Ms 520 small depl project 865 piranha. Submarine "Piranha": small and very dangerous
Chief designer of the project Yu.K.Mineev.
These are difficult submarines. Many of them have nothing to do with the Russian Navy. They are involved in special operations of the former KGB of the USSR.
In June 1988, in the Sound, under their very noses, the Swedes discovered a small submarine lying at the bottom, its length did not exceed 30 meters. The ship that spotted the boat with sonar called anti-submarine helicopters and, since it was in the territorial waters of Sweden, an attack with depth charges immediately began. Twitched by the endless violations of their maritime borders, the Swedes didn’t even care whether it was a NATO or a Soviet submarine.
After the first bombs exploded, air bubbles began to boil on the surface, and the attackers realized that the boat had risen from the bottom. The bombing continued for some time, then they let divers go to the bottom. Very close to the depth charge craters on the ground, they saw the imprint of the keel of a submarine lying there.
According to experts, the explosions were very close and could not but damage the hull of the boat.
Soon a Soviet rescue tug appeared nearby in neutral waters: the Swedes hooked the boat thoroughly.
Small Soviet submarines annoyed not only the Swedes, who even discovered them in the bay of Stockholm. The Americans saw them right in the waters of their Subic Bay base in the Philippines, and both the Norwegians and the Japanese encountered them.
Previously, no one had information about such baby boats, and it was extremely difficult to hunt for them - almost impossible. Now it's a different matter. In a trade rage, the Russian Ministry of Defense revealed all the secrets to potential buyers and opponents. For nothing. It is not a sin now for our reader to tell a little about former military secrets.
The history of Soviet midget boats for reconnaissance and sabotage operations dates back to 1955, when on October 29 at 1:30 a.m., the battleship Novorossiysk capsized and sank from a terrible explosion in the bay of Sevastopol, killing six hundred sailors.
The most probable cause of the explosion is the sabotage of Italian combat swimmers, delivered to the inner roadstead of Sevastopol by a midget SX submarine from Cos.mo.s.
Small submarine rank 3 "Piranha" on sea trials.
The layout diagram of the ultra-small diesel-electric submarine "Piranha".
Despite the meager size, similar to the submarines during the 2nd World War, they did a lot: Italian drivers of human torpedoes blew up two English battleships, the Queen Elizabeth and the Valient, in the port of Alexandria; English combat swimmers responded by sending the light cruiser Troiano to the bottom, then the heavy cruiser Bolzano.
The British lieutenants Place and Cameron on the ultra-small submarines "X6" and "X7" broke through the steel nets surrounding the battleship "Tirpitz" and with two charges continued the work of the commander of the Soviet submarine "K-21" Lunin, who had hit the main fascist battleship with a torpedo before - they broke through his hull was in two places, so much so that a ship with a displacement of 40,000 tons was thrown two meters out of the water! Then the Tirpitz, a completely immovable target, was finished off by British bombers.
The English midget "XE-3" under the command of Fraser in Singapore secretly approached under the bottom of the Japanese heavy cruiser "Tokao", and the diver Magenis installed six suction mines on the bottom. The boat "XE-1" under the leadership of Smart also lowered its charges next to the cruiser. After the explosions that sank the ship, both submarines went to their tugboats and returned to base.
Having avenged the insult to the Italian fleet (“Novorossiysk” was the flagship battleship “Giulio Cesare” and transferred to the USSR as a trophy), the “Cosmos” miniboat carried two human-controlled torpedoes 7 meters long and weighing 2.4 tons, immersion depth up to 60 meters. They were controlled by two saboteurs, had a range of 50 miles at a speed of 3.3 knots and carried charges with 270 kg of explosive and 8 small additional charges. The drivers were placed on the torpedo under a transparent cap.
The submarine itself moved on the surface or under a snorkel (a device for operating a diesel engine under water) with a 300 hp diesel engine, and under water - on an electric motor. Five crew members and eight underwater saboteurs. After 1955, the Italian company Cosmos sold 70 of these submarines. Their whereabouts are kept secret. It is only known that two of them were acquired by Colombia and 12 by Pakistan.
The organizer and inspirer of the Italian naval saboteurs, Prince Borghese, a man who was thinking of taking Mussolini's place, vowed to take revenge on the Soviet fleet, and there is evidence to confirm this.
The main one, in my opinion, is that the Soviet Navy ordered midget submarines from domestic designers.
After the war, Borghese became the leader of the neo-fascists, prepared a coup d'état in December 1970, but the plot was uncovered and the "black" prince had to flee to Spain under the auspices of the dictator Franco, where he died at the age of 68 in 1974.
His funeral in the tomb of the Borghese family resulted in the largest neo-fascist demonstration. His wife, the Russian Countess Daria Olsufieva, remained silent in response to a letter from the famous researcher B. Korzhavin with a request to tell about the role of Prince Borghese in the Novorossiysk disaster. Silent means consent?
Our combat swimmers are also not born with a bast. In 1953, the Soviet cruiser Sverdlov arrived in London on a friendly visit and demonstrated amazing maneuverability during mooring.
The commander of the British submarine saboteurs, the most experienced captain of the 3rd rank Crabbe, fell victim to an adventurous attempt to examine the contours of the underwater hull and the propellers of our ship.
His corpse, in a torn diving suit, was found in the Thames near the coast.
The official version - fell under the propellers of the cruiser during the morning cranking mechanisms ...
At the arms exhibition in Abu Dhabi, the drawings and layout of the ultra-small submarine "Piranha" caused a real sensation. There are no such boats in the world.
Its silhouette resembles the contours of Project 667B (Delta-1) SSBNs, only in the fairing behind the wheelhouse there are not vertically placed ballistic missiles, but horizontally located torpedo tubes. It is really the smallest, "their" small ones are six times larger.
The Germans will do something similar to the Piranha, perhaps by the year 2000 (project TR-300), and the Italians (S300 SS) in 10 years.
The Piranha has more weapons per ton of weight than anyone else in the world: mines, torpedoes, saboteurs - in a war, one saboteur can do more than a division.
They began working on "Piranha" in "Malachite" in the early 70s. They used to make great boats for a great country - "babies" were number two. But there was enough money for everything. And although stars and prizes were awarded to those who built the "monsters", the team headed by Yuri Konstantinovich Mineev solved a unique task.
In 1988, the Piranha was handed over to the Navy - a working model. The tests took place in the Baltic. The designers recall how the chief mechanical specialist of the Liepaja Naval Base looked at the "undersized" incredulously. However, after sea trials, he said that "I have not yet seen a more interesting boat."
Today, two such submarines are laid up in Kronstadt, practically without departing from the quay wall: on the Baltic Fleet, as in a seedy collective farm, there is no “fuel”.
The third "Piranha" will be built for Sweden for sale. There will be no order from our sailors: over the past year or two, not a single warship has been laid down at the shipyards in Russia - for the first time since the time of Peter the Great.
"Piranha" is indispensable for combat operations in inland seas. It is able to cross the Baltic, Black, Red Seas far and wide. Unique technologies have made it almost silent. The Piranha does not have a magnetic field - it is not "taken" by mines.
The group of chief designer Mineev does not lose hope of building a small submarine of the new generation Piranha-2. But Russia still has no military doctrine, and Malachite has no money.
The project is almost ready, but more and more new “interesting things” are being added to it, finalized, improved. What are they hoping for?
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL SUBMARINES
* Total "Triton" 30 units: B-483 ... B-490, B-520 ... B-543. Chief designer Yu.K. Mineev (TsK5-16 "Malachite"), built at the LAO in Nizhny Novgorod.
In connection with the continuous strengthening of the NATO fleet, as well as the possibility of war, the Soviet command decided to turn its attention to the construction of mini-submarines that would be able to operate in rivers, in shallow water, on the territory of enemy fleet bases. To bring these goals to life, the naval leadership instructed the Leningrad Design Bureau "Malakhit" to design a mini-submarine. The developed boat received the designation project 865 and the code "Piranha". Subsequently, 2 submarines of this type were created in Leningrad - this is an experimental boat MS-520 and the lead boat of the MS-521 series. In total, only 2 boats were built, both of them were in service from 1990 to 1999.
For many years, ultra-small and small submarines were not built or designed by the domestic industry. Their design resumed only in the 70s of the last century. Since 1973, the Malachite Design Bureau began work on the submarine Project 865 Piranha. The main designers of the boat were Yu. K. Mineev, S. M. Bavilin, L. V. Chernopyatov. The small submarine was designed to carry out special missions in shallow, coastal and difficult-to-navigate areas in which the operations of conventional submarines were either impossible or seriously hampered, including in conditions of serious anti-submarine defense.
Initially, L. V. Chernopyatov acted as the chief designer on the project, but in 1984 he was replaced by Yu. K. Mineev. The main observer for this project from the USSR Navy was the captain of the 2nd rank A. E. Mikhailovsky. There was no experience in creating and designing such technical means at that time in the country. For this reason, I had to work almost from scratch. At the same time, the novelty of the task set for the designers and engineers led to the implementation of a very large number of model and full-scale tests of the boat, experimental work, and various experiments on individual structural elements, technological processes and devices. For this reason, the laying of the first, experimental submarine of project 865 took place only in July 1984 in the Leningrad Admiralty Association.
To fulfill the tasks assigned to them, the Piranha submarines were equipped with a specialized diving complex, which included 2 outboard sealed automated containers (0.62 m in diameter, 12 m long) designed to store divers' personal means of propulsion and diving equipment and a dry lock chamber for divers-saboteurs to enter the sea in a submerged position. In addition, there were 2 outboard permeable devices (diameter 537 mm). The Piranha submarines were equipped with a modern electronic weapon system, which included small-sized navigation, communications and surveillance equipment (radar and hydroacoustic) and an automated control system, which made it possible to reduce the crew to a minimum (only 3 people).
The armament complex was located in the middle part of the superstructure of the boat and consisted of 2 cargo containers, in which 2 Sirena-UME type transporters or 4 Proton tugboats could be located. In addition, there were 2 mine-laying devices, in which there were PMT-type mines (up to 4 mines of high power, the use of nuclear charges is possible), or 2 lattices for 400-mm Latush torpedoes, which were used over the entire range of diving depths "self-exit". For unloading, loading, as well as securing diving equipment on the boat, there was a retractable tray. The controls and drives of the tray were inside the robust hull of the mini-submarine. The mine-laying device was a permeable launch grid with guide tracks of a pneumo-mechanical ejector device, which ensured that mines were ejected in the direction of the submarine - forward. According to the second option, torpedoes could be used instead of mines.
In addition to a variety of special equipment and armament, the submarine had increased stealth. This was achieved through the use of a non-magnetic housing, low-noise mechanisms, perfect acoustic protection and the use of a diesel-electric power plant with full electric propulsion. The boat used a diesel generator with a capacity of 160 kW, as well as a low-speed all-mode main electric motor with a capacity of 60 kW. The Project 865 boat could use a lead-acid battery with a total capacity of 1200 kWh or a silver-zinc battery with twice the capacity.
The ultra-small submarine pr. 865 had a displacement of 319 tons in a submerged position, in a surface position - 218 tons. The dimensions of the boat were 28.2x4.7x5.1 meters. At the same time, the boat was double-hulled (lightweight and durable hull), had a developed superstructure and one shaft. To ensure increased controllability and maneuverability of the boat at low speed, a propeller with a propeller in a rotary nozzle was mounted on it.
In the central post of the mini-submarine there was an operator's console, information display facilities and an instrument rack, controls for the main devices and systems. The instrument complex of the boat included means of underwater communication, sonar, radar and other devices. Under the deck flooring of the central post (CPU) there was a battery pit. Closer to the nose of the operator's console were the shaft of the retractable device of the radar complex, the periscope and the entrance hatch. The spherical bulkhead limiting the CPU had an entrance hatch to the lock chamber, which could also be used for decompression. The bulkhead had an airlock to transfer items from the CPU to the chamber and a porthole to watch the divers. The control devices for the divers' locking system were also located here.
An aft flat bulkhead, equipped with a gas-tight door, separated the CPU from the electromechanical compartment, where a diesel generator, a DC propulsion motor, compressors, fans, pumps and other equipment were located on a special shock-absorbing platform disconnected from the pressure hull. The noise-absorbing coating on the hull structures of the submarine, in combination with the two-stage depreciation system, provided the mini-submarine with a very small acoustic field. At the same time, the electromechanical compartment was uninhabited; while the boat was on a hike, it was visited only in order to check the condition of the equipment. The screw, which was installed in the rotary annular nozzle, also served as a vertical steering wheel.
The crew of the mini-submarine included only 3 people. All of them were officers: the commander-navigator, the assistant in electronic weapons and the assistant in the electromechanical part. In addition to the crew, the boat could take on board a reconnaissance and sabotage group of 6 people. It was the saboteurs, in fact, who were the main "" of the submarine. Combat swimmers could leave the submarine both on the ground and at depths of up to 60 meters. Being outside the submarine, they had the ability to replenish the supply of the gas mixture in breathing devices, as well as use the electricity supplied from the boat through the wires. The autonomy of the Project 865 submarine was 10 days.
The direct development of the Piranha-type boats could be the Piranha-2 mini-submarines with a normal displacement of 400 tons, which had an air-independent (anaerobic) power plant that used the Crystal-20 fuel cells. The maximum underwater speed of such a submarine was to be 12 knots, and the cruising range was about 1200 nautical miles. The boat was planned to be armed with 2-8 torpedoes in special launchers on a light hull. In early 1993, Malachite began to promote its submarine on the international market. At the same time, the normal displacement was increased to 250 tons, and the crew grew to 4 people. In general, on the basis of the submarine pr. 865, a whole family of submarines with a displacement of 130 to 920 tons was developed.
The fate of the ships of this project was quite sad. Already in March 1999, both built boats were towed to Kronstadt, where they were cut into scrap metal. As part of the fleet, they did not serve even 10 years. There were several reasons for the withdrawal of submarines from the fleet: first of all, the lack of funding, as well as the opinion of a number of naval officers about the uselessness of such submarines by the Russian fleet. It is worth noting that before the mini-submarines were sawn for scrap, one of them took part in the filming of the comedy "Peculiarities of National Fishing".
Tactical and technical characteristics of "Piranha":
Dimensions: length - 28.3 m, width - 4.7 m, height - 5.1 m.
Displacement - surface - 218 tons, underwater - 319 tons.
Underwater speed - 6.7 knots, surface speed - 6 knots.
Cruising range - full 1000 miles, continuous underwater - 260 miles.
The maximum diving depth is 200 m.
Autonomy of navigation - 10 days.
Crew - 3 people + up to 6 combat swimmers
Armament - 2 torpedoes 400 mm Latush torpedoes or 4 mines.
Sources of information:
-http://www.navy.su/navyfrog/sub/piranya/index-photo.html
-http://ship.bsu.by/ship/102077
-http://bastion-karpenko.narod.ru/VVT/865.html
-http://www.navy.su/navyfrog/sub/piranya/index.html
mine armament
Small submarines of project 865 "Piranha"- project of submarines of the Navy of the USSR and the Russian Federation. The type was in service with the fleet from 1999 to 1999 . In total, two submarines of this project were built: MS-520 and MS-521. Further construction of such boats in the USSR was suspended. As a result, the series was limited to the experimental MS-520 and the head MS-521, handed over to the fleet in December 1990.
History of design and construction
L. V. Chernopyatov was appointed chief designer of project 865, who was replaced by Yu. K. Mineev in 1984. Since the earlier developments of the Ostekhburo on ultra-small submarines were classified and firmly forgotten, it was again necessary to start designing from scratch. During the design of the Project 865 submarine, a significant amount of experimental work, model and field tests, experiments on individual structures, devices and technological processes were carried out.
The laying of an experimental submarine took place at the Leningrad Admiralty Association in July 1984. Its dimensions were: length 28.2 meters, width 4.7 meters, average draft 3.9 meters, surface displacement - 218 tons.
Design
The project 865 submarine hull was made of titanium alloy and designed for a submersion depth of 200 meters. Full underwater speed reached 6.7 knots, surface speed - 6 knots. The range of navigation under water at an economic speed (4 knots) reached 260 miles, on the surface - 1000 miles.
The central post housed the operator's console, instrument racks and information display facilities, as well as controls for the main systems and devices. Under the deck flooring of the central post there was a battery pit. Closer to the nose from the operator's console were the entrance hatch, periscope, shaft of the retractable device of the radar complex. The central post was limited by a bow spherical bulkhead, which had an entrance hatch to the lock chamber. On the bow bulkhead there was a porthole for observing the work of divers and a gateway for transferring objects from the CPU to the camera. There were also control devices for the divers' locking system.
From the electromechanical compartment, the central post was separated by a flat aft bulkhead with a gas-tight door. In the electromechanical compartment on a shock-absorbed platform, disconnected from the pressure hull, a 160 kW diesel generator, a 60 kW DC propulsion motor, pumps, fans, a compressor and other equipment stood on shock absorbers. Thanks to the two-stage depreciation system in combination with noise-absorbing coatings on the hull structures, the Project 865 submarine had a minimal acoustic field. The electromechanical compartment was visited during the campaign only to check the condition of the technical means. The screw, placed in a rotary annular nozzle, also served as a vertical rudder.
Armament
The submarine armament complex was located in the middle part of the superstructure and consisted of two cargo containers for transporting diving equipment (4 Proton-type tugs or 2 Sirena-U type transporters) and 2 mine-laying devices, which housed two mines of the PMT type, or two grids for 400-mm torpedoes "Latush" (a special version of the SET-72 torpedo), used by "self-exit" over the entire range of depths. A durable cargo container was filled with seawater, and was a cylindrical structure about 12 meters long and 62 cm in diameter. A retractable tray was provided for loading, unloading and securing diving equipment. The drive and controls of the sliding tray were located inside a rugged case.
The minelaying device consisted of a permeable launch grid with guide tracks of a pneumomechanical ejector device, which ensured the mines were pushed forward along the submarine. The possibility of placing a torpedo instead of a mine was also envisaged. Electronic weapons were specially designed for this project. The Piranha was equipped with a small-sized radar complex MRCP-60 "Radian-M", as well as a sonar complex MGK-13S "Pripyat-S".
Crew
The crew of the submarines of the Piranha project consisted of three officers: a navigator commander, an assistant in the electromechanical part and an assistant in electronic weapons. In addition to them, a reconnaissance and sabotage group of six combat swimmers was taken on board. The exit of combat swimmers was carried out within the depths of up to 60 meters and on the ground. Being outside the boat, combat swimmers / divers had the opportunity to use the electricity supplied from it via wires, as well as replenish the supply of the gas mixture in breathing devices. During the operation of the project submarine, two shift crews were formed for each boat. There was also a technical crew designed to service both boats.
Service
| Name | Factory number | Bookmark | Launching | Entry into service |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS-520 | 01465 | July 15 | August 20 | December 30th |
| MS-521 | 01466 | December 1 | May 31 | December 25 |
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Notes
Links
- www.navy.su/navyfrog/sub/piranya/index.html
An excerpt characterizing Project 865 Piranha submarines
Prince Andrei stopped on horseback on the battery, looking at the smoke of the gun from which the cannonball flew out. His eyes darted across the vast expanse. He only saw that the hitherto motionless masses of the French were swaying, and that there really was a battery to the left. It hasn't blown smoke yet. Two French cavalry, probably adjutants, galloped up the mountain. Downhill, probably to strengthen the chain, a clearly visible small column of the enemy was moving. The smoke of the first shot had not yet dissipated, when another smoke and a shot appeared. The battle has begun. Prince Andrei turned his horse around and galloped back to Grunt to look for Prince Bagration. Behind him he heard the cannonade becoming more frequent and louder. Apparently, ours began to respond. Below, in the place where the parliamentarians were passing, rifle shots were heard.Lemarrois (Le Marierois) with a formidable letter from Bonaparte had just galloped to Murat, and the ashamed Murat, wanting to make amends for his mistake, immediately moved his troops to the center and bypassing both flanks, hoping even before evening and before the arrival of the emperor to crush the insignificant one who stood in front of him, squad.
"Began! Here it is!" thought Prince Andrei, feeling how the blood began to rush to his heart more often. “But where? How will my Toulon be expressed? he thought.
Passing between the same companies that ate porridge and drank vodka a quarter of an hour ago, he everywhere saw the same quick movements of soldiers lining up and dismantling their guns, and on all faces he recognized the feeling of animation that was in his heart. "Began! Here it is! Scary and fun! spoke the face of every soldier and officer.
Before he even reached the fortification under construction, he saw in the evening light of a cloudy autumn day horsemen advancing towards him. The front man, in a cloak and cap with fur coats, rode a white horse. It was Prince Bagration. Prince Andrei stopped, waiting for him. Prince Bagration stopped his horse and, recognizing Prince Andrei, nodded his head to him. He continued to look ahead while Prince Andrei told him what he had seen.
Expression: "It has begun! here it is!" it was even on the strong brown face of Prince Bagration with half-closed, cloudy, as if sleepy eyes. Prince Andrei peered into this motionless face with restless curiosity, and he wanted to know whether he was thinking and feeling, and what he thought, what this man felt at that moment? "Is there anything at all behind that motionless face?" Prince Andrei asked himself, looking at him. Prince Bagration bowed his head, in agreement with the words of Prince Andrei, and said: “Good,” with such an expression as if everything that happened and that he was told was exactly what he had already foreseen. Prince Andrei, shoved from the speed of the ride, spoke quickly. Prince Bagration uttered the words with his oriental accent especially slowly, as if suggesting that there was nowhere to hurry. However, he trotted his horse in the direction of Tushin's battery. Prince Andrei, together with his retinue, went after him. Prince Bagration was followed by: an officer of the retinue, the prince's personal adjutant, Zherkov, an orderly, an officer on duty on a beautiful english horse, and a state official, an auditor, who, out of curiosity, asked to go to battle. The auditor, a stout man with a full face, looked around with a naive smile of joy, shaking on his horse, imagining a strange sight in his camlot overcoat on a furshtat saddle among hussars, Cossacks and adjutants.
“He wants to see the battle,” Zherkov said to Bolkonsky, pointing to the auditor, “but it hurt in the pit of the stomach.
“Well, that’s enough for you,” said the auditor, with a radiant, naive, and at the same time sly smile, as if he were flattered that he was the subject of Zherkov’s jokes, and as if he deliberately tried to appear more stupid than he really was.
- Tres drole, mon monsieur prince, [Very funny, my lord prince,] - said the officer on duty. (He remembered that in French the title prince is somehow especially pronounced, and he could not fix it in any way.)
At this time, they were all already approaching Tushin's battery, and a cannonball hit ahead of them.
- What did it fall? the auditor asked with a naive smile.
“French cakes,” said Zherkov.
- This is what they beat, then? the auditor asked. - What a passion!
And he seemed to be full of pleasure. As soon as he finished, an unexpectedly terrible whistle was heard again, suddenly ending with a blow to something liquid, and sh sh sh slap - a Cossack, riding a little to the right and behind the auditor, with his horse collapsed to the ground. Zherkov and the officer on duty crouched down in their saddles and turned the horses away. The auditor stopped in front of the Cossack, examining him with attentive curiosity. The Cossack was dead, the horse was still beating.
Prince Bagration, screwing up his eyes, looked around and, seeing the reason for the confusion that had occurred, turned away indifferently, as if saying: is it worth doing stupid things! He stopped the horse, with the reception of a good rider, leaned over a little and straightened the sword caught on the cloak. The sword was an old one, not like the one worn now. Prince Andrei recalled the story of how Suvorov in Italy presented his sword to Bagration, and at that moment this memory was especially pleasant to him. They drove up to the very battery at which Bolkonsky stood when he was examining the battlefield.
- Whose company? - Prince Bagration asked the fireworks, standing by the boxes.
He asked: whose company? but in essence he was asking: are you not timid here? And the fireworker figured it out.
“Captain Tushin, Your Excellency,” shouted a red-haired fireworker with a freckled face, stretching out in a cheerful voice.
- So, so, - said Bagration, thinking something, and drove past the limbers to the extreme gun.
While he was driving up, a shot rang out from this cannon, deafening him and his retinue, and in the smoke that suddenly surrounded the cannon, artillerymen were visible, grabbing the cannon and, hastily straining, rolling it back to its original place. A broad-shouldered, huge soldier of the 1st with a banner, legs wide apart, jumped back to the wheel. The 2nd, with a trembling hand, put a charge into the muzzle. A small, round-shouldered man, officer Tushin, stumbled on his trunk and ran forward without noticing the general and looking out from under his small hand.
“Add two more lines, that’s exactly what will happen,” he shouted in a thin voice, to which he tried to give a youthfulness that did not suit his figure. - Second! he squeaked. - Crush, Medvedev!
Bagration called out to the officer, and Tushin, with a timid and awkward movement, not at all like the military salute, but like the priests bless, putting three fingers to the visor, approached the general. Although Tushin's guns were assigned to bombard the hollow, he fired fire-brandskugels at the village of Shengraben, which was visible ahead, in front of which large masses of the French advanced.
No one ordered Tushin where and with what to shoot, and he, after consulting with his sergeant major Zakharchenko, for whom he had great respect, decided that it would be good to set fire to the village. "Good!" Bagration said to the report of the officer and began to look around the entire battlefield that opened before him, as if thinking something. On the right side, the French came closest. Below the height on which the Kyiv regiment stood, in the hollow of the river, the erratic rumble of guns was heard, and much to the right, behind the dragoons, the retinue officer pointed out to the prince at the French column that was bypassing our flank. To the left the horizon was limited to a close forest. Prince Bagration ordered two battalions from the center to go for reinforcements to the right. The retinue officer dared to remark to the prince that after the departure of these battalions, the guns would be left without cover. Prince Bagration turned to the retinue officer and looked at him with dull eyes in silence. It seemed to Prince Andrei that the remark of the retinue officer was just and that there really was nothing to say. But at this time an adjutant galloped up from the regimental commander, who was in the hollow, with the news that huge masses of the French were coming down, that the regiment was upset and was retreating to the Kyiv grenadiers. Prince Bagration bowed his head in agreement and approval. He walked at a pace to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with orders to attack the French. But the adjutant sent there arrived half an hour later with the news that the dragoon regimental commander had already retreated beyond the ravine, for strong fire had been directed against him, and he was wasting people in vain and therefore hurried shooters into the forest.
- Good! Bagration said.
While he was driving away from the battery, shots were also heard to the left in the forest, and since it was too far to the left flank to have time to arrive on time himself, Prince Bagration sent Zherkov there to tell the senior general, the same one who represented the regiment to Kutuzov in Braunau, so that he retreats as quickly as possible behind the ravine, because the right flank will probably not be able to hold the enemy for a long time. About Tushin, and the battalion that covered him, was forgotten. Prince Andrei carefully listened to the conversations of Prince Bagration with the chiefs and to the orders he gave, and noticed to his surprise that no orders were given, and that Prince Bagration only tried to pretend that everything that was done out of necessity, chance and the will of private chiefs, that all this was done, if not by his order, but according to his intentions. Thanks to the tact shown by Prince Bagration, Prince Andrei noticed that, despite this randomness of events and their independence from the will of the chief, his presence did an extremely great deal. The commanders, who drove up to Prince Bagration with upset faces, became calm, the soldiers and officers greeted him cheerfully and became livelier in his presence and, apparently, flaunted their courage in front of him.
Small special submarine ("MS"). The TTZ of the USSR Navy for the creation of a special small submarine was issued by the Design Bureau "Malakhit" in 1976 (chief designer - L.V. Chernopyatov, later - Yu.K. Mineev). In 1984, Yu.K. Mineev was appointed chief designer of the project, and on July 15, 1984, the lead submarine MS-520 was laid down at the Leningrad Admiralty Association plant (launched on August 20, 1986). The second MS-521 submarine was laid down there on December 1, 1987. Factory running and later state tests of the submarine were carried out in the Baltic with the submarine based in Paldiski (Estonia). The first MS-520 submarine was accepted by the Navy for a one-year trial operation on December 30, 1988, the second - on December 25, 1990. Base - Liepaja, Baltic Fleet. The boats were withdrawn from the Navy in 1999, but back in 1998, in one of the shops of the Kronstadt Marine Plant, they were cut into metal.
Submarine MS-520 pr.865 "Piranha" - LOSOS on trials (Admiralty shipyards for the Russian submarine fleet. S.-Pb., "Gangut", 2003)
The withdrawal of the submarine MS-520 pr.865 "Piranha" - LOSOS from the workshop of the "Leningrad Admiralty Association" and launching by the Demag crane using a special beam (Admiralty shipyards for the Russian submarine fleet. S.-Pb., "Gangut", 2003 G.)
Submarine project 865 "Piranha" LOSOS
Appointment PL- the boat is designed to solve various tasks of countering the enemy in shallow water conditions at depths from 10 to 200 m, carrying out activities in support of and in cooperation with divers and combat swimmers at depths up to 60 m, reconnaissance, sabotage.
Submarine design- two-hull. Durable case material - titanium alloy. Assembly and welding work on the formation of a strong hull was carried out in one of the bays of workshop No. 9 of the Admiralty Shipyards. The tanks of the main ballast, manufactured by the Pella plant from fiberglass, were mounted right there. The installation of a light hull and fiberglass access hatch protection was also carried out. The robust hull was tested by internal hydraulic pressure. After testing, the body was cut into two parts for mounting equipment. The boat was launched by a Demag floating crane using a specially designed beam and standard rods of the SHU-200 rescue device.
Engines: full electric propulsion
1 x 220 hp diesel generator
1 x 82 hp propeller motor
mover- 1 shaft and 1 fixed pitch propeller in a swivel ring nozzle.
Energy- standard - lead-acid; or more capacious silver-zinc batteries (battery capacity 1200 kilovolts - so in the source - deepstorm.ru).
performance characteristics of the submarine:
Crew - 3 officers + sabotage and reconnaissance group (up to 6 people)
Length - 28.2 m
Width - 4.7 m
Draft - 3.9 m
Surface displacement - 218 tons
Full underwater displacement - 390 tons ("Weapons of Russia")
Fuel weight - 6500 kg
Surface speed - 6.43 knots
Submerged speed - 6.65 knots
Economic underwater speed - 4 knots
Surface range - 1450 miles
Range in RDP mode - 1000 miles
Underwater range (silver-zinc batteries) - 250-260 miles
Range underwater (lead-acid batteries) - 134 miles
Immersion depth - 200 m
Autonomy - 10 days
Armament:
2 x mine-laying devices - torpedo tubes
Ammunition - 2 mines PMT or 4 ground mines of high power or 2 torpedoes "Latush" (launch due to the torpedo engine)
2 x external cargo containers (4 Proton-type divers tugs or 2 Sirena-U divers' vehicles)
There is also an airlock, a set of diving equipment for the work of combat swimmers (with the possibility of replenishing the respiratory mixture outside the submarine).
In the mid-70s, the Navy command was concerned about the lack of small submarines in the fleet that could be used for reconnaissance and countermeasures. Therefore, in 1976, the design bureau "Malachite" was given the task of designing an ultra-small submarine. The project determined that such a submarine is intended for use in shallow water areas at depths of 10 to 200 meters, where it can solve sabotage tasks in order to counter the enemy, as well as conduct reconnaissance. It was necessary to place a diving complex on it to perform special tasks at depths of up to 60 meters, electronic and mine-torpedo weapons.
Design work began a few years before the technical assignment was received in 1974 under the guidance of designer Sergei Mikhailovich Bavilin, and since 1976 it was carried out by chief designer Lev Vladimirovich Chernopyatov, then, since 1984, by Yuri Konstantinovich Mineev. The features of the future submarine project 865 "Piranha" were: titanium hull; outboard complex for storage, delivery and use of diving equipment, as well as mine and torpedo weapons; both small-sized equipment and mechanical; high degree of automation.
The laying of the first experimental submarine MS-520 of project 865 "Piranha" took place at the Leningrad Admiralty Association in July 1984. By design - a double-hulled ship with a developed superstructure, which houses weapons and special diving equipment. Length - 28.2 m, width 4.7 m. For maneuverability at low speeds and in shallow water, a propulsion complex with a screw in a rotary nozzle was provided.
- Normal displacement - 220 tons, underwater - 320 tons,
- diving depth - 200 m,
- underwater speed - 6.5 knots,
- armament consisted of 2 outboard launchers with a caliber of 537 mm for launching torpedoes or mines.
In 1987, the second submarine MS-521 was laid down, and in 1988 the fleet received the lead submarine MS-520. In 1990, the second submarine was handed over to the fleet.
The crew of the submarine consisted of 3 people: the commander, who is also a navigator, an assistant in electronic weapons and an assistant in the electromechanical part. Also on board was a sabotage group of 6 people. For carrying out special operations for the landing and reception of divers-saboteurs, a diving complex was provided, which included a lock chamber located in the bow. The equipment necessary for divers was stored in two containers located in the superstructure. Being outside, divers could use the electricity supplied from it through the wires and replenish the supply of gas mixtures for breathing.
Both submarines performed well during tests and in the first years of operation by the fleet. But, unfortunately, they did not last even 10 years. In 1998, the first, and in 2001, the second, these unique small submarines were withdrawn from the fleet and disposed of in Kronstadt.
There were several reasons for the withdrawal: the complexity of operation, since, due to its specificity, going to sea was associated with certain difficulties, and the opinion of a number of senior naval officials about the uselessness of ultra-small submarines. And, of course, the main reason is the lack of funding.
It is worth adding that simultaneously with the construction of Project 865 submarines, work was underway to create an ultra-small submarine of Project 8652 (Piranha-2) with a power plant that uses an electrochemical generator. The technical project was approved in 1991, but further work was stopped due to lack of funding. Malachite is still promoting this boat on the international market. To date, it has been possible to bring the displacement to 250 tons, and the crew has grown to 4 people.
