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1 TRADE STANDARD BLOCKS FOR STEEL DITCHES Design and dimensions ST Official publication of the MINISTRY OF HEAVY, ENERGY AND TRANSPORT MACHINERY Moscow 1972

2 Developed by VNIIPTMASH Director of the Institute A. Komashenko. X, Deputy Director for scientific work Skvortsov B. M. Head of the standardization department bolensky A. S. Head of the department of unified units Rybkin P. N. Performer Lukerina K. S. Introduced by VNIIPTMASH Prepared for approval by the Main Directorate of Hoisting and Transport Machine Building MTEiTM Chief Engineer LunenkoG. I. APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering Sign. to the stove 2/XI-71. Pech. l. 1.0 Uch.-: ed. l. 0.4 Circulation 4100 copies. Zach. inst Zach. type. 4 Price 5 kop. NIIINFRMTYAZHMASH, Moscow, I-164, Prospekt Mira, 106 Production and Printing Department of NIIINFRMTYAZHMASH

3 UDC,2 Group D-86 TR A LEV YST A N D A R T BLOCKS FOR STEEL DITCHES 0ST24 Design and dimensions 1972, "- Failure to comply with the standard is punishable by law. 1. SCOPE This standard applies to cast iron and steel blocks with a diameter of 320 to 900 mm for steel ropes operating at a temperature environment from -40 to +40 C. The standard does not apply to blocks operating in explosive and fire hazardous rooms, chemical and radioactive environments, to blocks located in a horizontal plane, as well as to blocks designed for the passage of clamps through them, and blocks special purpose. Official publication "Reprint prohibited

4 2. CONSTRUCTION and DIMENSIONS The design and dimensions of the blocks must comply with Table. 1 of this standard. drawing and o h u, 1 / Ft d i ^ lg, d 7 "^ ^ ^ (v; CD sl SA7 13 n ^ Size for syraik L M1: 1 yg, 5

5 Dimensions in mm Table 1 p Design 4 d 4 ^3 H k K B ^1 n R r 0 s Weight * 6 t 9 to C A .5 8 St. 11 to Q 80T 22 27A ^ .3 8SA Cg .0 8 St. 14 to Sd 28 34A.0 6 t 9 to C ^ St. 11 to 14 ZZbS d t IO5A A ,5 12.0 SOCg A \ Zfi 8 St. 14 to C5 7 t 11 to 14 46С A , A ,0 21, St. 14 to ST 1ZA Cg A,0 9 St. 18 to Sd 36 45A ,5 7 t 11 to A ^ , St. 14 to Sd 300 leot 170 Ag Cg St. 18 to SA A.y,0 40.0 10 St. 23 to 28.5 440Sd 8 t 14 to Sd A, Ay, St. 18 to C t 210Ag C A,0 10 St. 23 to 28.5 540Sd 45 55A^,0 8 t 14 to Sd 28 Z4 A7 SO, St. 18 to Sd T 250Ag Cg St. 23 to 28.5 eeosb t 23 to 28.5 SlOCg 550 b Corresponds to cast iron. 260Т 275Ag Cg A , A , A .0 2 90.0 97.0 o u Example symbol: cast iron block with a diameter of 530 for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm: block MF ST "block of steel with a diameter of 530 for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm: block St ST" block of ductile iron for a rope with a diameter of 15 mm:

6 Page 6 OCT TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS 3.1. Blocks must be made of gray cast iron of a grade not lower than SCH GST. For heavy-duty hoisting machines, as well as for machines transporting liquid or hot metal, blocks must be made of steel of a grade not lower than steel 25L-11 GST or ductile iron of grade VCh or VCh GST. , for steel casting - accuracy class III "gst Unspecified casting radii 3-5 mm Casting slopes Cracks and fusions that exceed the depth of the machining allowance are not allowed on machined surfaces. Cracks and junctions are not allowed on unmachined surfaces at all. Shells, looseness, black holes on the machined surfaces of the stream profile are not allowed In castings are not allowed. without correction by welding with subsequent annealing shells, looseness, porosity, black holes, if they exceed the values ​​\u200b\u200bindicated in table. 2. Table 2 Size and number of defects, not more than Surface Defect nature Total area in % of part surface Depth in % of part thickness Number of defects per 100 cm2 of surface Area of ​​one defect, cm^ of the sprue connector of the flasks must be chopped off and cleaned All surfaces of the blocks must be cleaned of molding material castings must be annealed Non-dylindricity of the hole should not exceed half the tolerance "on the diameter The difference in wall thickness of the rim, measured on the site of external untreated surfaces at equal radii, should be no more than 3 mm Knocks and dents on the treated surfaces are not allowed Blocks must be primed with anti-corrosion primer for painting Before priming, all painting The surfaces to be treated must be thoroughly cleaned of dirt, rust and grease. final coloring is done

7 OCT Page 7 by the consumer after assembly of the assembly. holes d VI must be protected from corrosion and staining with an easy-to-wash coating Finished products shall be accepted by the manufacturer's technical inspector in accordance with the requirements of this standard. 4. MARKING, PACKAGING, TRANSPORTATION 4.1. Each block is supplied with an inscription, which should reflect the material, outer diameter and design of the block according to the rim profile. An example of a block marking with an outer "diameter of 450 mm for ropes with a diameter of 25 mm: made of SCh-450-8 gray cast iron; made of St-450-8 steel; made of high-strength cast iron VCh Finished blocks are packed in batches in wooden containers, the shape and dimensions of which are determined by the manufacturer. The container must allow transportation of batches of blocks by road and rail. The service life of the block is at least 5 years. , packaging and transportation should be carried out only in the centralized production of blocks.

8 Irna.t) copy. VSHIARMTSHI

INDUSTRY STANDARD BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPES Design and dimensions OST 24.191.05 Official publication MINISTRY OF HEAVY. POWER AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING Moscow 1972 apartments in installments

INDUSTRY STANDARD POWER SUPPLEMENT CABLE CABLE TRAVEL BRIDGE OUTPUT ELECTRIC CRANES LOAD CAPACITY 50 t OST 24.191.09 Official publication

UDC 621.889.2 Official publication of the USSR Committee of Standards, Measures and Measuring Instruments under the Council of Ministers of the USSR STATE STANDARD

UDC 621.744.072(083.74) Group G21 STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR CASTING METAL MODELS Technical requirements Metal casting patterns. Technical requirements GOST 21087-75 Replaces MH 3551 62

STATE 24301 80 STATE COMMITTEE OF THE USSR FOR STANDARDS

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR STEEL TEELS FOR STEEL ROPES GOST 2224-71 Official edition Price 3 kopecks. STATE COMMITTEE OF STANDARDS OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR Moscow wedding lace

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR PROBES MAIN PARAMETERS. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS GOST 882 75 Official publication USSR STATE COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDS Moscow Group P52 G O S U D A R S T V E N N

GOST 20889-88. Pulleys for drive v-belts normal sections. Are common specifications. OKP 41 8520 Validity from 01/01/89 to 01/01/94* * Validity limit removed under protocol N 3-93

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR O T L I V K I I Z S E R O G O C U G U N A PERMISSIBLE DEVIATIONS IN SIZE AND WEIGHT AND ALLOWANCES FOR MECHANICAL PROCESSING GOST 1855 55 Official edition -ion t BHeft

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STATE ST d n s o u s s r D a r t EQUIPMENT OF VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS VENTILATION PIPE PIPE GOST 3689 70 Official edition Price 2 kopecks. STATE

STATE STANDARDS OF THE UNION OF THE SSR CHECK LIFT MUFFLE AND FLANGED VALVES FROM GRAY AND DUCTLESS CAST IRON, UP TO 2.5 MPa (25 kgf cm?) 7

G O D A R S T V E N N Y STANDARDS OF THE UNION OF A S R IS MACHINE SCREW SELF-CENTERING STRUCTURE AND BASIC DIMENSIONS GOST 21167 75, GOST 21168 75 Official edition 10 kopecks. STATE

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GOST 16818-85 M E F G O S D A R S T V E N N Y S T A N D A R T SAND FORM FOR OBTAINING SAMPLE BLANKS FOR TESTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAY CAST IRON WITH LABEUL GRAPHITE DIMENSIONS AND TECHNICAL DIMENSIONS

G O S D A R S T V E N N Y S T A N D A R T S O U Z A S R PULLEYS for flat DRIVE BELTS GOST 17383 73 Official building Price 9 kopecks. STATE COMMITTEE OF STANDARDS OF THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS OF THE USSR

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR STEEL ELECTRIC-WELDED STRAIGHT-WELDED PIPES GOST 10704 76 Official publication USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS Moscow inspection of structures UDC 669.14-462.2

STATE STANDARDS OF THE UNION OF THE SSR MACHINE DEVICES PARTS (BLANKS) Part six 4074-69, 4079-69-4082-69, 4585-69-4590-69 Official publication STANDARDS PUBLISHING HOUSE Moscow 197 1 energy efficiency class

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STATE STANDARDS OF THE UNION OF THE SSR MACHINE DEVICES DETAILS (BLANKS) Part six 4074-69, 4079-69-4082-69, 4585-69-4590-69 Official publication STANDARDS PUBLISHING HOUSE Moscow 197 1 knitting

GOST 16818 85 M E F G O S U D A R S T V E N N Y S T A N D A R T SAND FORM FOR OBTAINING SAMPLE BLANKS FOR TESTING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAY CAST IRON WITH LABEL GRAPHITE DIMENSIONS AND TECHNICAL DIMENSIONS

STATE STANDARDS OF THE UNION OF THE SSR BUSHINGS DESIGN AND DIMENSIONS. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS GOST 26232-84-GOST 26238-84, GOST 15362-73, GOST 18429-73-GOST 18435-73 Official edition S X STATE

G O S U D A R S T V E N N Y S T A N D A R T S O U Z A S R T BEAMS AND SPECIAL STEEL CHANNELS GOST 19425 74 Official publication STATE COMMITTEE OF THE USSR ON STANDARDS M

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STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR CORNERS FOR WOODEN BOXES TECHNICAL CONDITIONS GOST 2364 74 Publication of the official test report USSR STATE COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDS Moscow UDC 674.61:621.798

UDC 621.643.4.066(083.74) Group G18 STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR technical requirements Steel

STEEL CRANE BEAMS FOR GENERAL PURPOSE ELECTRIC CRANES WITH LOAD CAPACITY UP TO 50 t TECHNICAL CONDITIONS GOST 23121-78

Group G27 INTERNATIONAL IMPACT STANDARD V A N D A R T Control parts HANDWHEELS, ROTATING HANDLES, HANDLES, BUTTONS General specifications

BUILDING AXES SPECIFICATIONS GOST 18578-89 BUILDING AXES Specifications Builders axes. Specifications GOST 18578 89 OKP 48 3322 Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law Term

UDC 621.643.412:006.354 Group G18 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD V E N Y Y STANDARD MKC 23.040.60 OKP 37 9941 FLANGES OF FITTINGS, COMPOSITION PARTS AND PIPELINES ON Ru from 0.1 to 20.0 MPa (from 1 to

Group B81 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR CASTING FROM DUCTURE IRON General specifications Malleable iron casting. General specifications GOST 1215-79 OKP 41 1110 Introduction date

G O S D A R S T V E N N Y S T A N D A R T S O U Z A S S R RACKS SINGLE-SPECIFIC DIVIDING REQUIREMENTS GOST 26153-84 Official edition 110 "c" ft STATE L * "COMM AND T ^C ^C R ACCORDING TO STANDARDS

UDC 621.979.073.06:006.354 Group G21 STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR

RST RSFSR 678-82 Group U25 REPUBLICAN STANDARD CAST IRON FURNACE DEVICES General specifications Valid from 04/01/84 to 04/01/89*

G O D A R S T V E N N Y S T A N D A R T S O U Z A S R

GOST 10774-80. Cylindrical riveting pins. Specifications This standard applies to cylindrical rivet pins with a diameter of 2 to 25 mm intended for permanent connections.

GOST 22130-86 MOVABLE SUPPORTS AND SUSPENSIONS Specifications - Experiment Center GOST 22130-86 UDC 621.643-23:006.354 Zh34

STATE 2 1 167-75, GOST 21168-75 MACHINE SCREW SELF-CENTERING DESIGN AND BASIC DIMENSIONS GOST 2 1 167-75, GOST 21168-75 Official publication 10 kopecks. STATE

Page 1 of 5 INTERSTATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR FLANGES OF FITTINGS, CONNECTING PARTS AND PIPELINES ON R u from 0.1 to 20.0 MPa (from 1 to 200 kgf / cm 2) General technical requirements Flanges for valves,

UDC 678.5.073.057.74:006.354 Group G2! STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR MOLDS-BLANKS, PARTS-BLANKS AND PARTS OF MOLDS FOR MOLDING THERMOPLASTS UNDER PRESSURE Specifications Injection

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR SCRAP STEEL BUILDING SPECIFICATIONS GOST 1405-83 DEVELOPED by the Ministry of Construction, Road and Municipal Engineering PERFORMERS V. V. Kulagin,

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JIG BUSHINGS Specifications Jig bushes. Technical requirements GOST 18435-73 Instead of MN 5533 64 Decree State Committee standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of February 15, 1973

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR HOT-ROLLED STEEL BILLET RECTANGULAR (SLABS) SPECIFICATIONS GOST 25715-83 (ST SEV 3541-82) Official edition Price 3 kopecks. USSR STATE COMMITTEE

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR CAST IRON FLYWHEELS FOR PIPE FITTINGS TYPES, BASIC DIMENSIONS AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS GO ST 5260 75 Official publication USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON STANDARDS

STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR CO N STRUCTS AND AND METAL BUILDING GENERAL TECHNICAL CONDITIONS GOST 23118 78 Official publication USSR STATE COMMITTEE FOR CONSTRUCTION

GOST 26576-85 Rolling bearings. Eccentric and concentric retaining rings and set screws for fastening ball bearings. Specifications Accepting authority: Gosstandart of the USSR Date

Practical work 1 Casting in sandy-clay molds The purpose of the work is to study the technology of manufacturing castings in a sandy-clay mold, familiarization with the main elements of foundry production, development

UDC 621.9-229.312.4:006 354 G u D A R S T V E N N Y Group G27 7200-0250 STANDARD SOYUZ A S R SCREW MACHINE SCREW CENTERING WITH PRISM JAWS FOR ROUND PROFILES Construct tions

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STATE STANDARD OF THE UNION OF THE SSR BARS FROM OPAQUE QUARTZ GLASS TECHNICAL CONDITIONS GOST 9800-79 Official publication USSR STATE COMMITTEE ON MOSCOW STANDARDS Structural design

GOST 8734-75: Seamless cold-formed steel pipes Assortment Weight Range Decree of the State Committee for Standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated October 13, 1975 2604, the validity period is set

SINGLE THRUST ROLLER BEARINGS WITH NEEDLE ROLLERS WITHOUT RINGS SPECIFICATIONS GOST 26676-85 (ST SEV 4947-84) Official publication

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GOST 18123-82. Washers. General specifications (with Amendments N 1, 2) GOST 18123-82 By the Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated June 2, 1982 N 2256, the introduction date was set to 01.01.84

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INDUSTRIAL STEAM STATIONARY BOILERS DRUMS OF STATIONARY STEAM BOILERS LATERAL CLUTCHES (rworks = 24 kgf/cm2; /?works = 40 kgf/cm2) OST 108.819.02-76 Official edition certificate validity DEVELOPED

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Selection and termination of rope ends for sailing yachts

With cables (steel, vegetable or synthetic) the ship builder one way or another has to deal with. The correct selection of the rope by design and diameter, depending on the conditions of its operation, the reliable termination of its ends, the proper design of the blocks are of no small importance for the safe operation of the vessel.

Cables made of galvanized steel wire are used for steering gear (shturtros), drive remote control motor, standing and running rigging on yachts.

The design of the cable (Fig. 167) is indicated by three numbers, which express, respectively, the number of strands, the number of wires in the strand and the number of organic cores. For example, the entry 6 X 37 + 1 OS means: a six-strand cable, has 37 wires per strand, with one organic core. The design of the rope determines its flexibility, which determines the size and weight of blocks and drums, and which, along with strength, serves as the basis for its choice in the manufacture of a particular gear. The greater the number of wires in a strand and the smaller their diameter, the more flexible the cable.

For the manufacture of standing rigging gear, rigid cables are used, which, with a minimum diameter and weight, have the greatest strength and do not stretch under load. For running rigging and steering ropes, flexibility is paramount.

For the manufacture of standing rigging for yachts, a very rigid and durable spiral cable of the 1 X 19 design has become widespread. Terminating the fire on such a cable, however, is a complicated matter, therefore, end bushings, clips, etc. are more often used to attach the cable to the spars.

7x7, also used for standing rigging, has some flexibility and is much easier to terminate, but because of the higher number of wires, it stretches more under load and is more prone to corrosion than 1 X19. When sealing the fire, the seventh strand is cut off, therefore, the reduced strength of such termination must be taken into account.

6x7+1 OC can also be used for standing rigging, although it is less strong and stretches more than the previously mentioned cables (due to the presence of an organic core). The cable is easy to splice; it can be successfully used for railings. For the manufacture of running rigging, this cable is of little use due to insufficient flexibility. The organic core contributes to the retention of grease that prevents corrosion.

Rice. 167. Typical designs of steel cables: a - cable IX 19; 6 - 7X7; c - 7X 19; g - 6X 19 + 1 OS; 5-6X37+ 1 OS.

The 7x19" cable is the most durable of the flexible cables. It is used in the manufacture of parts of running rigging, for which, along with strength, low stretch under load is important (for example, for steering ropes). The practical properties of this cable include the possibility of sealing ogons and the presence of a metal core, due to which the cable does not crumple in the pulley groove and can wind on the winch drum in several layers. the strand is usually cut down, in which case a 15% weakening of the rope must be taken into account.

Cable 6x19+1 OS has an organic core. It is more flexible and elastic than a 7x19 cable, but it stretches and deforms more under load, and therefore is not very suitable for winding on a smooth (without grooves) drum and for multilayer winding.

Rope 6x37+1 OS - very flexible, easy to splice. The wires that make up its strands have a small diameter, so a cable of this design is produced starting from a diameter of 5.5 mm. The cable is highly stretchable and is used for small diameter pulleys.

The cable is usually selected according to the current load, taking into account the safety factor. For standing rigging, a safety factor is taken from 4 to 6, for running rigging "- not less than 4 and not less than 6 in all cases when the cable is used to lift a person or the ship itself. When choosing a safety factor, in addition to the calculated load, it is necessary to take into account the working conditions of the cable: fixing the ends, the diameter of the pulleys, the multiplicity of load application, susceptibility to corrosion, etc.

Caution should be exercised against the use of very thin ropes, especially on seagoing vessels. It must also be taken into account that the thinner the wire, the more the cable is subject to corrosion and wear. The most corrosion-resistant cables are made of galvanized or stainless wire. Cables made of non-galvanized or copper-plated wire quickly rust and break, especially at bends.

When arming masts with standing rigging, it is advisable to give the cable, especially if it has an organic core, a preliminary hood. This contributes to a more even distribution of forces between straight strands under the action of workload. For. sealing a loop (fire) at the end of a steel cable, it is developed into strands, and then tight marks are applied to the cable and strands. A strong thread is placed along the cable (Fig. 168), one end of it is rolled up in a loop, and the other (running) tightly, coil to coil, is wrapped in one row around the cable towards the loop. Then threading the running end into the loop, tighten it under the turns. Having imposed marks, the cable is bent according to the shape and size of the required fire. The bent fire is taken into the left hand with loose strands up and away from oneself and, dividing the developed strands into two equal parts, the root end of the cable is inserted between them. In order for the fire not to unwind, after introducing the root end of the cable, the upper left strand is transferred to the right side, and the lower right strand to the left side. Then the punching of the running strands into the root end of the cable begins. The lower left strand 1 is punched under two root strands against the twist of the cable. Then they break through the next strand 2 (Fig. 169), but already under one root strand.

In the same way, strands 3 and 4 are pierced on the right side. After that, all four punched strands are tightened until the brand reaches the root end, and the remaining strands 5 and 6 are pierced. After punching, the strands are pulled again and start the second punching through one strand under two against the direction of the cable twist, just as it was done when punching the second strand. Having made 3.5 or 4.5 punches, the fire is beaten with light strokes of the handbrake, and the extra ends of the strands are chopped off. The place of punching is wrapped - they are caged with a thin cord or soft wire. The punching of the strands is carried out using a metal pile (Fig. 170): before tightening the strands, a thimble is inserted into the loop.

In order to make a correct and sufficiently strong fire, you need to have certain skills. Amateurs often replace it with contractions made from scraps of a copper or aluminum tube, superimposed on the ends of the cable folded together (Fig. 171, a). The inner diameter of the tube should be approximately one and a half times the diameter of the cable, the length is 10 times the diameter of the cable.

The tube, put on the cable and pressed close to the thimble, is riveted until the cable is tightly compressed, then the second and third contractions are placed at a distance of 40-60 mm. You can make a connection using one long (80-100 mm) tube (Fig. 171, b), flattening it alternately in two mutually perpendicular planes. The sealing of the end of the cable by pressing it into the hole of the steel ball is also strong enough (Fig. 171, c). The breaking strength of such termination is 60--80% of the breaking load of the cable.

When the cable passes through the block, its wires, in addition to stretching from the load, receive additional stresses from bending, from twisting and from crushing. Wires that have burst due to fatigue and wear are always located at the point where the cable touches the block. It should be remembered that in practice running rigging gear and steering ropes are subjected to variable loads, i.e. they work for fatigue. For example, the staysail halyard is constantly subject to fluctuations during the course of the yacht, depending on the load on the staysail and the stay sag. The amplitude of these oscillations on a large yacht can reach 40-60 mm, and the period is 1-3 seconds. Approximately in the same conditions, the shturtros also works.

In table. 14 shows the minimum sheave diameters of pulleys, measured along the groove, depending on the design and the diameter of the cable. The drums of steering gears or winches should also have the same diameter.

The pulley bale radius should be equal to 1.05 of the rope radius. With a narrower or wider bale, the cable wears out faster. The pulley bale should cover 130-150 ° of the cross section of the cable (Fig. 172). The use of aluminum or textolite drums helps to reduce cable wear.

Rice. 169. Closing fire on a steel cable: a e - the order of punching strands.

Rice. 170. Piles - wooden (/) and metal (2).

Rice. 171. Closing the loop on the cable with the help of tubes (a, b) and shaping the ball at the end of the cable (c).

Table 14 Pulley diameters of pulleys depending on the design and rope diameter

Standing rigging must be oiled or painted, and all lights and splashes must be squared.

It is much easier to close the ends of vegetable cables than steel ones. As with steel cables, you need to start by applying a mark that would not allow the strands to develop. The mark must be applied on a dry cable, otherwise it will slip after the cable dries. The usual brand is superimposed in the same way as on a steel cable, and to make a self-tightening brand (Fig. 173), one end of the thread must be placed along the cable, and the other should be wrapped in turns. On the last turns, it is necessary to leave slack and pass the end of the running thread under them, which is then tightly tightened. If it is necessary not only to fix the strands of the cable, but also to make a stopper at the end that protects the tackle from splashing out, for example, from a block, they knit a button. There are many varieties of knobs, we will consider only a simple knob and a turnip.

To terminate a simple button (Fig. 174), the cable is unraveled into strands, the strands are passed one under the other, as shown in the figure (positions 1, 2, 3, 4), and tightened. It turns out a "half-wheel" - the basis of a simple knob. To get a knob, one more punching of the running strands is made between the strands of the half-wheel (positions 5, 6). If a large thickening is not required at the end of the cable, then, so that the cable does not develop, close up the turnip (Fig. 175): first, the loose ends of the cable are passed one under the other (positions 1, 2), then the running strands are pierced with a pile through one strand under two, against the direction of the cable lay (positions 3, 4). After making three or four punches, cut off the remaining ends of the cable.

When it is required to make a large loop (fire) at the end of the cable, the end is grabbed to the cable with a benzel. Benzel (Fig. 176) is applied in the same way as the brand, but immediately on both ends of the cable, pressed one to the other. Contiguous parallel laid sections of cables are wrapped with strips of thin canvas or insulating tape - they are caged.

On a thin line, with which a benzel is applied, a loop is made and the running end is threaded through it, enclosed around both cables. Having fitted the loop, they begin to put the hoses of the benzel one tightly to the other. When the first row of the benzel along the length reaches approximately two diameters of the cable, a thin line folded in half is applied to it - a drag 1 with a loop facing the beginning of the benzel. A second row of hoses is wound onto the protaska. To finish the job, they pass the running end of the line with some slack into the loop 2 of the pull and pull it under the entire upper row of benzel hoses. Now it remains to tie the line across the benzel with a retractable bayonet and grab the end of the line to cable 3.

Fire (Fig. 177, a) on a simple three-strand cable is closed up like this. The cable is bent with a loop of the required size and strands are laid on it so that one of them is located on top of the root end 1, and the other two are on the sides of it. In this case, the root end 1 should be located on the left, and the running end 2 - on the right. The cable is held in a loop towards itself.

The splashing of the running end 2 in the root 1 starts with the middle running strand 3, which is punched with a pile under one of the strands of the root end 1, necessarily against the direction of the cable twist, t. e. right to left. Having wrapped strand 3, the left running strand 4 is pierced under the next root, again against the direction of the cable lay. Then, turning the cable over, the remaining running strand is punched under the corresponding, not yet punched root strand.

Between two adjacent running strands there should always be one root. In order for the thickening at the junction to smoothly disappear, after two punchings, with each subsequent one, it is necessary to cut off part of the thickness of the running end, reducing its diameter by half. After finishing work, it is necessary to tighten the strands, and cut their ends.

When it is necessary to splice two cables without a knot, they do it in the form of a splice. The divorced strands of both cables are inserted into each other in a checkerboard pattern, as shown in Fig. 178, bringing the marks as close as possible, and begin punching with running strands into the main strands moved apart by the pile through one under one. The punching begins with the running strand 1 of cable A, which is covered with the running strand 5 of cable B, then it is punched under the root strand 6, tightened and bent so that it does not interfere with work. The same is done with the running strands 3 and 4 of the cable A: they cover the running strands 6 and 2 of the cable B, and then pass them, respectively, under the root strands 2 and 5 of this cable.

Rice. 174. Seal of a simple button. 1-6 - sequence of operations.

Rice. 175. Seal the end of the cable with a turnip. 1-4 - sequence of operations.

Having cut off the mark on cable B, they once again tighten the running strands of cable A punched into it so that they lie more tightly and do not create unnecessary thickening, and then proceed to the oncoming punching of the strands of cable B between the root strands of cable A.

With a short splash, three punches are made on each cable, cutting out with each subsequent part of the fibers into a strand - reducing their diameter by half.

The information below on the classification of ropes is far from new, and we can hardly add anything new. You can easily find similar materials on other resources, so why do we host it? Looking at the classification below, you will understand that there are a large number of types of rope and sometimes even a specialist can be quite difficult to figure out what Rope 12-GL-VK-L-O-N-1770 GOST 2688–80 is.

Working with the same ropes, deciphering everything is easy enough, but if the client wants to buy a non-standard rope? This is where “Where to look? Where to get? What does this letter mean in the name? We have previously published material about ropes, but did not describe the classification in detail, so we hope that this article will be useful to you.

Classification, technical requirements, test methods, rules for acceptance, transportation, and storage of steel ropes are set out in GOST 3241-91 “Steel ropes. Specifications".

Classification of steel ropes

1. According to the main design feature:

• single lay or spiral consist of wires twisted in a spiral in one or more concentric layers. Ropes of a single lay, twisted only from round wire, are called ordinary spiral ropes. Spiral ropes with shaped wires in the outer layer are called ropes of a closed structure. Single lay ropes intended for subsequent laying are called strands.
• double lay consist of strands twisted in one or more concentric layers. Double lay ropes can be single-layer or multi-layer. Single-layer six-strand double lay ropes are widely used. Double lay ropes intended for subsequent laying are called strands.
• triple lay consist of strands twisted in a spiral into one concentric layer.

2. According to the shape of the cross section of the strands:

• round
• shaped yarn(trihedral-strand, flat-strand), have significantly large surface fit to the pulley than round strand.

3. According to the type of lay of strands and ropes of a single lay:

• TC- with a point touch of the wires between the layers,
• OK- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers,
• LK-O- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers with the same diameter of the wires in the layers of the strand,
• LK-R- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers at different diameters of the wires in the outer layer of the strand,
• LK-Z- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers of the strand and the filling wires,
• LK-RO- with a linear touch of the wires between the layers and having layers with wires of different diameters and layers with wires of the same diameter in strands,
• TLC- with a combined point-line touch of the wires in the strands.

Strands with a point touch of the wires are made in a few technological operations depending on the number of layers of wires. In this case, it is necessary to apply different wire laying steps for each layer of the strand and twist the next layer in the opposite direction to the previous one. As a result, the wires between the layers intersect. Such an arrangement of wires increases their wear during shear during operation, creates significant contact stresses that contribute to the development of fatigue cracks in the wires, and reduces the filling factor of the rope section with metal.
Strands with a linear touch of the wires are made in one technological step; at the same time, the lay pitch is maintained, and the same direction of the wire lay for all layers of the strand, which, with the correct selection of wire diameters by layers, gives a linear touch of the wires between the layers. As a result, the wear of the wires is significantly reduced and the performance of ropes with a linear touch of the wires in the strands increases sharply in comparison with the performance of ropes of the TK type.
Strands of point-linear touch are used if it is necessary to replace the central wire in the strands of linear touch with a seven-wire strand, when a layer of wires of the same diameter with point touch is laid on a single-layer seven-wire strand of the LK type. The strands may have increased non-rotating properties.

4. According to the core material:

• OS- with an organic core - as a core in the center of the rope, and sometimes in the center of the strands, cores made of natural, synthetic and artificial materials are used - from hemp, manila, sisal, cotton yarn, polyethylene, polypropylene, capron, lavsan, viscose, asbestos.
• MS- with a metal core - as a core, in most designs, a double lay rope of six seven wire strands is used, located around the central seven wire strand; They are advisable to use when it is necessary to increase the structural strength of the rope, reduce the structural elongation of the rope in tension, as well as when high temperature the environment in which the rope operates.

5. According to the laying method:

• Non-twisting ropes - H- the strands and wires retain their predetermined position after the bindings are removed from the end of the rope or are easily laid by hand with slight untwisting, which is achieved by preliminary deformation of the wires and strands when twisting the wires into a strand and strands into a rope.
• Unwinding ropes- wires and strands are not preliminarily deformed or insufficiently deformed before they are twisted into strands and into a rope. Therefore, the strands in the rope and the wires in the strands do not retain their position after the bindings are removed from the end of the rope.

6. According to the degree of balance:

• Straightened rope - R- does not lose its straightness (within the permissible deviation) in a free suspended state or on a horizontal plane, because after twisting the strands and spar, respectively, the stresses from the deformation of the wires and strands were removed by straightening.
• Unaligned rope- does not have such a property, the free end of the untied rope tends to form a ring, due to the deformation stresses of the wires and strands obtained during the rope manufacturing process.

7. In the direction of the lay of the rope:

• Right lay- not marked
• Left lay- L

The direction of the rope lay is determined by: the direction of the lay of the wires of the outer layer - for single lay ropes; the direction of the lay of the strands of the outer layer - for double lay ropes; the direction of the lay of the strands into the rope - for triple lay ropes

8. According to the combination of lay directions of the rope and its elements:

• Cross lay- the direction of the lay of strands and strands is opposite to the direction of the lay of the rope.
• One-sided lay - O- the direction of laying the strands into the rope and the wires in the strands are the same.
• Combined lay- K with simultaneous use of strands of the right and left lay directions in the rope.

9. According to the degree of twist

• spinning- with the same lay direction of all strands along the layers of the rope (six- and eight-strand ropes with an organic and metal core)
• Low spinning- (MK) with the opposite direction of the lay of the rope elements in layers (multilayer, multi-strand ropes and single lay ropes). In non-rotating ropes, due to the selection of lay directions for individual layers of wires (in spiral ropes) or strands (in multilayer double-lay ropes), the rotation of the rope around its axis is eliminated when the load is freely suspended.

10. By mechanical properties wire

• Brand VK- High Quality
• Grade B- high quality
• Mark 1- normal quality

11. According to the type of coating of the surface of the wires in the rope:

• From uncoated wires
• Made of galvanized wire depending on the surface density of zinc:
• group C- for medium aggressive working conditions
• group G- for tough aggressive working conditions
• coolant group- especially severe aggressive working conditions
• P- the rope or strands are coated with polymeric materials

12. According to the purpose of the rope

• cargo people - GL- for lifting and transporting people and goods
• Freight - G- for lifting and transporting and cargo

13. Manufacturing accuracy

• normal precision- not marked
• Increased accuracy - T- toughened limit deviations for the diameter of the rope

14. According to strength characteristics
Marking groups of tensile strength N/mm2 (kgf/mm2) - 1370 (140), 1470 (150), 1570 (160), 1670 (170), 1770 (180), 1860 (190), 1960 (200), 2060 (210), 2160 (220)

Examples of symbols for steel ropes

1. Rope 16.5 - G - I - N - R - T - 1960 GOST 2688 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 16.5 mm, cargo use, first grade, made of uncoated wire, right cross lay, non-twisting, straightened, increased accuracy, marking group 1960 N / mm2 (200 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 2688 - 80
2. Rope 12 - GL - VK - L - O - N - 1770 GOST 2688 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 12.0 mm, for human cargo, grade VK, made of uncoated wire, left one-sided lay, non-twisting, non-straightened, normal accuracy, marking group 1770 N / mm2 (180 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 2688-80
3. Rope 25.5 - G - VK - S - N - R - T - 1670 GOST 7668 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 25.5 mm, cargo purpose, grade VK, galvanized according to group C, right-hand cross lay, non-twisting, straightened, increased accuracy, marking group 1670 N / mm2 (170 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 7668 - 80
4. Rope 5.6 - G - V - Zh - N - MK - R - 1670 GOST 3063 - 80 Rope with a diameter of 5.6 mm, cargo purpose, grade B, galvanized according to group Zh, right lay, non-twisting, low-rotation, straightened, marking group 1670 N / mm2 (170 kgf / mm2), according to GOST 3063 - 80

Each rope design has advantages and disadvantages that must be properly considered when choosing ropes for specific conditions operation. When choosing, it is necessary to maintain the necessary ratios between the diameters of the winding bodies and the diameters of the ropes and their outer wires, as well as the necessary margin of safety, which ensures trouble-free operation.

Ropes of a single lay from round wires - ordinary spiral (GOST 3062-80; 3063-80; 3064-80) have increased rigidity, so they are recommended to be used where tensile loads on the rope prevail (lightning protection cables of high-voltage power lines, fences, stretch marks, etc.)

Double lay ropes with linear contact of wires in strands with ease of manufacture, they have a relatively high performance and have a sufficient number of various designs. The latter allows you to choose ropes for operation at high end loads, with significant abrasive wear, in various aggressive environments, with the minimum allowable ratio of the diameter of the winding body and the diameter of the rope.

Ropes type LK-R (GOST 2688-80, 14954-80) should be used when during operation the ropes are exposed to aggressive environments, intense alternating bending and work outdoors. The high structural strength of these ropes allows them to be used in many very demanding crane operating conditions.

Ropes type LK-O (GOST 3077-80, 3081-80; 3066-80; 3069-80; 3083-80) work stably in conditions of strong abrasion due to the presence of larger diameter wires in the upper layer. These ropes are widely used, but their normal operation requires a slightly increased diameter of blocks and drums.

Ropes type LK-Z (GOST 7665-80, 7667-80) used when flexibility is required, provided that the rope is not exposed to an aggressive environment. The use of these ropes in aggressive environments is not recommended due to the thin filler wires in the strands, which are easily corroded.

Ropes type LK-RO (GOST 7668-80, 7669-80, 16853-80) are characterized by a relatively large number of wires in the strands and therefore have increased flexibility. The presence of relatively thick wires in the outer layer of these ropes allows them to be successfully used in conditions of abrasive wear and aggressive environments. Due to this combination of properties, the LK-RO type construction rope is universal.

Double-lay ropes with point-linear contact of wires in strands of the TLC-O type (GOST 3079-80) should be used when the use of ropes with a linear touch of the wires in the strands is impossible due to a violation of the minimum allowable adjustment ratios between the diameters of the winding elements and the diameters of the wires of the rope or when it is impossible to provide the recommended safety margin.

Double lay ropes with point contact of wires in strands of TK type (GOST 3067-88; 3068-88; 3070-88; 3071-88) not recommended for critical and intensive installations. These ropes can only be used for non-stressful operating conditions, where alternating bends and pulsating loads are not significant or absent (slings, brace ropes, temporary timber-rafting supports and brake ropes, etc.)

Multi-strand double lay ropes (GOST 3088-80; 7681-80) depending on the accepted directions of laying strands in separate layers, they are made ordinary and non-rotating. The latter provide reliable and stable operation on mechanisms with free suspension of the load, and a large bearing surface and lower specific pressures on the outer wires make it possible to achieve a relatively high rope performance. The disadvantages of multi-strand ropes are the complexity of manufacturing (especially pre-deformation), the tendency to delamination, the difficulty of monitoring the state of the inner layers of the strands.

Triple lay ropes (GOST 3089-80) are used when the main operational requirements are maximum flexibility and elasticity of the rope, and its strength and bearing surface are not critical. Organic cores in strands are appropriate when the rope is intended for towing and mooring, where increased elastic properties of the rope are required. Due to the use of small diameter wires compared to the wires of double lay ropes, triple lay ropes require significantly smaller diameter sheaves for normal operation.

Trihedral strand ropes (GOST3085-80) characterized by increased structural stability, a very high fill factor and a large bearing surface. The use of these ropes is especially advisable for high end loads and strong abrasive wear. It is recommended to use these ropes both in installations with friction pulleys and in multilayer winding on drums. The disadvantage of triangular-strand ropes is sharp bends of the wires on the edges of the strands, increased rope rigidity, and laboriousness in the manufacture of strands.

Flat ropes (GOST 3091-80; 3092-80) find application as balancing on mine lifting installations. The advantages of these ropes include their non-torsion. However, the manual operations used in the sewing of the ropes and the relatively rapid destruction of the thong during operation limit the scope of use of these ropes in the industry.

Classification of ropes according to domestic and foreign standards

INDUSTRY STANDARD

BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPES STROK PROFILE

Design and dimensions

OST 24.191.01

Official edition

MINISTRY OF HEAVY, ENERGY AND TRANSPORT ENGINEERING

Moscow 1971

DEVELOPED BY VNIIPTMASH

Director of the institute Komashenko A.Kh.

Deputy director for scientific work Skvortsov B.M.

Head of the standardization department Obolensky A.S.

Head of the department of unified units Rybkin P.N. Performer Baikova N.I.

INTRODUCED BY VNIIPTMASH

PREPARED FOR APPROVAL

Chief engineer Lunenko G.I.

APPROVED by the Deputy Minister of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering

UDC 621.861.2:001.4

Group G-86

INDUSTRY STANDARD

BLOCKS FOR STEEL ROPES STROK PROFILE DESIGN AND DIMENSIONS

24.191.01

Introduced for the first time

Letter from the Ministry of Heavy, Energy and Transport Engineering dated Zu_1_X_. 1970 No. MM-36/12446, the date of introduction is set from 1. I 1 1974

Non-compliance with the standard is punishable by law

1. The area is common

This standard applies to the profiles of the stream of cast iron and steel crane blocks, enveloped by steel ropes with a diameter of 3 to 43.5 mm.

The standard does not apply to the profile of the strand of blocks located in a horizontal plane, as well as to blocks designed for the passage of rope clamps through them, to other blocks with profiles of the strand for special purposes.

The permissible angle of deviation of the rope v 1 from the middle plane of the block should be no more than

4r-2k 4fiTj->

where p is half the opening angle of the stream profile;

Uf(- rope diameter;

Block diameter along the center line of the rope;

K - coefficient depending on the bending stiffness of some types of ropes (Table 1)

Page 4 OST 24.191.01

2. Design and dimensions

The design and dimensions of the streams must comply with the drawing and table of this standard (see drawing and table 2) 1

OST 24.191.01 Page 5

Size for reference