constants and Properties of Substances and Materials (GSSSD). This service provides reliable data on the properties of newly created and applied substances and materials.

In 1993, Russia adopted the Law of the Russian Federation “On Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements”. The law serves as the basis for the creation of a new measurement system in our country. Interstate standard of the State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements GOST 8.417–2002. GSI Units of quantities sets the units of physical quantities used in the country.

MEPhI employees took part in the work on the creation of GSSSD 131-89 "Neutron-activated detectors for reactor measurements of the cross section of reactions of neutron interaction with nuclei".

6.4. Normative and technical documents in the library fund

The library fund contains scientific and technical documentation. The fund of scientific and technical documentation contains over 5 thousand documents. These are standards, rules, catalogs, reference manuals, indexes of standards, classifiers, periodicals on issues of standardization, metrology, certification, etc. The Center receives the following periodicals:"Methods of quality management", "Standards and quality": monthly scientific and technical journals about the experience of implementing quality management standards, about the problems that arise in this case, about ways to overcome them. The journals publish materials on advanced methods of managing enterprises and organizations. Journal "Certification": the journal covers issues of technical regulation, including confirmation of product compliance with regulatory requirements, development and certification of management systems, work within the framework of the RF Government Prize program for quality, protection of the domestic consumer market. The journal is published with the supplement "Management: ISO horizons", which is devoted to the issues of international standardization of management systems (ISO 9000, ISO 14000, etc.) and the experience of their application. "Control and measuring devices and systems" - "KIPiS" - a scientific and technical journal covering the state of affairs in the field of measuring technology, technical regulation and metrology. The journal publishes information on the introduction of new instruments into State Register measuring instruments, theoretical developments in the field of metrology, recommendations for the repair and maintenance of instruments, information about conferences and seminars devoted to this issue.

Employees of the scientific literature subscription give advice and thematic information to students about the availability of existing standards necessary for laboratory work, educational and research work, course and diploma design, as well as for scientific research and writing articles. The NTD Fund is a systematized array of documents that is adjusted based on official information about cancellation, replacement, changes and additions.

Topics of normative and technical documentation :

· Terminology, standardization, documentation;

· Mathematics, natural sciences;

· Environmental protection, human protection from environmental impact, safety;

· Metrology, measurements, physical phenomena;

· Tests;

· Mechanical engineering, incl. production automation systems and their integration;

· Energy and nuclear energy;

· Information Technology.

The reference and search apparatus of the fund contains:

· numbering catalog - a library catalog in which bibliographic records are arranged in the order of numbers of normative documents;

· thematic file.

A full-text database of GOSTs valid on the territory of the Russian Federation (Standard Plus program) is installed in the electronic reading room. The database contains more than 20 thousand full-text documents. The database contains all the full texts of GOSTs in force on the territory of the Russian Federation. Scanned normative documents are stored in graphic form in PDF format. These full texts of regulatory documents have the status of an electronic copy, on machine media. The search is conducted on the subject of the standard, on the KGS (classifier of state standards) and OGS (all-Russian classifier of standards). In the Standard Plus program itself, the KGS and OKS codes are not presented. You can find them on the website of FSUE "STANDARTINFORM" www.vniiki.ru Preliminarily, you can search the site by KGS and OGS codes and topics, and then download the required GOST from the GOST database in the library.

World experience in quality management is concentrated in a package of international standards ISO 9000, adopted by the Interstate Organization for Standardization (ISO) in March 1987, in 2000 ISO adopted new version these standards - MS ISO 9000-2000. To date, the ISO 9000 series standards are recognized by almost all countries of the world, accepted as national and implemented by many companies. In Russia, ISO 9000-2000 standards were put into effect in 2001 by the adoption and publication of GOST R ISO 9000-2001, GOST R ISO 9001-2001 and GOST R ISO 9004-2001.

The lack of a quality system certificate is increasingly becoming the main obstacle for a company to enter a foreign market. Realizing this, Russian enterprises implement the ISO 9000 series standards. Certification is considered the main reliable way to prove the conformity of a product (process, service) to the specified requirements. Any certification system uses standards for compliance with the requirements of which are tested. The standards that are used for certification purposes are presented in the full-text database "Certification of Products and Services".

Standards of the State System of Measurements

GSSSD 1–87. Fundamental physical constants

GOST R 8.000–2000GSI.Basic provisions

GOST 8.057–80GSI. Standards of units of physical quantities. Key points

GOST 8.315–97GSI. Reference materials for the composition and properties of substances and materials

GOST 8.417–2002GSI. Units

GOST R 8.563–96GSI. Measurement technique

GOST R 8.565–96GSI. Metrological maintenance of operation nuclear power plants. Key points

GOST R 8.596–2002GSI. Metrological support of measuring systems. Basic provisions.

GOST

RMG 43–2001GSI.

GOST 8.381–80 GSI. Standards. Ways of Expressing Errors

GOST 8.157–75 GSI. Practical temperature scales.

GOST 8.009–84 GSI. Standardized metrological characteristics of measuring instruments

GOST 8.256–77 GSI. Rationing and determination of the dynamic characteristics of analog measuring instruments

GOST 8.401–80 GSI. Accuracy classes of measuring instruments

GOST 8.207–76 GSI. Direct measurements with multiple observations. Methods for processing the results of observations

GOST R 8.563–96GSI. Methods for performing measurements

GOST R 50779.21–96. Statistical methods. Rules for determining and methods for calculating statistical characteristics from sample data. Part 1. Normal distributions

RMG 29–99GSI.Metrology. Basic terms and definitions

GOST 8.050–73 GSI. Normal conditions for performing linear and angular measurements

GOST 8.051–81 GSI. Errors allowed when measuring linear dimensions up to 500 mm

GOST 14004–68. Lever scales general purpose. Weighing limits. Accuracy standards

GOST 8.567–99 GSI. Measurements of time and frequency. Terms and Definitions

GOST R 51070–97. Electric and magnetic field strength meters. General technical requirements and test methods

GOST 1.1–2002 MGSS. Terms and Definitions

ESKD standards

Unified system of design documentation: Basic provisions. GOST 2.001–93 - GOST 2.125–85

Unified system for design documentation: Rules for the execution of drawings of various parts. GOST 2.301–68 – GOST 2.321–84

Unified system of design documentation: GOST 2.412-81 - GOST 2.420-84

Unified system for design documentation: Rules for the implementation of schemes. GOST 2.701–84 – GOST 2.711–82

Unified system for design documentation: Conventional designations in diagrams. GOST 2.782–96 – GOST 2.797–81

Basic norms of interchangeability. Tolerances and Fits: A Collection of Standards

Metricthreads: a collection of standards

SIBID standards

GOST 7.1-2003 Bibliographic record. Bibliographic description. General requirements and compilation rules. - SIBID

GOST 7.60–2003. Editions. Main types. Terms and definitions.- SIBID

GOST 7.32-2001 . Research report. Structure and rules of registration. - SIBID

GOST 7.54-88 Representation of numerical data on the properties of substances and materials in scientific and technical documents. General requirements. - SIBID .

GOST 7.70–2003. Description of databases and machine-readable information arrays. Composition and designation of characteristics. - SIBID

GOST 7.83–2001. Electronic publications. Main types and output data. - SIBID

GOST R ISO 5725-2002 (parts 1,2,3,4,5,6). Accuracy (correctness and precision) of measurement methods and results

RMG 43–2001GSI. Application of guidelines for the expression of measurement uncertainty

ESPD standards

GOST 19.001–77 ESPD. General provisions.

GOST 19.701–90 (ISO 5807–85) ESPD. Schemes of algorithms, programs, data and systems. Conventional designations and execution rules

Information technology standards

Information technology. Automated systems. Basic provisions. The collection of standards includes the standards of group 24 - the Unified System of Standards for the Automated Control System and 34 - Information Technology

GOST ISO-10303 series standards. Production automation systems and their integration. Presentation and exchange of product data

GOST R ISO/IEC TR 12 182-2002. Information technology. Software classification

GOST R ISO/IEC 12 207-99. Information technology. Software Life Cycle Processes

GOST R ISO/IEC 15 408-2002 (parts 1-3). Information technology. Methods and means of ensuring security. Information Technology Security Assessment Criteria

GOST 27 459–87. Information processing systems. machine graphics. Terms and Definitions

GOST R 50 922-96. Data protection. Basic terms and definitions

GOST R 51 275–99. Data protection. Informatization object. Factors affecting information. General provisions

GOST R 51 897–2002. Risk management. Terms and Definitions

Scientific and technical environment standards

GOST R ISO 9000-2001. Quality Management Systems: Fundamentals and Vocabularies

Reliability in technology:cbornikgroup 27 standards

GOST 7427–76. Geometric optics. Terms and definitions and letter designations

GOST 7601–78. Physical optics. Terms, letter designations and definition of basic quantities

GOST 15093–90. Lasers and devices for controlling laser radiation. Terms and Definitions

GOST 17021–88. Integrated microcircuits. Terms and Definitions

GOST 17137–87. Monitoring, control and protection systems for nuclear reactors. Terms and Definitions

GOST 22491–87. Charged particle accelerators. Terms and Definitions

GOST 22574–77. Nuclear divisible materials. Terms and Definitions

GOST 22705–77. Radiation equipment. Terms and Definitions

GOST 23082–78. Nuclear reactors. Terms and Definitions.

GOST Р 50088–92. Nuclear water-cooled power reactors VVER. General requirements for physical calculations

GOST R 50996–98. Collection, storage, processing and disposal of radioactive waste. Terms and Definitions

GOST R 51086–97. Electronic sensors and converters of physical quantities. Terms and Definitions

GOST R 51170–98. Quality of official information. Terms and Definitions

R50.1.040–2002. Statistical methods. Experiment planning. Terms and Definitions

Questions for self-control:

1. What is a national standard?

2. What is a technical regulation?

3. Name the types of regulatory and technical documents.

4. Where can I find information about GOSTs in force on the territory of the Russian Federation?

5. How can I get the full texts of the standards?

Modern business sets itself tasks that require close interaction between various structural divisions using narrow-profile software.

For the correct exchange of regulatory data between specialized IT systems, information must be presented in a unified, template form and stored in the corporate system Reference Information(NSI).

The IndigoSoft company is engaged in complex problem solving associated with the formation, maintenance and integration industry and individual search engines Reference Documentation ( NTD) V NSI enterprise system:

The creation of an individual Corporate Fund of Regulatory and Technical Documents allows you to form single information space for structural and separate divisions of the enterprise. Integration of KFNTD adjacent information systems and software applications ERP, PDM, PLM, CAD and etc), automates And unifies processes related to work with external and internal scientific and technical documentation. Centralized Management KFNTD is an important factor positively influencing order in the NTD used at the enterprise.

The implementation of KFNTD from IndigoSoft is:

Improving executive discipline within the company.
Reduction of the term for the development and introduction of internal NTD.
Ensuring transparency of accounting and turnover of scientific and technical documentation within the company.
Simplification and automation of normative control of the enterprise.
Simplification of the confirmation of the GOST R ISO 9001-2015 standard and the passage of the audit.

For the convenience of managing KFNTD, IndigoSoft recommends the NormaCS platform.

NormaCS has established itself as a unique information retrieval system for regulatory documents and standards that are applied in the Russian Federation and regulate the activities of enterprises in various industries.

Complete glossary of terms.
- Convenient search system.
- Ability to integrate internal and external documents.
- simple system request to include the necessary additional ND.
- Integration with Microsoft Office. Automatic placement of hyperlinks,
redirecting to documents in the database.
- Uploading data for integration into any information system.
- Timely updating of industry-specific ND.

When organizing access to the corporate fund of scientific and technical documentation for several enterprises of the same branch network, it is possible to install a transit-caching server, which significantly reduces the load on the main server, saves traffic and speeds up work with KFNTD even on low-power computers.