mining production, region, environmental policy

Bazarova Sayana Balzhinimaevna

The impact of mining enterprises on the ecosystem of the region and the assessment of the effectiveness of their environmental activities// Regional economics and management: electronic Science Magazine . ISSN 1999-2645. - . Article number: 1008. Publication date: 2007-06-25. Access mode: https://site/article/1008/

Bazarova Sayana Balzhinimaevna
Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of RAS
[email protected]

Abstract

The modern scale mining operations are characterized by intensive use of natural resources, the growth of waste and environmental degradation. In this regard, more attention is paid to the economically sound and environmentally safe operation of mining companies. Specificity of the specific impact of mining on the environment due to the geological and geochemical features of deposits and used equipment and technology for its development. The article presents an example of content analysis of environmental measures and the key environmental performance of mining companies, as well as eco-efficiency is defined pursued environmental policies.

mining production area, the environmental policy

Bazarova Sayana Balzhinimaevna

Impact of mining on the ecosystem of the region and the assessment of the effectiveness of their environmental performance. Regional economy and management: electronic scientific journal. . Art. #1008. Date issued: 2007-06-25. Available at: https://website/article/1008/

- © E.A. Elchaninov, E.A. Elchaninova, 2014

UDC 622:577.4:551.34

E.A. Elchaninov, E.A. Elchaninov

ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MINING INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF PERMAFROST DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTHERN TERRITORIES OF RUSSIA

A detailed review of the environmental issues arising from the economic development of the Northern Territories is given. The industrial development of the Northern Territories will be manifested through the creation of reliable transport conditions for the wider use of the oil and gas industry, mining and metallurgical industries and through the integrated use of raw materials directly in the export specialization being mastered for the organization of production. A methodological approach to a comprehensive assessment of the geoecological state of the territory is substantiated. The requirements that must be taken into account in the development of the northern territories are given, one of which is to ensure such a regime of nature management that would meet the maximum allowable norms of human intrusion and production controlled by him into the natural environment.

Key words: Northern territories of Russia, geoecological state of the territory, raw materials, engineering protection of the environment.

The rich natural resources of the Far North, dispersed over a vast territory, with its poor transport development, predetermined the focal nature of the location of production, tying it to support bases located in the southern, inhabited regions of Siberia and Far East and on the coast of the ocean and inland rivers. From these bases raw materials and manufactured goods transported to the most remote points of the Far North.

Serious questions arise in the field of transport, industrial and civil construction. It is not easy to solve the problem of formation labor resources and creating material and living conditions for them. The current level of knowledge of the problem allows us to assert that it contains centrifugal forces that will have a transformative effect on related issues carried out in the developed territories.

It can be said without exaggeration that the most important economic and economic tasks of Russia today can only be solved by taking into account the development of the Northern Territories and the involvement of their fuel and energy, raw materials and other natural resources in economic and economic circulation. The northern territories of Russia have always been objects that actively participated in the creation of the country's industrial industry.

The intensive economic development of the Northern territories and the waters of the Arctic Ocean will undoubtedly have far-reaching economic and social consequences which will predetermine the entire course of development of the northern part of the territory of Russia, as well as the eastern zone of the country.

Suffice it to recall the realization of the richest fuel and energy potential of Eastern Siberia, the oil and gas resources of the West Siberian Lowland, the development

Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine. The next stage in the grandiose development of the Russian economy may be the further economic development of the Northern Territories from the Kola Peninsula to the Bering Strait and the waters of the Arctic Ocean.

The industrial development of the Northern Territories opens up previously inaccessible opportunities for the development of foreign economic relations. This will manifest itself in two ways. First, along the line of creating reliable transport conditions for the wider use of the oil and gas industry, mining and metallurgical industries. Secondly, in the line of the integrated use of raw materials directly on the export specialization being mastered for the organization of production. All this gives us reason to believe that the development of the Northern Territories is part of the program of international economic cooperation.

What is economic problem industrial development of the Northern territories of Russia? The problem of the economic development of the Northern territories of Russia has a difficult path of development, being reassessed in accordance with the specific political and economic tasks of the country, as well as taking into account the already accumulated knowledge about the natural and climatic conditions and the resource potential of these territories. In the development of resources, the real material and technical possibilities for the practical implementation of this problem have played and continue to play an important role.

Today, the problem of developing the northern territories does not come from the definition that the northern sea route is the shortest transport route designed to perform only trans-

tailor functions. It's about on integrated economic development, in which the northern sea route will be only a part of the territory that facilitates and ensures industrial development.

It should be noted that a characteristic feature of the development of the Northern Territories is that it is carried out in a zone where the economic potential is insufficient to serve as a support base at the first stage of deployment. construction works and accommodation of large contingents of workers. This necessitates the cooperation of the economic opportunities of the interested industries for the implementation of intersectoral pioneering work on the preparation and development of the territory, as well as the creation of a common zonal infrastructure.

The socio-economic status of the Northern Territories throughout the 20th century, the beginning of the economic development of the northern territories, was determined by the priority development of the mining industry (gold, diamonds, oil, gas, polymetallic ores, tin, etc.). The mining industry was the main industry providing industrial development Russian North.

The current stage of the mining development of the territory was reflected in the significant scale of the technogenic load with a differentiated impact on all components of the biosphere. The consequences of mining technogenesis are multiplied by unfavorable climatic, geological, endo- and exogenous processes characteristic of the territory, which become irreversible with low integral stability of ecosystems.

The Russian North is one of largest regions Russia for

potential resources of minerals and mineral and energy raw materials sufficient for sustainable socio-economic development in the long term. However, further mining production should be based on a civilized attitude towards the natural environment, take into account the specifics of the geo-ecological conditions of the territory and the socio-ecological aspects of life, promote the development of small peoples living in the developed territories, as well as the consolidation of labor resources attracted for the development of the territory.

Taking into account the fact that the current system of zoning of the northern territories does not reflect the full diversity and specificity of natural and climatic conditions and does not take into account the complex influence of geoecological factors on life, an integral indicator of the comfort of the environment is proposed as a scientifically based criterion for zoning the territory. The integral indicator of the comfort of the environment can be used as the basis for zoning the territory of the Far North in order to develop a unified system social guarantees and compensation, and optimization of the order of their financing.

Methodological approach to a comprehensive assessment of the geoecological state of the territory should be based on the study of the features of the regional geoecological system, which is a combination of interacting structural components of the habitat: the natural environment, geological and anthropogenic. Components of the habitat are territorially localized by the boundaries of the regional geo-ecological system, characterized by geo-ecological factors,

which have a decisive influence on the sustainability of the environment, i.e. habitat.

The problem is primarily related to the program for the development of oil and gas resources in the northern territories. Along with an active influence on the development of petrochemical industry centers directly in the Far North, it will be associated with the development of resources within the shelf and open space of the Arctic Ocean. An important prerequisite for solving the problem is also the successful solution of the problem of developing strategic mineral deposits beyond the Arctic Circle by creating production complexes for their extraction and processing.

These complexes will become economic outposts for the development of work both on the development of mineral deposits and the construction of seaports, airports, highways, railways, pipelines and power lines, providing economic and economic strengthening of the new area of ​​economic development in the North of Russia. an active foreign policy line to develop a whole series of joint economic programs with the developed capitalist countries should play a role in solving this problem.

This problem will have to be solved in very difficult natural and climatic conditions. We are talking about the construction and formation of territorial production complexes in places that do not have direct transport links, remote from industrially developed centers, in a harsh arctic climate with low atmospheric temperatures, high wind loads, with various forms of permafrost, with

titelny and animal world is very sensitive to the slightest environmental changes. This puts forward a number of serious requirements for scientific and technical thought related to the development and implementation of the following projects: construction of linear engineering facilities (railway, automobile, pipeline and power lines, runways during the construction of new airports); technological methods of extraction and processing of minerals; manufacture of machines and mechanisms suitable for operation in northern conditions; arrangement of housing and life; utilization and processing of household and industrial waste; management of ecological processes.

It is necessary to create and apply methods and means of engineering protection of the natural environment in the development of mineral deposits:

Reclamation of disturbed lands and its features;

Management of thermal fields with the help of thermal and electrical energy, as well as without energy means;

Creation of artificial arrays;

Application of thermal attenuation systems for permafrost;

Reducing oxidative processes;

Dust reduction and dust suppression using thermal, foam and snow-forming installations;

Management of the influence of factors of the natural environment and industrial infrastructure on the formation of the radiation-thermal balance of the earth's surface in the developed area;

Regulation of communication conditions temperature regime rocks with components of the radiation-thermal balance of the surface;

Forecasting the impact of the development of the territory on the structure of the radiation-heat balance of the surface;

Use of mined-out spaces for disposal of solid and liquid wastes;

Protection of underground and surface waters by using closed drainage, backfilling of mined-out space with subsequent freezing of atmospheric air by cold, bypassing into underlying aquifers, etc.;

Ensuring the stability of quarry walls and dumps using permafrost conditions, anchor bolts and synthetic meshes;

Protection of water bodies from pollution by solid suspensions and chemical products by placing untreated process water in geological permafrost structures that are not sources of supply to underground aquifers.

In projects for the development of the Northern Territories, first of all, it is necessary to take into account:

Efficient use and utilization of secondary combustible and fuel energy resources;

Creation of environmentally friendly thermal power plants and boiler houses;

Creation of low-waste technologies for the production of marketable products from the waste of the main production;

Elimination of possible oxidative processes in the worked-out spaces of mining enterprises;

Application of deep purification of technological waters of production;

Development of non-traditional energy sources, especially wind and low-grade waste thermal energy;

Creation latest systems heat storage;

Results of forecasting scientific and technological progress in the field of nature protection and rational use of natural resources, energy-saving and environmentally friendly technologies;

Demand market for resources accumulated in consumption and production waste;

Evaluation of the technical, economic, environmental and social efficiency of the technologies planned for use for each development area and by type of production envisaged;

Preventive measures that exclude the negative consequences of extreme environmental situations.

The available natural raw materials and favorable transport conditions will make it possible to create large industrial complexes. The issue of the transfer of northern oil involves the construction of a number of oil refineries and petrochemical enterprises. It is known that such a statement of the question was previously unacceptable. Now the situation is changing radically, oil pipelines must annually transport to the south, east and west a significant flow of not only crude oil, but first of all, products of its processing.

The development of energy in the territories under consideration, in view of its latitudinal location, apparently will not allow at this stage to unite the North into a single energy system. However, it is necessary to consider the possibility of including it in a unified electric power system, which will make it possible to achieve significant savings in the capacity of power plants (by reducing reserves and using the difference in time zones), increasing the reliability and flexibility of power supply.

The transcontinental significance of the Northern Sea Route is great. So

as the shortest route between the countries of Europe, Asia and the Pacific Ocean runs through the northern seas of our territory, in the future, with the commissioning of new territorial-industrial complexes, the importance of the Northern Route will increase for servicing both our own needs and international ones. This new function should be taken into account both in the process of preparation and in the process of development of territories. The Northern Sea Route will have to cope with a powerful cargo flow, and this will require the development of ports on the country's coast throughout the Far North, the construction of new ones and the reconstruction of existing ones. Therefore, the development of the Northern Territories should become an integral part of the program of international economic cooperation.

The question arises about the border of the implementation of the program for the development of the Northern Territories, since here there are many ambiguous decisions that are directly related to the deployment of the front of construction work and the location of construction industry enterprises. Representatives of the industry under the development zone understand the territory on which mineral deposits are located, and the places reserved for future enterprises for their industrial use. The authorities of those subjects of the federation, territories, republics, the territories of which are subject to development, are considering this issue more widely. They rightly believe that industrial development will have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of each of these administrative entities. The affairs and concerns of the industrial development of the northern territories are becoming close to the people of the whole country, who will take part in the implementation of this largest economic

Problems. Thus, the development of the Northern Territories is a national scale program.

The costs associated with the program are diverse and will require the diversion of a certain part of the country's total product produced. This necessitates the cooperation of the economic opportunities of interested firms and individuals for the implementation of intersectoral pioneering work on the preparation and development of the territory, as well as the creation of a common zonal infrastructure. Based on world statistics, it should be recognized that environmental protection measures should be 8-10% of total value production investments, that is, one should take into account the need for targeted allocation of resources from the general estimates of the designed facilities intended for the implementation of environmental protection measures.

When developing the northern territories, the following requirements must be taken into account:

Creation of such a complex of living environment that would meet all the medical, sanitary, material and cultural requirements of the population, formed under the influence of the characteristics of natural and climatic conditions and the production specialization of the economic development zone;

Ensuring such a regime of nature management that would meet the maximum allowable norms of human intrusion and production controlled by him into the natural environment. When planning relationships with the components of the natural environment, the following

duet take into account low ability northern nature, it is natural to restore the ecological balance disturbed by man and production and the availability of resource and production and technical capabilities, actively participate in helping the natural environment, cope with restoring the balance of ecological balance;

Implementation of effective economic development of raw materials, taking into account the vulnerability of the natural environment;

Development of production taking into account regional engineering-geological, creological, climatic and other conditions for the economic development of the Northern Territories.

This approach will allow the development of specific recommendations aimed at managing human interaction with the environment, as well as protecting a person from harmful factors external environment.

It is necessary to develop legislative environmental norms of “behavior” for all interested firms and entrepreneurs in the development zone.

Northern nature requires especially careful attitude. The top layer of soil and vegetation is easily destroyed, which, under permafrost, practically cannot be restored and cannot be reclaimed; in many areas disturbed by industry, the vegetation cover has not recovered after 60-75 years, for example, in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan region, Taimyr (region of Norilsk), Khanty-Mansiysk region, Canada (region of Churchill, Tampson).

Elchaninov Evgeny Alexandrovich - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Elchaninova E.A.,

MGI NUST MISIS, e-mail: [email protected]

UDC 622:577.4:551.34

ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF MINING INDUSTRY GROWTH IN PERMAFROST CONDITIONS IN THE COURSE OF RUSSIA"S NORTHERN TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT

Elchaninov E.A., Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, El "chaninova E.A. ,

Moscow Mining Institute, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", e-mail: [email protected]

The article gives an informative review of ecological problems emergent during development of the Northern Territory. Industrial development of the Northern Territory will include creation of reliable transportation conditions for oil and gas industry, as well as for mining and metallurgy industries, and comprehensive utilization of mineral raw materials on the spot, aimed at export-oriented factory management. A methodology-based approach to geoecological appraisal of the territory condition is substantiated. The article introduces requirements to be taken into account during the development of the Northern Territory, one of which is the natural management within the maximum permissible limits for the environment invasion by a human being and the man-controlled production.

Key words: Russia's Northern Territory, geoecological condition of territory, raw material resources, environment protection engineering.

SMART BOOK - THE ESSENTIAL ESSENTIAL_

HOW DOES PUBLISHING BEGIN?

Most often, the new publisher is among active scientists or engineers. And almost always he lives in a world of standard delusions and illusions. In addition, he wants to quickly issue the first editions of books. And this haste, and hopes for the magical possibilities of machines and devices, push him to purchase an expensive computer technology and printing equipment. There is still no culture and skill in book publishing, but there are already many beautiful machines that are useless at the first stage of the formation of a publishing house. Investors' expectations are not justified, and the confused publisher is looking for specialists who are able to operate complex equipment, and then rebuild the publishing house into a printing house.

After a year or two, the most astute publishers begin to realize that the technology they have acquired with such difficulty cannot ensure success. Much more important is a reasonable publishing policy, the formation of an author's asset, high-quality editing, communication with bookselling organizations and the creation of our own system of book distribution. I note that such activity is no less expensive, but it is necessary for the effective work of the publishing house.

The disease of shifting the emphasis of publishing to printing can continue for quite a long time, it depends on the education and culture of the new publisher. But when understanding comes, the main printing processes are transferred to professional printing houses, where the costs for their implementation are lower, and the products are of higher quality. The experience of our publishing houses shows that focusing efforts on the tasks of book publishing and book distribution makes the work immeasurably more difficult and requires an initiative approach, but, unlike printing, there is no one to entrust it to.

Continued on p. 296

• Number of slides: 19

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_0.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Environmental issues in the mining industry">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_1.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>MINING INDUSTRY - a complex of industries involved in the extraction of minerals. This is the most important early stage industry,"> ДОБЫВАЮЩАЯ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТЬ - комплекс отраслей, занимающихся добычей полезных ископаемых. Это важнейшая отрасль начального этапа, включает добычу полезных ископаемых– горючих, рудных и нерудных.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_2.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Mining can be carried out:"> Добыча полезных ископаемых может вестись: - открытым способом с земной поверхности при неглубоком залегании; - подземным способом при глубоком залегании путем проходки шахт, штолен, а для жидких и газообразных полезных ископаемых - буровых скважин.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_3.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The impact of the mining industry on the OS can be significant and lasting. Impact on"> Воздействие добывающей промышленности на ОС может быть существенно и длительно. Воздействие на ОС при добычи полезных ископаемых становится важной проблемой для промышленности и занятых в ней трудовых ресурсов.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_4.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The mining industry has the most negative impact on land (soil) resources, yes and wider to"> Добывающая промышленность наиболее отрицательно воздействует на земельные (почвенные) ресурсы, да и шире – на литосферу. Также она влияет на водную оболочку и атмосферу, а следовательно, на весь природный комплекс. Проявляется такое воздействие в !} different forms: in violation of land as a result of subsidence of the surface; in pollution of soils and rocks, in changes in the regime of surface and ground waters and their chemical composition; in dusty atmosphere.

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_5.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Individual sub-sectors of the extractive industry have their own specifics. The total environmental damage from open method production"> Separate sub-sectors of the extractive industry have their own specifics. The total environmental damage from open-pit mining is about 10 times greater than from underground mining. To this it must be added that offshore oil and gas production on the shelf almost inevitably leads to sea water pollution. Underground (mine) method of extraction and borehole method using underground leaching to the greatest extent affect the subsidence of the earth's surface. air pollution.

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_6.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The impact of the mining industry directly on the Earth's surface goes in two directions: -first,"> Воздействие добывающей промышленности непосредственно на поверхность Земли идет по двум направлениям: Во-первых, это изъятие из земной коры все больших объемов полезных ископаемых. Во-вторых, это возвращение в литосферу огромной, причем все время возрастающей массы твердых отходов, измеряемой уже десятками и сотнями миллионов тонн в год.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_7.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Distribution of mass emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air by stationary sources, taking into account attribution"> Распределение массы выбросов загрязняющих веществ в атмосферный воздух по стационарным источникам с учетом отнесения к видам !} economic activity in 2010, KO

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_8.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The enterprises involved in raw prey"> Наибольший вклад в загрязнения атмосферного воздуха от добывающих производств вносят предприятия, занимающиеся добычей сырой нефти и нефтяного (попутного) газа.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_9.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Emission Dynamics">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_10.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Volumes of contaminated wastewater discharges into surface water bodies, million m3">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_11.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Volumes of waste generation, million tons">!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_12.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Coal (hard, brown) and oil shale;"> На территории области выявлены полезные ископаемые уголь (каменный, бурый) и горючие сланцы; чёрные металлы - руда (железная, марганцевая); цветные и благородные металлы - руда (серебро, ртуть, свинец, цинк, медь, барит, бокситы, нефелиновые руды); нерудное сырьё для металлургии (кварциты, пески формовочные, глины огнеупорные и тугоплавкие, известняки флюсовые, доломиты); нерудные полезные ископаемые (тальк, фосфоритовые руды, диабазы, цеолиты); строительное сырьё (15 наименований).!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_13.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>The coal industry is the main contributor to OS pollution by CO:"> Угольная промышленность вносит основной вклад в загрязнение ОС КО: Загрязнение атмосферного воздуха происходит в процессе угледобычи на угольных разрезах и шахтах, при транспортировке угля, а также при переработке его на углеобогатительных фабриках.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_14.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Shaft mining method: The main sources of air pollution during coal mining in mines -"> Шахтный способ добычи: Основные источники загрязнения атмосферного воздуха при добыче угля в шахтах - отвалы пустой породы, угольные склады и главные вентиляционные стволы шахт. Большое количество породы со значительным содержанием угля из шахт приводит к самовозгоранию терриконов. Объем породы, выдаваемой из шахт и уложенной в террикон, составляет миллионы кубических метров. Температура горящих терриконов достигает 800°С снаружи и до 1500°С - внутри. Горение сопровождается выделением окиси углерода, сернистого газа и продуктов возгонки смолистых веществ. Следует иметь в виду, что большинство терриконов расположено вблизи жилых поселков.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_15.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Open pit mining One of the main sources of dust and gas generation in open pits - mass"> Карьерный способ добычи Один из основных источников пыле- и газообразования в карьерах - массовые взрывы. При взрывных работах, в воздух выбрасывается пылегазовое облако на высоту 150 - 250 м, распространяемое затем по направлению ветра на значительные расстояния. Объем пылегазового облака составляет 15 - 20 млн. м3, а концентрация пыли в зависимости от различных причин изменяется от 680 до 4250 мг/м3. После каждого взрыва в атмосферу выбрасывается до 200 т пыли, а также газы - в основном окись углерода и окислы азота. !} Feature coal pits - dust formation is caused not only production processes, but also by natural weathering of rocks, erosion of the soil layer with disturbed vegetation. Dust generated in quarries during various operations is the main substance entering the atmosphere. The floating dust contains about 9.0 - 11.7% free silicon dioxide. In terms of dispersity, most dust particles (82.9 - 97.3%) have a size of up to 5 microns.

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_16.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Due to the accelerated development of open pit coal mining and the construction of powerful coal quarries"> В связи с ускоренным развитием открытого способа добычи угля и строительством мощных угольных карьеров особую важность приобретает их оценка как источников загрязнения воздуха. Было установлено, что воздух загрязняется более всего в зимнее время, что связано с ухудшением условий рассеивания выбросов. Вывод: таким образом, предприятия угольной промышленности загрязняют воздух пылью, сажей, окислами азота, окисью углерода, сернистым газом и фенолами. Эти предприятия иногда располагаются в зоне жилой застройки городов и поселков, как правило, не имеют необходимых санитарно-защитных зон и тем самым оказывают неблагоприятное влияние на санитарно-бытовые условия жизни населения.!}

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_17.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Protection of the earth's surface from the harmful effects of mining is carried out in two main directions ."> Защита земной поверхности от вредного влияния горных разработок осуществляется в двух основных направлениях. Уменьшении нарушений земной поверхности с помощью горнотехнических и специальных охранных мероприятий. Ликвидации отрицательных последствий горных работ путем восстановления (рекультивации) нарушенных земель. Генеральным направлением рационального использования земель в угольной промышленности является рекультивация нарушенных площадей и возврат их в !} National economy as productive lands in the form of arable lands, meadows, forest plantations, artificial reservoirs.

Src="https://present5.com/presentacii/20170505/13-dob_prom.ppt_images/13-dob_prom.ppt_18.jpg" alt="(!LANG:>Thank you for your attention!!!">!}