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Topic: Macroevolution, its evidence

The purpose of the lesson: To prove that evolutionary changes really took place in the organic world on our planet, using data obtained by various natural sciences

Lesson objectives:

• to form the concept of macroevolution;
• deepen and expand knowledge of direct and indirect evidence of evolution;
• to form the ability to use data from different sciences to prove evolution;
• be convinced of the need for the integrated use of all groups of evidence to study the true evolution of the living world on Earth.

Comparison of the concepts of "macroevolution" and "microevolution"

• The difference between macroevolution and microevolution:
• macroevolution- supraspecific evolution, leads to the formation of taxa of a higher rank than the species (genera, families, orders, classes, types, etc.)
• microevolution occurs within a species, within its population.
• macroevolution takes place in historically grandiose periods of time and is inaccessible to direct study.

Similarities between macroevolution and microevolution:

• The processes are based on:

1. hereditary variability;

2. struggle for existence;

3. natural selection;

4. insulation.

• They are divergent.

Groups of Evidence for the Evolutionary Process

Relatively-

anatomical

(Morphological)

Embryological

paleontological

Molecular biological

and cytological

Biogeographic

What do sciences study?

• Paleontology
• Paleontology studies the fossil remains of ancient organisms preserved in the earth's crust, and makes it possible to establish changes in the organic world over time.
• Embryology
• Embryology is a science that studies the structure and development of the embryos of various organisms.
• Comparative anatomy
• Comparative anatomy studies the structure of organisms of different species. On the basis of their similarity establishes the relationship of organisms
• Molecular biology
• Molecular biology studies the structure and functioning of macromolecules that make up individuals of different species
• biogeography
• Biogeography is the science of the patterns of distribution of organisms on Earth.

What do the terms mean?

• Ontogenesis
• Phylogenesis
• Divergence
• Convergence
• Homologous Organs
• Similar bodies
• Rudiments
• atavisms
• Endemics
• relics

Tasks for groups

1. Find facts that prove existence evolutionary process on our planet

(Using textbooks and materials on tables)

• Group I - paleontological evidence of evolution;
• Group II - embryological evidence of evolution;
• Group III - comparative anatomical

(morphological) evidence for evolution;

• Group IV - molecular biological and cytological evidence of evolution;
• Group V - biogeographic evidence of evolution.

2. The leader of each group presents the group's work to the class.

Table #1 Evidence for the evolution of the organic world

Groups of Evidence for the Evolutionary Process

Facts Proving the Existence of the Evolutionary Process

1. Paleontological

2. Embryological

3. Comparative anatomical (morphological)

4. Molecular biological and cytological

5. Biogeographic

Embryological evidence for evolution

Embryological data speak in favor of the evolutionary origin of the organic world

K. Behr formulated the law of germline similarity: “Within the limits of the type, embryos, starting from the earliest stages, show a general similarity”

Stages of embryonic development of vertebrates.

Embryological proof of evolution

• F. Müller and E. Haeckel formulated biogenetic law: « Individual development individuals (ontogenesis) repeats briefly and quickly historical development species (phylogenesis)
• A.N. Severtsev established that in embryogenesis the signs of embryos, and not adults, are repeated.

Comparative anatomical (morphological) evidence for evolution

Overall plan

buildings

vertebrates

The presence in modern flora and fauna of transitional forms (euglena green, coelacanth, platypus, echidna, ascidia)

Homologous organs-formations that are similar to each other in terms of the general plan of structure, position in the body and appearance in the process of ontogenesis.

Homology of the forelimbs of terrestrial vertebrates

Similar organs - not having general plan structure and origin, but performing the same functions.

The presence of rudiments - underdeveloped organs that have lost their main significance in the course of evolution.

Rudiment of the hind limbs of a python

The presence of atavisms of signs appearing in individual individuals that existed in distant ancestors and lost in the process of evolution.

Cell structure of organisms

Similar elementary chemical composition living organisms (98% falls on four element - C, O, H , N )

The same structure and functioning of organic molecules (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids)

Molecular biological and cytological evidence for evolution

• ATP molecules are the energy accumulator in all living organisms.
• The genetic code is universal for all living organisms from bacteria to humans.
• The process of protein biosynthesis occurs in the same way in all living organisms.
• Cell division (mitosis, meiosis) proceeds similarly in animals and plants

paleontological evidence evolution fossil forms

Archeopteryx

Fossil transitional forms

Paleontological evidence for evolution

Phylogenetic series of the horse(Recreated by V.O. Kovalevsky)

A. Wallace identified 6 zoogeographic areas for the distribution of animals and plants on our planet

Biogeographic evidence for evolution

• Why do the flora and fauna of the Nearctic region (North America) and the Paleoarctic region (Eurasia) have much in common, although they are isolated by the Bering Strait?
• Why is the flora and fauna of the Nearctic realm (North America) different from the Neotropical realm ( South America), although they are connected by the Isthmus of Panama?

Biogeographic evidence for evolution

• Why do the flora and fauna of the Neotropical region (South America) and the Ethiopian region (Africa) have much in common?

Biogeographic evidence for evolution

• Modern continents arose from a single land mass - Pangea, which existed in the Paleozoic, as a result of continental drift
• A. Pangea; end of the Paleozoic, 230 million years ago
• B. Laurasia and Gondwana; Mesozoic, 180 million years ago
• The current continents formed at the end of the Mesozoic, 110 million years ago

Biogeographic evidence for evolution

• Why are marsupials only in Australia?

The peculiarity of the fauna and flora of the islands testify in favor of evolution

• Why is the flora and fauna close to the mainland in the British Isles, and on the island of Madagascar there are no large ungulates typical of Africa (bulls, antelopes, rhinos, zebras), large predators (lions, leopards, hyenas), higher monkeys (baboons, monkeys)?
• However, there are many lower monkeys - lemurs, which are not found anywhere else (endemic)

Settlement of the islands

Why are oceanic islands so poor compared to mainland islands?

Biogeographic evidence for evolution

• Species of animals and plants that have fallen on the oceanic islands receive ample opportunities for reproduction.
• For example, in the Galapagos Islands, out of 108 species of birds, 82 species are endemic and 8 species of reptiles (not found anywhere else)
• There are 300 endemic snail species in the Hawaiian Islands

Conclusion:

To prove the authenticity of the evolution of the living world on Earth, it is necessary to use data from different sciences.

These are the data of genetics, paleontology, molecular biology, breeding, embryology, biogeography, ecology, cytology, comparative anatomy and other sciences.

Watch out for ticks! 4 A tick is an insect, 0.4-3 mm long. For the first time, ticks appear in April, when the spring sun warms. Ticks are dangerous because they can carry diseases that threaten human life. It is important to know that ticks hide in the grass and on the branches of bushes, along forest paths and on the edges, as well as in thickets along the banks of streams.

Remember! 5 If a tick is found, immediately contact the clinic. Do not try to remove the tick yourself! If part of the tick remains in the body, it can cause an inflammatory response! Going into the forest, be sure to put on a hat, sports pants that you tuck into socks, and high shoes. Outerwear preferably light, with tight-fitting cuffs on the sleeves.

What to do? Do not touch or approach the object. 2. Report the find to an adult immediately. 3. Urgently move away from this subject.

Danger on the water! 16 When you bathe, adults must be nearby. Swim only in well-known areas. Even if you are a good swimmer, you should not jokingly “drown” each other and fight with someone. You should never raise a false alarm and shout "Down!"

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The presentation on the topic "Safety of schoolchildren during the summer holidays" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Subject of the project: OBZH. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 14 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Seven tips on what to do and what not to do during the holidays.

Tip one - Think in advance how the holidays will be organized? If you have the opportunity to go with your child to a rest home or sanatorium - that's great! Remember that the duration of a continuous lesson at a computer for children aged 7-12 years is 20 minutes, and older - no more than half an hour. Tip two - Walks, games and sports activities on fresh air- this is the best rest after school. Staying in the fresh air as long as possible away from the roads, transport, industrial enterprises. Tip three - try to do everything in your power to protect the child. Remember that during the holidays, the risk of not only street injuries, but also household injuries increases. Talk to your child about this.

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Tip Four - It is necessary to observe the regime of the day, but there may be some deviations from the regime. The younger the child, the more time it takes for his brain and the whole body to fully restore working capacity. Tip five - To make the holidays a time of recovery and accumulation of strength for your child, it is necessary that his diet contains enough dairy and meat products, vegetables, and fruits. Tip six - Take advantage of the holidays to consult a pediatrician, optometrist, dentist, orthopedist. It would be useful for a frequently ill child to conduct a course of medical procedures; a set of exercises for posture correction. Tip seven - Holidays are the best time for excursions, visiting museums. However, everything needs a measure. Do not forget that attending children's holidays and entertainment events is fraught with the risk of infectious diseases, especially during the period of epidemiological trouble.

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RULES OF SAFE BEHAVIOR ON THE WATER

Be sure to learn how to swim. Never unnecessarily go to the water alone. Never swim in an unfamiliar place. Do not dive if you do not know the depth and topography of the bottom. Don't swim over the fences. Do not swim close to boats, steamers going through the water. When playing in the water, be careful and attentive. Do not call for help unnecessarily by shouting “Sink!” Do not bathe “until you are blue in the face” - do not allow the body to become hypothermic. Know how to use the simplest life-saving equipment. Know how to help those in distress on the water.

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Rules traffic

1. Walk on the sidewalk only on the right side. If there is no pavement, walk along the left side of the road, facing traffic 2. Cross the road at the place where a footpath is indicated or a traffic light is installed. Cross the road at the green light. 3. When crossing the road, look first to the left, then to the right. 4. If there is no traffic light. Cross the road at the crossroads. You need to cross the street straight, not obliquely. 5. Do not cross the road in front of nearby vehicles. 6. On the roadway, games are strictly prohibited. 7. Do not enter the roadway on a bicycle.

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Rules of conduct in in public places.

1. It is indecent to talk loudly, shout, laugh on the street. 2. You can not litter on the street: gnaw seeds, throw papers, candy wrappers, apple cores. 3. While visiting the cinema, do not make noise, run, start games. 4. While watching a movie, it is indecent to disturb the audience, slam chairs, whistle. stomp. 5. When entering the hall and when leaving, do not rush, push. 6. Be polite.

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Rules for personal safety on the street

1. If someone walks on the street and runs after you, but it’s far from home, run to the nearest crowded place: to the store, bus stop. 2. If unfamiliar adults try to take you away by force, resist, scream, call for help: "Help, a stranger is taking me away" "" 3. Do not agree to any offers of unfamiliar adults. in the car 5 Never brag about how your adults have a lot of money 6. Don't invite strangers home 7. Don't play after dark.

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Rules of conduct in the forest

Before going out into the forest, warn your relatives where you are going. If you are driving into the forest, consider whether there is enough gasoline to drive there and back. Not in your bag, but in your pocket, always have a knife, matches in a dry box and a watch - they will help you not to panic, and navigate like a compass. Dress brightly - in camouflage you may not be found even from three meters, red, red, yellow, white jackets are preferable, it is good to stick reflective strips or drawings. Try not to go far from a familiar route, do not "cut a corner" in unfamiliar terrain, especially in a swamp. If your relative is lost, call rescuers immediately. Often, independent searches lead only to trampling down the traces by which it was possible to find a person. If you are trying, for example, to shout or reach out (with a car signal) to a lost person, wait for him in one place for a long time. Sometimes found people say that they went to the signal, but when they got out, they found that the car had just left without waiting for them even fifteen minutes. But it is rather difficult to run out of the forest quickly. We must not forget that a trip to the forest is a strong physical activity that is unusual for urban residents. If you have any other chronic diseases, they can worsen, so you can’t go to the forest without the necessary medicines. And, of course, you need to have at least a minimum supply of water with you so that you can drink medicine if necessary.

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Rules of conduct for children railway

In connection with the cases of fatal injuries of students at railway transport facilities, as well as the facts of vandalism and hooliganism of teenagers in relation to railway transport facilities, remember: - You need to cross the tracks only on a bridge or special flooring. - Do not crawl under the wagons! Do not climb over the automatic couplers! - Do not jump into the car of the departing train. - Do not leave the car until the train has come to a complete stop. - Do not play on platforms and paths! - Do not lean out of the windows while walking. - Get out of the car only from the side of the boarding platform. - Don't walk on the tracks. - At the station, children can only be under the supervision of adults, small children need to be held by the hand. - Do not cross the tracks in front of a nearby train if the distance to it is less than 400 meters. The train can't stop right away! - Do not approach the rails closer than 5 meters. - Do not cross the tracks without making sure there is no train in the opposite direction.

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Parents are active assistants to teachers in the formation of disciplined behavior on the street in children, their compliance with safety rules.

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