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Topic: Porcelain tableware

Porcelain tableware of good quality is elegant, distinguished by significant strength and has a snow-white translucent shard.

Porcelain dishes are fired at a temperature of 1400 ° C. It has a white shard, is well translucent with a thickness of up to 2.5 mm. When the edge of a porcelain product is lightly struck, it should produce a clear, long sound. The artistic finishing of this dish is called “processing”. Today, the following types of porcelain tableware processing are used: linen (without decoration), tape, stamp, stencil, etc.

Pie plate

It has a diameter of 17-19 cm, used for serving bread, toast, pies, and pies.

Small dinner plate

Its diameter is 27-29 cm, used for serving second hot dishes.

Deep dining plate

Its diameter is 24-27 cm and with a capacity of 500 ml, it is used for serving seasoning soups, broths with fillings (dumplings, meatballs), and cold soups.

Snack plate

Its diameter is 22-24 cm, used for serving cold dishes and snacks, as well as some hot snacks (pancakes).

Small dessert plate

Its diameter is 20-22cm, some hot sweet dishes are served (pudding, apples fried in dough).

Deep dessert plate

Its diameter is 20-22 cm and its capacity is 250 ml, it is used for serving sweet dishes with sweet sauces, berries with milk or cream.

pastry plate

Its diameter is 13-15 cm, used for cakes, biscuits, muffins.

Broth cup and saucer

Its capacity is 320 ml, intended for serving broths, puree soups, dressing soups with finely chopped products.

Tea cups

Their capacity is 250 ml, used for serving tea, Warsaw coffee, coffee with milk, cocoa.

Coffee cup

Its capacity is 75-100 ml, intended for black coffee, oriental, Turkish, hot chocolate.

Bowl

Its capacity is 200-250 ml, intended for national watches and kumys.

kise

Its capacity is 500-900 ml, intended for national dishes (pilaf, manti, lagman).

salad bowls

One, two, four servings. Serving salads, pickles, marinades, assorted vegetables.

Vase with high and low legs

Their diameter is 24 cm, intended for salads and pastries.

trays

Pressed caviar, sprats, sardines, and lemon are served.

Oval and round dishes

Meat, fish, and vegetable cold dishes are served.

What is porcelain?

Porcelain is a durable clay ceramic that is translucent when applied in a thin layer. Sound waves travel in porcelain 4 times faster than in earthenware, so when you hit it with a wooden stick, the porcelain produces a clear, long-lasting, characteristic sound. Thanks to this property, porcelain can be distinguished from fakes and earthenware.

Porcelain is produced by firing at temperatures up to 1500 °C, from a mixture of kaolin, clay, feldspar and quartz. It is used to make high-quality porcelain tableware.

The advantage of porcelain is that it is a very inert material and has chemical and thermal strength. According to GOST, the glaze of porcelain dishes must withstand temperature changes from 205 °C to 20 °C.

A little history of porcelain

Porcelain was first made in China in 620, but the understanding of the basic principles of making real porcelain was discovered much later.

Porcelain was brought to Venice in the form of finished products by Marco Polo. Chinese porcelain was sold by weight at that time. Ladies wore pieces of imported porcelain, like jewelry, on gold chains.

The method of making Chinese porcelain was kept secret and for a long time it was not possible to make it in Europe. In 1708, the secret was unraveled, and in 1710, porcelain production began in Saxony at the first European porcelain factory.

In Russia, at the end of the 1740s, D.I. Vinogradov independently revealed the secret of porcelain production and at the end of the 18th century several porcelain enterprises were organized in Russia. Porcelain tableware also began to be produced at the Imperial Porcelain Factory.

Porcelain tableware - properties

To set tables in restaurants, sets of porcelain tableware consisting of more than forty different items are used.

Good quality porcelain dishes have a translucent snow-white shard and are distinguished by their durability. When struck on the edge, the porcelain product necessarily makes a long sound.

Porcelain dishes, unlike earthenware, have higher thermal and mechanical resistance, better appearance and consumer qualities.

The most resistant to alkalis and acids is porcelain with a high alumina content and low porosity, in which water absorption is close to zero.

How to care for porcelain dishes

It is better to wash porcelain dishes by hand and separately from spoons, forks and other metal objects, using soft washcloths. It is advisable to remove rings and other jewelry at this time.

Do not use porcelain dishes decorated with metals in the microwave or place them in the dishwasher. Dishes without such decorations can be washed in the dishwasher, but set the mode to low water heating.

Porcelain does not like household chemicals and abrasive detergents, as they can damage or scratch the surface of the dishes.

It is advisable to wipe the washed dishes with a soft cloth and dry them as quickly as possible.

It is not advisable to wash porcelain dishes with hot water, otherwise the design may be damaged.

When washing, do not leave dishes in water for a long time.

Use a special porcelain cleaner or neutral soap.

Porcelain dishes, over time, after prolonged use, may darken and lose their respectable appearance. You can return the porcelain to its impeccable whiteness by wiping it with a cloth moistened with tartaric acid or turpentine. Baking soda, as well as salt and vinegar, will also help solve this problem.

Stains on porcelain plates can be removed with warm water if you add a little ammonia to it.

To better preserve plates and other porcelain utensils, you can place them with white napkins.

Do not stack cups on top of each other to avoid damaging the fragile handle.

The presentation was made by:

2nd year student

Groups 13TEO-29

Shikunova Tatyana

Daria Gerashchenkova and Varvara Asmanova - students of class 5 A of GBOU School No. 212 of the Frunzensky district of St. Petersburg.

A wide range of dishes are made from porcelain: plates, saucers, gravy boats, salad bowls, oil dishes, vases and vases, cups, mugs and much more. Porcelain (Turkish farfur, fagfur, from Persian fegfur) is the most noble ceramics. Porcelain tableware is white, durable tableware, characterized by amazing lightness and transparency. You can distinguish dishes made from porcelain from products made from other types of ceramics by the clear, long ringing sound that it makes when lightly struck by a metal object.

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Presentation on the topic: “Porcelain. Porcelain tableware” The presentation was prepared by Daria Gerashchenkova and Varvara Asmanova, students of class 5 A of GBOU School No. 212 of the Frunzensky district of St. Petersburg. Head: Romanova E.A.

Porcelain (Turkish farfur, fagfur, from Persian fegfur) is the most noble ceramics. Porcelain tableware is white, durable tableware, characterized by amazing lightness and transparency. You can distinguish dishes made from porcelain from products made from other types of ceramics by the clear, long ringing sound that it makes when lightly struck by a metal object. Porcelain: varieties and history

Porcelain is mainly produced from kaolin, clay, quartz and feldspar using the sintering method. Depending on the composition of the porcelain mass, porcelain is divided into soft and hard. Soft porcelain differs from hard porcelain not in hardness, but in the fact that when firing soft porcelain, more liquid phase is formed than when firing hard porcelain, and therefore there is a higher risk of deformation of the workpiece during firing. Varieties of porcelain

Soft porcelain is used primarily for the manufacture of artistic products, and hard porcelain is usually used in technology (electrical insulators) and in everyday use (dishes). Porcelain products are very diverse in their chemical composition, properties and purpose. Here are some of the most famous types of porcelain and their characteristic features: Types of porcelain

Biscuit porcelain – matte, without glaze. Bone china is soft porcelain, an indispensable component of which is the ash of cattle bones, consisting mainly of calcium phosphate. Fritted porcelain is a highly translucent soft porcelain produced in France since 1738. Chinese porcelain occupies a special place in the classification of porcelain. Varieties of porcelain

History: Russian porcelain Russian porcelain is the collective name for porcelain products (also, often, earthenware and majolica) produced in Russia from the second half of the 18th century to the present day. In 1744 it was founded in St. Petersburg. Currently, the Imperial Porcelain Factory (Lomonosov Porcelain Factory (LFZ) produces about 4,000 items

Porcelain tableware A wide range of tableware is made from porcelain: plates, saucers, gravy boats, salad bowls, oil dishes, vases and bowls, cups, mugs and much more. Service - a set of tea, tableware and coffee utensils. Served on the table for a certain number of people, usually from 6 to 16. Sets appeared at the beginning of the 14th century, when artisans in China discovered bone china, from which the first sets were subsequently made. Depending on the intended use, they are divided into Table sets, Tea sets, Coffee sets.

Dinnerware sets Hard porcelain Set contents: Deep plate 220 mm: 6 pcs. Flat plate 240 mm: 6 pcs. Flat plate 200 mm: 6 pcs. Large salad bowl: 1 pc. Small salad bowl 140 mm: 2 pcs. Oval dish: 1 pc. Oval dish: 1 pc. Round dish: 1 pc. Author of the form: Leporskaya A.A. Author of the painting: Yatskevich A.A. Manufacturer: Imperial Porcelain Factory, Russia The most famous and recognizable design, simple and elegant, the “calling card” of the Imperial Porcelain Factory is “Cobalt Mesh”, created by the Soviet artist A.A. Yatskevich in 1944. A service with this decor received a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Brussels in 1958.

Coffee services Hard porcelain Set contents: - Coffee pot 1200 ml: 1 pc. - Sugar bowl 450 ml: 1 pc. - Cup 140 ml: 6 pcs. - Saucer 117 mm: 6 pcs. - Dessert plate: 6 pcs Author of the form: Yakovleva S.E. Author of the painting: Yatskevich A.A. Manufacturer: Imperial Porcelain Factory, Russia

Glass in a gift box “Three heroes. Alyosha Popovich" Porcelain tableware for children "IFZ"

Decanters Hard porcelain Width: 149 mm Length: 218 mm Height: 195 mm Volume: 800 ml Form author: Krimmer E.M. Author of the painting: Vorobievsky A.V. Manufacturer: Imperial Porcelain Factory, Russia

Vases Fruit vase “Cobalt mesh” Shape: Youth Hard porcelain Diameter: 203 mm Height: 135 mm Author of the form: Leporskaya A.A. Author of the painting: Yatskevich A.A. Manufacturer: Imperial Porcelain Factory, Russia Oil dish “Zamoskvorechye” Author of painting: Shulyak G.D.

Dish Round dish “Russian Art Nouveau” Shape: European Hard porcelain Diameter: 320 mm Author of painting: Belova-Weber O.G. Manufacturer: Imperial Porcelain Factory, Russia

Cup and saucer Tea cup and saucer “Fantastic butterflies” Shape: Natasha Bone china Saucer diameter: 148 mm Cup height: 74 mm Volume: 220 ml Shape author: Yu.F. Troitsky Author of the painting: Vorobievsky A.V. Manufacturer: Imperial Porcelain Factory, Russia

Decorative plates Decorative plate “Vase with cornflowers and poppies” Shape: Large ellipse Hard porcelain Painted by: Vincent Van Gogh Manufacturer: Russia

Collectible porcelain tableware Derby porcelain service of 85 pieces. Made for the 8th Duke of Hamilton in the 1780s.

Collectible porcelain tableware State Hermitage Museum. Office service. Production in the period 1793-1803 Ceremonial service of Catherine II

Serves porcelain (France) Collectible porcelain tableware

Collectible porcelain tableware Serves porcelain (France)

Exclusive porcelain tableware It is made according to an individual design from expensive varieties of porcelain, followed by hand-painting with gold and silver glaze.

CeramicsCERAMICS

Ceramics are products obtained by
sintering clay and its mixtures with minerals
additives and other inorganic
connections. From a technological point of view
process basic and more complex types
ceramics are earthenware and porcelain.

Porcelain
Porcelain is one of the types of fine ceramics.

It is obtained by high temperature
firing various mixtures, which makes it
impenetrable to water and even gas. Home
external distinctive feature of this species
fine ceramics is the fact that porcelain
shines through.

porcelain of the third reich
In addition, porcelain has a number of
features that distinguish it from
other materials:
Porcelain - dense, ringing, broken
white, hard like glass.
If you lightly hit
porcelain product wooden
stick, you can hear the clean and
high-pitched sound, which is characteristic only
for porcelain. Faience has a dull and
low sound.
Unlike other types of ceramics,
porcelain hardly fades over time
changes its appearance. Practically
all earthenware becomes covered with age
a small web of cracks. This
is a natural process and is not considered
defect. Porcelain hardness
prevents the formation of
any cracks. Cracks on
porcelain is already a defect.

Faience (“faience”) came from
Italian language from the name
city ​​of Faenza, one of
ceramic centers
production. By composition
faience is not much different from
porcelain, but changing
mixture ratio and
additives: it contains more clay
(85% by weight). Also temperatures
firing below: from 1050 to 1280°C.
Faience

Earthenware is a material very similar to porcelain. Because both porcelain and earthenware
are made from the same raw materials - kaolin, quartz and feldspar.
True, these components are taken from different sources when creating porcelain and earthenware.
proportions and have differences. There are several of them. First of all, the quality of raw materials. For
making porcelain requires kaolin, carefully purified from the slightest
impurities.

Slide 2

In the Chinese city of Ching-te-Chen there lived a potter who made dishes from red and white clay. The dishes were beautiful, but heavy. The Chinese were very proud of their cups and vases.

Slide 3

The white clay from Gao-ling Hill was called gaolin, and then by mistake it was called kaolin. This is what they still call it today. And this clay is available not only in China, but also in other countries. There is a lot of kaolin in our native land.

Slide 4

• But Marco Polo explained that this is not witchcraft, but skill. If this is not witchcraft, then what are these cups made of? Marco Polo could not explain this. The Chinese keep the production of tsenya a secret, especially from foreigners.
• Someone said that it’s not for nothing that tseni looks like shells; that’s probably what it’s made from. Similar shells are also found in the sea. They were called “piggies” because they resemble piglets. In Italian, pig is called "porcella".
• Soon a rumor spread to all Italian cities that Marco Polo brought dishes made from shells.
• In many countries even now they say not “porcelain”, but “porcelan”.

Slide 5

The Saxon Elector Augustus the Strong, not having the necessary money to buy several Chinese vases, exchanged them for a company of soldiers.

Slide 6

• But Johann no longer listened to the barber. Snatching the box of powder from his hands, he rushed to his workshop.
• With trembling hands he began to prepare the porcelain dough. Only instead of red I put white clay. What about Betger? After all, the Elector promised to return his freedom? ...
• August did not keep his word. He guarded Johann more than ever, afraid that he would not tell anyone how and what porcelain was made from in Saxony. And so he died in captivity, still very young, the creator of the first porcelain in Europe.
• The first porcelain tableware made by Boettger was dark red. The paint is difficult to see on a dark surface, so the dishes were not painted. It was decorated with various patterns, similar to those that silversmiths made on silver dishes.

Slide 7

In 1746, Russian merchants again went to China under the leadership of Lebratovsky. From Irkutsk, Lebratovsky wrote to Empress Elizaveta Petrovna that near Kyakhta, silversmith Andrei Kursin carried out tests and received porcelain without gloss. Lebratovsky took Kursin to Beijing. A master was found there who secretly showed Kursin all the secrets and samples of the mass and received 1933 lans in silver for training. Lebratovsky sent Kursin to St. Petersburg, where in 1747, on the instructions of Elizaveta Petrovna, he was to make a test on local raw materials in Tsarskoye Selo. The tests were unsuccessful. It is possible that the Chinese deceived Kursin by giving him false information.

Slide 8

• The cup is unsightly. It is covered with a glaze that is not pure white, but slightly grayish. And its form is the simplest, most ordinary.
• Vinogradov carefully struck it with his fingernail. There was a barely audible ringing sound. It sounded like a little bell was ringing.
• Dmitry Ivanovich carefully squeezed the cup with his fingers and looked at it as if better and more beautiful utensils could not be found in the whole world. After all, in his hands is the first porcelain vessel made in Russia, his image, his work

Slide 9

Simultaneously with the production of porcelain mass, Vinogradov worked on the composition of paints that could withstand high firing temperatures while maintaining their color. “From minerals, stones and earths” he received special paints of ten colors.

Slide 10

“A detailed description of pure porcelain...” Vinogradov finished, sitting on the chain. This is how the Russian government thanked the greatest scientist of his time, the creator of Russian porcelain. Cherkasov cleverly attributed Vinogradov’s merits to himself, receiving awards and the favor of the empress. Vinogradov died in 1758, at the age of 38, leaving behind a well-established production.

Slide 11

The first Russian table service was made in 1756. It belonged personally to the Empress and was called “Own”. The Hermitage contains individual items from this service.

Slide 12

During 1782-1784, a service of 973 items for 60 people was made, the cost of which was no less than 25 thousand rubles. Due to the nature of the ornament that decorated the objects, the service was called “Arabesque”. The ornament was conceived in the style of paintings discovered during the excavations of Herculaneum and called arabesques. The “Arabesque” service was dedicated to the successes of Russia during the reign of Catherine II.

Slide 13

In 1766, 24 kilometers from the city of Dmitrov, the Russified English merchant Frank Gardner opened Russia's first private porcelain factory. By the end of the 18th century, Gardner's plant had grown into a large commercial enterprise. The popularity of Gardner's porcelain was so great that in 1777-1778 the Empress ordered him a large service - “St. George's”, intended for the reception of gentlemen of the Order of St. at the palace. George. Subsequently, Gardner produced the “Andreevsky”, “Alexandrovsky”, “Vladimirsky” sets, which were called “Order” sets. Success in fulfilling the palace order brought Gardner fame, and throughout the 18th century, Gardner's porcelain was valued as highly as porcelain from the Imperial Factory.

Slide 14

The most exquisite can be considered a vase from 1790, which is now kept in the Russian Museum in Leningrad. Its height is 110 centimeters. A garland of flowers fastened with masks made of gilded bronze looks beautiful on the egg-shaped vase. The whiteness of the porcelain is skillfully emphasized by the slender, streamlined shape and elegant decor, creating a unique frame and emphasizing the preciousness of the porcelain.

Slide 15

• The capitalization of Russian industry led the art of porcelain to complete decline at the end of the 19th century. Small private enterprises, unable to withstand competition, closed or were taken over by stronger competitors. Thus, at the end of the 19th century, in addition to the Imperial Porcelain Factory, there was the Kuznetsov Partnership, which absorbed 7 porcelain enterprises, including the Gardner factory.
• “Kuznetsovsky” porcelain flooded Russia. Pretentious forms, bright painting and gilding were designed for the undemanding taste of a wide buyer. The splendor of Kuznetsov's products impressed merchants and townsfolk, who lined cabinets with porcelain in the state rooms.
• The Leningrad and Dulevo factories gained fame as the best artistic enterprises in Soviet times. The works made by the artists of these factories are the decoration of all-Union and international exhibitions. The art of Soviet porcelain masters worthily continues the baton taken over from the Russian ceramists of Vinogradov’s time.

Slide 16

SOVIET PROPAGATION PORCELAIN

The State (formerly Imperial) Porcelain Factory in Petrograd had large reserves of unpainted items, which it was decided to use not just as tableware, but primarily as a means of revolutionary agitation. Instead of the usual flowers and shepherdesses, invocative texts of revolutionary slogans appeared: “Workers of all countries, unite!”, “Land for the working people!”, “He who is not with us is against us” and others, which under the skillful brush of artists were formed into a bright decorative ornament. Soviet propaganda porcelain was exhibited at foreign exhibitions and was an export item. These works occupy a worthy place in the collections of major museums in Russia and other countries and are desirable for collectors.

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The presentation on the topic "Porcelain" is intended for chemistry lessons in grade 9 on the topic "Silicate Industry", and will also be useful for conducting classes in chemistry clubs. The presentation contains information material on the history of porcelain, the chemical composition and products made of porcelain, and also talks about a new modern direction - the technique of working with “cold porcelain”. The presentation provides a recipe for making “cold porcelain”.

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Slide captions:

"Cold porcelain"
«
Cold porcelain" - special
corn starch mixture,
PVA glue,
oils and glycerin, which is used for artistic modeling.
Came up with
“cold porcelain” in Argentina at the beginning of the last century.

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Alferova M.V.

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Alferova M.V.
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Alferova M.V.

Porcelain
- view
ceramics,
impenetrable to
water
And
gas
It is translucent in a thin layer. When lightly struck with a wooden stick, it produces a characteristic high clear sound.
Ceramics

Products made from inorganic materials (for example,
clay)
and their mixtures with mineral additives, manufactured under high temperature followed by cooling
.

Ceramics is clay that has undergone

16.01.2013
Alferova M.V.
Porcelain products
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Alferova M.V.
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Alferova M.V.
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Alferova M.V.
Porcelain
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Alferova M.V.

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COMPOSITION OF PORCELAIN
Al
2
O
3
*
2SiO
2
*2H
2
O
TO[
AlSi
3
O
8
]
SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
*
SiO
2
*
H
2
O
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Alferova M.V.
Porcelain in Russia
Alferova M.V.
The father of Russian porcelain -
DI. Vinogradov
(an associate of Lomonosov).
The manufactory in St. Petersburg, where he worked, eventually turned into the Imperial Porcelain Factory.
Dmitry Ivanovich Vinogradov
(1720 – 1758).
Imperial Porcelain Factory
Avenue
Obukhovskaya
Defense, 151
Success in creative work!
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Alferova M.V.
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Alferova M.V.
Workshop for the production of cold porcelain 8 "A"
Master class on sculpting a rose
Chief master -
Nosulya
Ksenia
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Alferova M.V.
From the history of porcelain
Porcelain was first produced in
620 g

in China
.
IN
1708
was received
european porcelain
.
Alferova M.V.
Ehrenfried
Walter von
Chirngauz

(1670 -1732)
Johann Friedrich
Böttger

(1700-1719)
In 1710, Leipzig was presented with ware made from “jasper porcelain”, as well as examples of glazed and unglazed white porcelain.
Cooking method
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Alferova M.V.
Products made from “cold porcelain”
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Alferova M.V.

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