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Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the economy of any state. It provides products vital to man: basic foodstuffs and raw materials for the production of consumer goods. Agriculture produces more than 12% of the gross social product and more than 15% of Russia's national income, and concentrates 15.7% of production fixed assets. Eighty branches of industry supply their products to agriculture, which, in turn, supplies its products to sixty branches of industry.

Agro-industrial complex Russian Federation includes industries that have close economic and industrial | relationships, specializing in the production of agricultural products, their processing and storage, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production.

1. The structure and goals of the functioning of the agro-industrial complex of Russia

The agro-industrial complex (AIC) is an important integral part the country's economy, which includes industries for the production of agricultural products, their processing and bringing to the consumer, as well as providing agriculture and the processing industry with the means of production. In the structure of the agro-industrial complex, there are three main areas, or groups of industries and industries:

The structure of Russia's agro-industrial complex is far from perfect. Agriculture is the main link in it: it produces over 48% of the complex's output, has 68% of the production fixed assets of the complex, and employs almost 67% of those working in the industrial sectors of the agro-industrial complex. In developed countries, the main role in the creation of the final product belongs to the third sphere of the agro-industrial complex (for example, in the United States, processing and marketing industries account for 73% of agricultural products, agriculture provides only 13%).

The composition of the agro-industrial complex

Each of the branches has its own internal division. For example

crop production grain leguminous crops, industrial crops, fodder crops, potatoes, vegetable crops, mushrooms, green manure culture lupine melilot, fruit and berry plantations, ornamental

Cattle breeding, reindeer breeding, rabbit breeding, fur farming, dog breeding, poultry farming, beekeeping, sericulture, fish farming

The land is evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Land valuation is assigned to the land cadastre. The state land cadastre is a set of reliable and necessary information about the natural, economic and legal status of lands

Actual task modern development APK - the balance of all its links. The lag in the development of processing industries leads to large losses of agricultural products, reaching 30% of the harvested grain, 40% of the harvested potatoes and vegetables.

An acute problem of development that arose in the context of economic reforms and a long-term crisis in the development of the agro-industrial complex is the underdevelopment of the market for means of production. This contributed to the progressive deterioration of equipment (in the processing industries it reaches 75%), a decrease in the use of mineral fertilizers (in the 1990s, their application per hectare of arable land decreased by more than 10 times), a reduction in the fleet of automotive, tractor equipment and agricultural equipment (over specified period - almost three times).

The agro-industrial complex, being a complex socio-economic system, should be recognized as the most important element of the national economy, the main objectives of which, in our opinion, will be:

Meeting the needs of the population at the level of scientifically based norms in food and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials;

Production of such a quantity of agricultural products of appropriate quality to create a food reserve that will ensure the country's food security, i.e. independence from the import of basic consumer products, especially grain, meat, sugar, vegetable oil, etc.;

Ensuring an appropriate level of efficiency of the agro-industrial system;

Meeting the economic and social needs and interests of agricultural workers.

Agriculture is the main link in the agro-industrial complex. It provides more than half of all agricultural products, concentrating about 70% of its production fixed assets. Agriculture consists of two groups of industries - plant growing (agriculture) and animal husbandry with such sub-sectors as grain farming, fodder production, production of industrial crops, horticulture, vegetable growing, cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, fur farming, pond fish farming and others

Crop production produces more than half of all agricultural products in the country, being the leading branch of agriculture, since the level of animal husbandry largely depends on its development.

More than half of the country's sown area is occupied by grain crops. During the years of the economic crisis, the area sown under grain crops has been declining. This, as well as a decrease in the application of mineral fertilizers and a decrease in the fleet of agricultural machinery, contributed to a reduction in the collection of grain crops (in the late 1990s, the annual harvest was 60-70 million tons), a drop in their productivity.

The leading grain crop in Russia is winter and spring wheat. More productive, but also demanding on heat and soil quality is winter wheat. Its crops are concentrated in the North Caucasus and in the Central Chernozem region. Spring wheat prevails in the Volga region, in the Urals, in Siberia, in the center of the country. Rye is less demanding on growing conditions, therefore it is cultivated in the regions of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation.

Almost everywhere in the agricultural regions of the country, barley is grown, and oats, as a moisture-loving and undemanding crop, are located in the forest zone. The heat-loving crop corn for grain is grown in the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region and the southern Volga region (the so-called "corn belt").

Of the cereal crops in Russia, the main ones are millet, buckwheat and rice. Millet is cultivated in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Central Chernozem region, the Volga region and the Urals. Buckwheat, on the contrary, is demanding on moisture and does not tolerate high air temperatures, and therefore it is grown mainly in forest areas. Rice crops are concentrated in the irrigated lands of the North Caucasus, the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain (Astrakhan region) and Primorye (Far East).

The most common industrial crops in the country are fiber flax, sugar beets, sunflowers, soybeans, mustard, and hemp. Flax is demanding on moisture and not demanding on soils, therefore it is cultivated in the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Sugar beet mainly grows in the Central Chernozem region and the North Caucasus. The main oilseed crop - sunflower - is grown in the North Caucasus, in the Volga region, in the Central Chernozem region, in the southern regions of the Urals and Western Siberia. Mostly in the same areas there are crops of other oilseeds- soybeans (cultivated in the south of the Far East) and mustard. Hemp is cultivated in the Non-Black Earth region and in the North Caucasus.

Almost everywhere in the agricultural zone of the country, potatoes are cultivated. Vegetable growing as a commodity branch stands out in the North Caucasus, in the Central Chernozem region, the Volga region, and some other regions, fruit growing - mainly in the southern regions of the country.

Cattle breeding plays a leading role among livestock industries. Dairy and dairy - beef cattle breeding is located, firstly, in suburban areas, gravitating towards the consumer, and secondly, in areas where juicy green fodder is grown, contributing to the growth of milk productivity. The main areas of the named specialization of cattle breeding are the Non-Black Earth Region, the Middle Volga Region, the Middle Urals, and Siberia. Meat and meat - dairy cattle breeding is represented mainly in arid steppe and semi-desert regions - North Caucasus, Southern Urals and Lower Volga region, south of Siberia.

Sheep breeding uses natural, usually unsuitable for other types of livestock, pastures. The most valuable fine-wool sheep breeding was developed in the steppe regions of the North Caucasus, the Lower Volga region and Siberia. Semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding is represented in the Center and the Middle Volga region, fur coat breeding - in the north and northwest of the Non-Black Earth Region.

Pig breeding, widespread throughout the country, is the most productive branch of animal husbandry. It has received the greatest development, firstly, in the areas of grain farming and potato growing (the North Caucasus, the Volga region, the Central regions), and secondly, in suburban areas, where it uses waste from the food industry and public catering.

Poultry farming is located almost everywhere - one of the most early maturing branches of animal husbandry. Goat breeding as a commodity industry is represented in the southeast of the European part of the country and in the mountainous steppe regions of Siberia. In the mountainous regions of the North Caucasus and southern Siberia (Altai, Sayan), deer breeding has developed, in the tundra and northern taiga zones, the main branch of animal husbandry is reindeer breeding.

The territorial division of labor in agriculture and in the agro-industrial complex of Russia it is less developed than in industry. There are three main agricultural zones in the country, almost completely self-sufficient in agricultural products and supplying them in a large assortment to the all-Russian market. These include the North Caucasian economic region, where the main commercial agricultural products are grain (wheat, rice, millet, corn), sugar beet, vegetables, essential oil, fruits and berries, grapes, tea, meat, wool, tobacco; Central - Chernozem region - grain (wheat, buckwheat, millet, corn, rye, oats, barley), legumes, sunflower, sugar beets, vegetables, essential oil crops, tobacco, fruits and berries, milk, meat; The Volga economic region - grain (wheat, rye, rice, millet, buckwheat), sunflower, mustard, melons, fruits and berries, vegetables, meat, milk, wool.

The remaining economic regions specialize in the production of a limited number of agricultural products. So, the Ural region exports grain, wool, milk; West Siberian - grain, meat, milk, potatoes, products of cage fur farming and reindeer breeding; Central and Volga-Vyatka - potatoes and flax; Northern and Northwestern - flax; East Siberian - wool, products of cage fur farming and antler reindeer breeding; Far Eastern - soybeans, rice, products of cage fur farming, antler and reindeer breeding.

The food industry - one of the components of the agro-industrial complex - includes three main groups of industries: food and flavor (flour-grinding - cereals, sugar, baking, oil-pressing - fat, confectionery, wine-making, fruit and vegetable, tea, etc.), meat - dairy and fish.

The main factors determining the placement of enterprises in this industry are raw materials and consumer. Depending on the degree of influence of these factors, the food industry is divided into three groups of industries:

1. Industries that focus on sources of raw materials - sugar, alcohol, oil-pressing, milk-canning, butter-making, fruit and vegetable canning, etc.

2. Industries that mainly gravitate towards the places of consumption of finished products - baking, confectionery, dairy, pasta, etc.

3. Industries that are simultaneously located in raw materials and consumer areas - meat, flour-grinding - cereals, tobacco, etc.

Agriculture is one of the largest and most important branches of the Russian economy. Agriculture is the main supplier of raw materials and the first commodity producer in the food industry.

Despite the increasing pace of scientific and technological progress, the role of agricultural products in production food products constantly growing

Half of Russian agricultural products are used to provide light and food industries with raw materials.

Branches of the agricultural industry

Agricultural production consists of two main branches:

• agriculture or crop production;


• animal husbandry.

Crop production for Russia is, first of all, the cultivation of winter and spring grain, vegetable and industrial crops: such as potatoes, flax, corn, rice, sugar beet, sunflower and many others.

Animal husbandry in Russia consists of the following sectors:

• pig breeding,


• poultry farming,


• sheep breeding,


• cattle breeding,


• beekeeping,


• fur farming,


• fishing.

The direction and strategy of development of all branches of agriculture in Russia is determined by the legislative authorities.

Agricultural industry in Russia

In the nineteenth century, agriculture in Russia underwent huge changes that allowed the industry to rise to a new stage of development. The reforms carried out made it possible for our country to take a leading position in the export of grain among world powers already at the beginning of the 20th century.

The development of new territories in the 21st century in Russia has led to an increase in the area under crops. Already in the 80s of the last century, thanks to the necessary technical equipment, there was a significant rise in agriculture. In the nineties, due to the crisis, the industry almost collapsed.

In recent years, the government of the Russian Federation has paid great attention to the agro-industrial complex and agriculture in particular. Thanks to this, Russia has become a major exporter of agricultural products. Thus, in the export of wheat, Russia took first place among the countries of the world. The volume of exports of food and agricultural raw materials in 2014 amounted to 18.9 billion dollars, in 2016 - 17 billion. The share of food and raw materials is 5%.

Ten percent of all arable land in the world is concentrated in Russia. 4/5 of these lands are in the North Caucasus, the Urals, Western Siberia and the Central Volga region.

Krasnodar region, Rostov region, Belgorod region, Republic of Tatarstan, Voronezh region, Stavropol Territory, Republic of Bashkortostan, Altai region, Volgograd region and Tambov region are leaders in the production of agricultural products.

Industrial and agricultural enterprises

All enterprises that provide the population with food and are engaged in obtaining raw materials are commonly called agricultural enterprises. The industry also produces consumer goods from different kind agricultural raw materials.

Large agricultural enterprises that process crop products include:

• JSC "Efko" - production of refined vegetable oils and fats;


• Oil Extraction Plant Yug Rusi LLC - production of unrefined vegetable oils;


• LLC "GK" Agro-Belogorye "- livestock in combination with crop production.

Companies involved in the processing of livestock products:

• APH "Miratorg" - animal husbandry and crop production, processing;


• OJSC "Cherkizovo Group" - breeding of pigs and poultry, processing;


• JSC "Danone Russia" - production of dairy products;


• CJSC "Prioskolie" - breeding of poultry.

Enterprises JSC "Vermani", "Baysad Kashira", "Kuban delicacies", "Makfa" specialize in the manufacture of pasta.

Among the enterprises working on agricultural raw materials, one can distinguish: the companies Vyborg Cellulose, Altaytekstilshveyprom, Production of Medicines.

Industrial and agricultural production

Agricultural production has a number of differences from industrial production.

The main differences should include:

• a high proportion of modern equipment;


• seasonality of production;


• uniform distribution throughout the country;


• high science intensity.

Agricultural production includes fat-and-oil, meat processing, bakery, canning food plants, dairy and pasta factories, flour mills and many others.

Industrial production is weaving, pulp, medicine factories, oil refineries.

Industrial and agricultural facilities and products

Agricultural objects are the territory, buildings and structures in which the production of agricultural products is concentrated. Accordingly, industrial goods are produced on the territory of industrial facilities.

The main agricultural facilities and their products include the following enterprises:

Fat and oil plants produce oils of vegetable and animal origin vegetable oil(refined and not refined); butter, spread, margarine.

Meat processing plants produce meat, sausage products and semi-finished products:

• sausage (boiled, raw-smoked, boiled-smoked);


• sausages;


• ground meat;


• cutlets, meatballs, meatballs, steaks;


• meat and poultry products.

Bakery enterprises engaged in the production of all types of bread and bakery products.

Cannery produce canned fish, meat and vegetables.

Dairy plants produce all kinds of dairy and sour-milk products: milk, kefir, fermented baked milk, curdled milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, yogurt.

Industrial facilities and manufactured products include:

Pulp mills produce:

• all types of paper products;


• cardboard;


• cellulose;

Combines for the production of medicines produce all kinds of medicines.

Oil refineries produce:

• fuel;


• petrol;


• liquefied gas, technical oils.

Communication of light industry with agricultural production

Light industry is directly related to agricultural production. Agricultural enterprises such as flax mills supply their products as raw materials to weaving mills.

Weaving factories produce:

• any kind of fabric;


• wool;


• textile and wool products.

Conversion of agricultural land to industrial land

The transfer of agricultural land to land for other purposes is possible only in extremely rare cases. Especially valuable productive agricultural lands are not transferred to another category.

Transfer to industrial land is possible:

• if it is planned to place industrial facilities on the territory that cannot be located elsewhere;


• if the cadastral value of the land does not exceed the average for the district;


• in the construction of roads, pipelines for various purposes, railways;


• to ensure the defense capability and security of the country;


• in the extraction of minerals.

Countries exporting industrial and agricultural products

The position of the national economy is largely determined by the level of agricultural production. Usually, industrially and economically developed countries have a fairly well-formed agriculture.

The world community is divided into several types according to the food situation:

• major food exporters (USA, Canada, Australia, individual EU states);


• small exporting countries (Finland, Hungary);


• rich food-deficit countries that import it (Japan, OPEC states);


• food insecure countries (China, India, South American states);


• food-deficit but wealthy countries natural resources to achieve self-sufficiency (Egypt, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines);


• countries with growing food shortages (sub-Saharan Africa, Bangladesh, Nepal, Haiti).

Most of the world's agricultural exports go to developed countries: the United States, Canada, Australia and individual EU states.

The leading exporters of grain crops and agricultural raw materials are: China, Russia, Asia, Africa, Latin America, India, Brazil, Mexico. More than 70 percent of all grain exports go to these countries.

Developing countries are also leading in the export of products of tropical origin (tea, cocoa, coffee, sugar, bananas).

Trends in the agricultural industry are discussed at the annual Agroprodmash exhibition.

Agriculture in Russia- a set of interrelated industries specializing mainly in the production of raw materials for food, processing industry. Some of the branches of agriculture produce products that are ready for consumption, further processing of which is not required in all cases. For example, these are the products of vegetable growing, horticulture, and dairy farming.

Agricultural goods are also in demand from a number of other industries that are not directly or indirectly related to food production. For example, agricultural products are actively used in the pharmaceutical, textile, and footwear industries. Some types of agricultural raw materials serve as the basis for the production of biofuels.

Agriculture in Russia is part of a larger intersectoral association - the agro-industrial complex (AIC), and is its key link. In addition to agriculture, the sectors of the agro-industrial complex include:

• food and processing industries;
• industries that provide agriculture with the means of production and material resources (for example, agricultural engineering industries, fertilizer and agricultural chemistry industries);
• infrastructure industries - a number of industries serving the above-mentioned agro-industrial complex sectors (logistics services, financial services, training of qualified personnel, etc.).

A set of measures for state regulation of the branches of the agro-industrial complex can also be considered as a separate link in the agro-industrial complex. In recent years, it is the state regulation of the agro-industrial complex that has led to a steady increase in the production of most types of agricultural products, products of the food and processing industries in Russia.

Branches of agriculture in Russia

Agriculture in Russia, being part of a larger inter-industry association (AIC), in turn, is also divided into a number of industries:

Branches of crop production: industries for growing grain (wheat, barley, corn, rye, oats, rice, rye, triticale, millet, sorghum), legumes (peas, lentils, chickpeas, beans), oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans, rapeseed, camelina and etc.), potatoes and vegetables (onions, carrots, cabbage, beets, peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers, marrows, eggplants, radishes, turnips, other vegetables), fruits, forage grasses, industrial crops (such as cotton, hemp) and medicinal plants.

Livestock industries: branches of pig breeding, egg and meat poultry farming, dairy and beef cattle breeding (breeding of cattle dairy and meat breeds), goat and sheep breeding, rabbit breeding, horse breeding, reindeer breeding, beekeeping.

Structure of agricultural production by sectors

The shares of crop and livestock industries in the total value of agricultural products in Russia are at approximately the same levels. According to the preliminary results of 2015, the share of crop production was at the level of 52.3% (2,637 billion rubles), the share of animal husbandry was 47.7% (2,400 billion rubles).

Agriculture in Russia - Regional Analysis

Leading regions in the production of agricultural products in Russia (TOP-10 in 2015): Krasnodar Territory, Rostov Region, Belgorod Region, Republic of Tatarstan, Voronezh Region, Stavropol Territory, Republic of Bashkortostan, Altai Territory, Volgograd Region and Tambov Region. In 2015, these regions accounted for 38.0% of all agricultural production in value terms.

Volume of agricultural production

Agriculture is one of the few sectors of the real sector of the economy that shows steady growth even in times of crisis.

It is worth noting that it is the crisis phenomena accompanied by the devaluation of the ruble, although they have some negative impact on the industry (rising prices for imported machinery and equipment, seeds for sowing, breeding stock), in general, contribute to the increase in agricultural production.

First, the weakening of the national currency leads to an increase in the cost of imported products in the domestic market, as a result of which import substitution is carried out in the market of agricultural raw materials and food.

Secondly, devaluation contributes to the growth of the competitiveness of Russian goods on world markets. Increasing the volume of external shipments stimulates the investment attractiveness of domestic production.

Example 1 The economic crisis of 1998, which was accompanied by a default, led to a significant increase in the cost of imported products in the domestic market, which increased the investment attractiveness of a number of agricultural sectors. Thus, since 1998 there has been a steady increase in the production of poultry meat. By 1997, the volume of poultry meat production in the Russian Federation fell to a minimum of 0.6 million tons in carcass weight (in 1991 it was about 1.8 million tons). The volume of imports exceeded 1.4 million tons. Already in 2004, in the conditions of growing investments in poultry farming, production volumes recovered to 1 million tons, imports decreased to 1.1 million tons. State regulation import of meat (quotas), the launch of the PNP "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex", the implementation of state programs for the development of agriculture, as well as the economic crises of 2008 (in 2009, compared to 2008, imports of poultry meat to the Russian Federation fell by 238 thousand tons), 2014-2015, contributed to further growth in production. In 2015, production reached 4.5 million tons, imports fell to less than 0.3 million tons, poultry meat exports from Russia exceeded 60 thousand tons.

Example 2 The weakening of the ruble in 2015 led to a drop in the supply of vegetables to the Russian Federation. The total import of the main types of vegetables (tomatoes, onions, cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, sweet peppers, garlic, radishes, zucchini, eggplant, table beets) in 2015 decreased compared to 2014 by 30.8% or by 636 .7 thousand tons and amounted to 1432.0 thousand tons (volumes are presented without taking into account data on trade with Belarus and Kazakhstan). At the same time, the volume of production of open and protected ground vegetables in 2015 in the industrial sector of vegetable growing (agricultural organizations and farms households) amounted to 5,275.6 thousand tons, which is 13.3% or 620.5 thousand tons more than in 2014.

Example 3 The devaluation of the ruble in 2015 increased the export supplies of Russian grain by foreign markets. Thus, the export of corn increased by 5.7% to 3,677.1 thousand tons, the export of barley increased by 31.2% to 5,258.4 thousand tons. There was no increase in wheat exports due to increased export duties.

Agricultural production in Russia at actual prices. The volume of agricultural production in all categories of Russian farms, according to preliminary data from Rosstat (analysis of data as of February 21, 2016), in 2015 in actual prices amounted to 5,037 billion rubles, which is 16.6% more than in 2014 year. For 5 years, in relation to 2010, the indicators increased by 94.7%, for 10 years - more than 3.6 times.

The increase in production is carried out mainly due to the industrial segment - agricultural organizations and peasant farms. The increase in volumes on the part of households is not so significant.

The production of agricultural products in the industrial segment in 2015 amounted to 3,103 billion rubles. Over the year, the indicators increased by 20.8%, over 5 years - by 132.0%, over 10 years - by 4.4 times.

Household households in 2015 produced agricultural products worth 1,934 billion rubles. Over the year, the indicators increased by 10.5% (below the inflation rate), over 5 years - by 54.7%, over 10 years - 2.8 times.

Agricultural production in Russia in 2015 prices. The agriculture of Russia in 2015, in relation to 2014, in 2015 prices shows an increase in indicators in value terms by 3.3%, while in the industrial sector the increase in the cost of manufactured products amounted to 7.0%, in the households there is a slight decrease - by 2.1%. Over 5 years, the total value of agricultural products in 2015 prices increased by 28.6%, over 10 years - by 47.4%. At the same time, in agricultural organizations and peasant farms over 5 years, the increase was 53.3%, over 10 years - 79.2%.

In the households of the population, a steady increase in indicators is not observed. The value of the products produced here reached the highest marks in 2011. Since then, figures in 2015 prices have declined by 5.0%.

The share of agriculture in Russia's GDP

Gross domestic product (GDP) in 2015, according to preliminary data from Rosstat, amounted to 80,412.5 billion rubles. The share of the value of agricultural products produced (in all categories of farms) in the total GDP in 2015, according to the calculations of AB-Center, was at the level of 6.3%. In relation to 2014, it changed towards an increase of 0.8 percentage points.

Prospects for the development of agriculture in Russia

Agriculture- industry of strategic importance, the development of which is aimed not only at obtaining commercial profit, but also at ensuring Food and National Security.

By 2015, the indicators of food independence prescribed in the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation are provided for almost all types of agricultural products. However, another equally important indicator - the economic availability of food for the population has not yet been fully achieved.

Main article - Food security

In most developed countries, the share of food expenditures in the family budget is at the level of 10-20%. As of 2014, in the US, according to the USDA, it was 6.5%, in the UK - 8.7%, in Switzerland - 8.9%, in Canada - 9.3%, in Australia - 9.9% , in Austria - 10.0%, in Germany - 10.6%, in Norway - 12.3%, in Japan - 13.5%, in France - 13.6%, in Italy - 14.2%, in Spain - 14.5%, Brazil - 15.6%, Uruguay - 18.3%, South Africa - 19.1%, Venezuela - 19.8%, Turkey - 21.6%, China - 25.5%, in India - 29.0%. In Russia, the share of household spending on food in the total family budget amounted to 29.4%.

On the whole, Russia's agriculture has emerged from a systemic crisis and has gone from complete decline in the mid-1990s. before reaching the first positions in the world in a number of indicators by 2015. At present, agriculture is one of the most investment-attractive sectors of the real sector of the Russian economy.

In the previous decade (2005-2015) there was an import substitution of a number of food products(primarily meat), as well as strengthening the export potential in the market of grain, oilseeds, oilseed products.

Import substitution in agriculture

Import substitution for most types of agricultural products has been generally achieved. In 2015, for the first time, the minimum food independence threshold for meat was exceeded. According to the Doctrine of Food Security of the Russian Federation, the self-sufficiency of the Russian Federation in meat should be at least 85%. In 2014, Russia's self-sufficiency in meat of all kinds, according to the calculations of the Expert and Analytical Center for Agribusiness "AB-Center", amounted to 84.8%, in 2015 it reached 89.7%. 10 years ago, the figures were 60.7%.

However, in 2014-2015 there is a decrease in consumption volumes (from 76.0 kg in 2013 to 72.2 kg in 2015), which is due both to a slight decrease in the real disposable income of the population, and to the fact that the volume of production growth is somewhat lower than the volume of import decline.

Against the background of a decrease in the volume of meat consumption in general, the consumption of poultry meat is growing. In 2015, per capita consumption reached 31.1 kg against 31.3 kg in 2014, 24.6 kg in 2010, and 18.9 kg in 2005. The increase in consumption was accompanied by a weakening of producer prices for this species meat. In actual prices, there was an increase, but the increase in prices was significantly below the level of inflation.

There is a rather high dependence on imports in the vegetable market, especially in the off-season. In 2014-2016 there is a high investment activity in the vegetable growing industry. A number of projects for the construction of vegetable stores and winter greenhouses have been announced. It is expected that by 2018, in general, the country will be provided with the main types of vegetables of its own production.

The most difficult is the process of import substitution in the market of seeds for sowing (seed potatoes high degree reproductions, elite seeds of vegetables, corn, sunflower), purebred breeding stock.

Export of agricultural products

The key driver for the development of Russian agriculture in the long term is transition from import substitution to export-oriented production. The saturation of the domestic market contributes to the weakening of prices and increases the competitiveness of goods in world markets. The transition to an export-oriented production of goods is currently observed in the most problematic products earlier in terms of dependence on imports. In 2015, the volume of exports of meat and offal from Russia reached 83.7 thousand tons, which is 6.3% more than in 2014. For 5 years the volumes have increased by 4.5 times. This is mainly poultry meat and pork offal - the most competitive types of meat Russian production on the world market in terms of price.

As for grain, the problem of food dependence does not stand here. Russia, on the contrary, is one of the key exporters. In 2015, exports of all types of grain exceeded 30 million tons worth US$5.5 billion. Wheat, barley and corn are exported in the largest volumes. The increase in export volumes is facilitated by the growth of world demand, the development of logistics infrastructure, and the increase in fees in the Russian Federation.

The devaluation of the ruble in 2015 also contributed to the increase in export volumes, however, in terms of value in US dollars, the figures decreased.

Russia is also one of the leading suppliers of vegetable oils, oilseed meals to the world market, which is facilitated by both the growth in oilseed harvests and the development of the primary processing industry.

The export of sunflower oil from the Russian Federation in 2015, excluding supplies to the countries of the Customs Union of the EAEU, reached 1,237 thousand tons in the amount of 1,007 million US dollars, the export of rapeseed oil amounted to 263 thousand tons in the amount of 188.9 million US dollars, export soybean oil exceeded 432 thousand tons with a total value of 301 million US dollars.

Export of sunflower meal in 2015 amounted to 1,246 thousand tons for the amount of 251 million US dollars, soybean meal - Export of soybean meal reached 421 thousand tons for the amount of 199 million US dollars, rapeseed cake - 222 thousand tons for the amount of 53 million US dollars.

Russian goods in the face of growing global demand will be increasingly in demand. world trade wheat for 10 years (from 2004 to 2014) increased from 98.1 million tons to 175.4 million tons, barley - from 23.1 to 33.6 million tons, corn - from 90.6 to 141.9 million tons, sunflower oil - from 3.7 to 10.5 million tons.

Russia is one of the few countries in the world where there are significant reserves of land for expanding agricultural production. In addition, there is a significant backlog of intensive development, since in many respects (for example, milk yield per cow, crop yield per unit area), the agriculture of the Russian Federation still lags far behind countries with high-intensity farming (EU countries, Canada, USA) . In the context of a steady growth in the population of the Earth and an increase in demand for food in the world, the role of agriculture in the country's economy will increase.

agricultural production

"...1. For the purposes of this federal law agricultural production is a set of species economic activity for the cultivation, production and processing of agricultural products, raw materials and food, respectively, including the provision of relevant services ... "

Source:

Federal Law No. 264-FZ of December 29, 2006 (as amended on February 28, 2012) "On the Development of Agriculture"

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .

See what "Agricultural production" is in other dictionaries:

agricultural production- — EN agricultural production Topics security environment EN agricultural production DE Agrarproduktion FR production… …

commercial agricultural production

commercial agricultural production- prekinė žemės ūkio gamyba statusas Aprobuotas sritis žemės ūkio veikla apibrėžtis Veikla, kurios tikslas – gaminti rinkai augalininkystės ir (arba) gyvulininkystės produktus, išvardytused Sutarties dėirma ėl Europos Siki… Lithuanian dictionary (lietuvių žodynas)

Production- Production: In an economic sense, the process of creating different types of economic product. The concept of production characterizes a specifically human type of exchange of substances with nature, or, more precisely, the process of active transformation ... Wikipedia

farm animal- A domestic animal intended for slaughter for the purpose of use for food, medical, fodder, technical purposes or for the production of products light industry. [GOST R 52427 2005] Topics for the production of meat products ... Technical Translator's Handbook

PRODUCTION- PRODUCTION, a, cf. 1. see produce. 2. The social process of creating material wealth, covering both the productive forces of society and the production relations of people. Commodity item. Growth, decline in production. 3. Manufacturing, production, ... ... Dictionary Ozhegov

Agricultural engineering- the branch of mechanical engineering (See Mechanical Engineering), which carries out the technical re-equipment of agriculture (See Agriculture). the main task With. m. to provide complex mechanization with. X. production, i.e., the use of machines is not ... ...

Agricultural education- a system for training specialists of higher and secondary qualifications and skilled workers, as well as scientific and pedagogical personnel for agriculture. In pre-revolutionary Russia, the beginning of S. o. as a special branch of education ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

production- a; cf. 1. to Produce produce (1 2, 5 digits). P. construction and repair work. P. preliminary investigation. P. steel. P. goods consumer goods. P. to the majors. Means of production (a set of means and objects of labor, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Production- in the economic sense, the process of creation by human labor of economic goods or objects that serve to satisfy human needs. Some economists refer to P. the creation of some material goods, others also the creation and ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

• Williams V. R. Selected works. Volume 2, V.R. Williams. The second volume of the Selected Works of Academician Vasily Robertovich Williams presents a collection of his scientific articles on the grass field system of agriculture for the period from 1921 to 1939. These ... Buy for 2643 rubles
• Formation of the agrarian labor market of foreign labor force, A.V. Kozlov. The involvement of foreign labor in agricultural production has become a noticeable phenomenon in the agrarian economy. In fact, a new sector has appeared in the rural labor market. In the monograph...

Definition 1

Agricultural production is a set of economic activities in the field of cultivation, production and processing of agricultural products.

Features of agricultural production

Agriculture, being separate industry economy, plays an important role in the development of the country's economy. Agricultural products are not only end-use products, but also raw materials for processing in the industrial sector.

The main features of agricultural production include:

• Pronounced seasonality of work, which is reflected in the uneven use of various agricultural machinery, raw materials for processing (seeds, fertilizers), labor resources, and this becomes the reason for the formation of huge stocks of finished products at a time;
• Agriculture depends on natural and climatic conditions;
• The main means of production is land, the productivity of which cannot be calculated with accuracy and can change under human influence;
• Application in the production of living organisms, whose life proceeds under the influence of both economic and biological factors;
• Use of specific performance indicators, such as: livestock productivity, crop yields, etc.;
• Most of the indicators are probabilistically dependent, for example, the yield depends on the amount of fertilizer applied.

The total agricultural production includes crop production and livestock production.

Agricultural products do not include the results of processing raw agricultural products (flour, cheese, vegetable oil, etc.), however, they can be produced in agricultural enterprises. Also, agricultural products do not include the cultivation of forest trees, the collection of wild berries and fruits.

According to the degree of readiness, finished agricultural products and work in progress are distinguished. The first can be realized or used in the economy itself. And work in progress is production, the costs of which did not allow to produce products in the current year, but in the future the products will be received.

Plant products should include:

• Gross harvest of potatoes, grain crops, industrial, fodder and other agricultural crops, as well as seeds;
• Products obtained from perennial plantations.

Livestock products include:

• Products that are obtained by growing and economic use farm animals;
• Products that are obtained from the cultivation of pigs, birds, cattle;
• Fish farming products;
• Beekeeping products.

The volume of production in raising livestock in physical terms is equal to the live weight obtained per year of offspring, due to the growth of young animals, due to the gain in livestock for fattening.

It should be noted that natural indicators are always translated into monetary ones. To assess the change in the physical volume of production, the calculation is carried out both in current and in comparable prices.

In agricultural organizations, the volume of production is calculated using the gross turnover method. A feature of the calculation is that the internal turnover of the enterprise is added to the calculation of the total volume of production.

Specifics of accounting in agricultural production

Agricultural production differs from other industries in a number of features, which causes originality in accounting.

The specificity lies primarily in the fact that manufacturing process associated with living organisms and the earth, as well as with plants that act as objects of labor.

As the productive forces develop, the means of production change qualitatively and quantitatively increase. Less perfect and productive means of production are being replaced by new ones. Land in agriculture is the most important means of production, and it is not possible to replace it with any other. At the same time, the limited size of the land does not mean at all that its productive forces are limited, on the contrary, with the development of scientific and technical progress, they are constantly growing.

In order to control the level of production costs in the agricultural industry, in addition to the planned and actual, the expected cost is calculated. expected cost, and financial results are determined as of October 1, based on data on actual costs and products received over the past 9 months.

Accounting for animals also has its own characteristics, which are taken into account both in the main and in working capital Oh. For example, a dairy cow herd is accounted for as part of fixed assets, partially replenished at the expense of young animals that are grown on their own farm. This feature necessitates the reflection in accounting of the transition from working capital to fixed assets.

Agricultural production in Russia

The development of new territories in Russia in the 21st century has made it possible to increase the area under crops. Back in the 1980s, with the use of the necessary technical equipment, agriculture increased significantly. However, in the 1990s, due to the crisis, the industry experienced a decline.

In recent years, the Russian government has given great attention agriculture and the agro-industrial complex. As a result, the export of agricultural products has increased. Today, Russia ranks first in the export of wheat. In 2014, the volume of exports of agricultural products amounted to about 18.9 billion dollars, but in 2016, against the background of world economic events, it decreased to 17 billion dollars.

Remark 1

10% of all the world's arable land is concentrated in Russia, with 4/5 of the land in the Urals, the North Caucasus, the Central Volga region and Western Siberia.