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From right choice materials depends not only on the cost of production, but whether it reaches the buyer at all, because the sanitation station strictly evaluates not only compliance with technological process and the quality of the raw material base.

What are plastic utensils made of?

There are two options:

1. granulate- translucent plastic granules of polystyrene or polypropylene, 3-4 mm in diameter.

Manufacturers and sellers:

• Kuskovsky chemical plant,
• Guryev chemical plant,
• OOO Tomskneftekhim,
• CJSC "Khimpek"
• CJSC PETROPLAST,
• LLC "Polymeria"
• LLC "Polymercapital"
• LLC Boom Polymerov,
• OOO "Aglomer"
• "Maxiprom" LLC,
• LLC "Contact PKF",
• Panplast LLC,
• Interplast Group LLC
• and etc.

2. Polymer tapes made of polystyrene or polypropylene, packed in ready-to-use rolls.

You can buy polymer tapes from domestic enterprises:

• Moscow refinery,
• JSC "Belplast",
• Vladimir Plant of Film Materials,
• CJSC Stirolplast,
• CJSC "Georg Polymer",
• CJSC Alkor,
• LLC "Package of Offers",
• LLC NPP "Simplex",
• Folimpeks LLC,
• LLC «Lion Group»
• and etc.

Certification according to GOSTs

Plastic tableware is certified as a food contact product, so only primary plastic is suitable as a raw material base for its production. That is, the option of raw materials made from recycled "plastic waste" - used bottles, packaging, cups cannot be considered even as a temporary alternative.

It is allowed to use only polymer waste (film scraps) of own production, crushed into special apparatus- crusher.

Film for the production of plastic utensils must be certified according to GOST 12998-85, 26996-86, 10354-82; granules - comply with GOST 26996-86.

The secret of signs: labeling disposable tableware

For sorting polymer products, an international marking was developed - a triangle of arrows with a number inside. Next to the number (or under the triangle), the letter code of the plastic used in the manufacture of the product must be indicated.

To obtain a quality certificate, the finished product must comply with the norms of sanitary and epidemiological rules GN 2.3.4.972-00 "Maximum permissible amounts of chemicals released from materials in contact with food."

Myths and reality of the harm of plastic utensils

Of course, it is difficult to call useful products made by the chemical industry. But are there so many completely natural and environmentally friendly products in our everyday life? The real danger of plastic is its misuse.

Safety regulations:

• Do not store food in plastic packaging for a long time.
• You should carefully study the marking: polystyrene products are not intended for hot drinks and use in the microwave.
• For children's dishes, the best option is a transparent base and colorful pictures on the outside.
• The brighter the color, the more dye (melanin) in the material, which can cause allergic reactions. Therefore, white or transparent dishes are suitable for everyday use.

And the most popular mistake of our compatriots - reuse plastic products to save money. Such dishes are not intended for washing: plastic layers can decompose under the influence of cleaning agents, oxidize and form carcinogens.

AT recent times an increasing number of items used in everyday life are made of polymer and similar materials. This and most of kitchen utensils, and all kinds of containers, and utensils, and disposable packaging for food products.

Every year the volume and range of materials and products from them intended for contact with food products is increasing. Of course, the quality of these materials affects the safety of products. A lot has a significant impact on the safety of trays and plates that come into contact with what we eat: material production technologies, basic raw materials and its components, conditions for using the finished product, terms and conditions of storage, etc.

The outstripping growth rates of consumption of polymeric materials in comparison with many others are due to the unique set of properties of synthetic and natural polymers and products made from them.

Most often, plastic utensils are made from the following materials:

• polystyrene (marking PS, with the possibility of application up to a temperature of 70 ° C), disposable tableware polystyrene is more fragile and is intended mainly for cold food and drinks;
• polypropylene (PP marking with the possibility of using up to a temperature of 110 ° C), such dishes can be used for hot dishes and drinks, including soups

• polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, regenerated cellulose (cellophane), polyesters, polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, etc., which often contain non-polymeric components such as foil, paper, fabric.

Hygienic assessment of materials and products in contact with food products is carried out in accordance with the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On the safety of packaging" Decision of the Customs Union of August 16, 2011 N 769 "On the adoption of TR TS "On safety of packaging" (together with "TR TS 005 /2011. Technical regulations of the Customs Union. On the safety of packaging").

To determine the possibility of contact of the polymeric material with a specific food product, sanitary-hygienic and toxicological studies are carried out. Their goal is to identify chemicals and their quantities that can pass into food, drinks. The choice of priority contaminants in what we eat, and methods for their analysis, is determined by the formulation of the polymer composition and the properties of its ingredients.

What should you pay attention to when purchasing plastic containers or utensils?

- marking indicates the material from which the products are made, under what conditions, at what temperature, these containers should be used. Containers that can be used for food contact display a fork or shot glass icon.

In general world practice, the following designations are used:

PET or PETE- polyethylene terephthalate. Used for the manufacture of packaging (bottles, boxes, cans, etc.) for bottling soft drinks, juices, water. Also, this material can be found in packages for various kinds of powders, bulk food products.

HDPE (HDPE)- low pressure high density polyethylene. Used for the manufacture of articles in contact with food, for the manufacture of toys. Considered safe for food use.

PVC or PVC- polyvinyl chloride. Used for pipes, tubes, garden furniture, flooring, window profiles, blinds, bottles detergents and oilcloths. The material is potentially hazardous for food use.

LDPE (LDPE)- low density polyethylene high pressure. Used in production plastic bags, flexible plastic packaging and for the manufacture of products approved for the packaging and sealing of medicines.

PP- polypropylene. Used in the automotive industry, in the manufacture of toys, as well as in Food Industry, mainly in the manufacture of packaging. Polypropylene withstands high temperatures, so the dishes can be used for hot food and drinks. Contact with alcohol is possible, but not desirable.

PS- polystyrene. Used in the manufacture of building insulation boards, food packaging, cutlery and cups, CD boxes and other packaging ( cling film and foam), toys, utensils, pens, and so on.
Polystyrene utensils are suitable exclusively for cold foods and soft drinks, because when heated or in contact with hot, it releases styrene, a highly toxic substance. Under no circumstances should polystyrene containers be used for hot food, hot drinks, for heating food in a microwave oven, or as containers for alcoholic beverages.

OTHER or O- others. This group includes any other plastic that cannot be included in the previous groups, is not toxic to environment.

- smell - high-quality plastic dishes will not have any smell;

- dye - must be durable and not washed off when in contact with water and detergents;

Plastic utensils have their own shelf life. The higher it is, the safer the material from which it is made. You can find out the expiration dates from the seller, who is obliged to provide a certificate for the products.

- tightness. The container should allow as little air as possible inside, it is from contact with air that most products deteriorate, even if they are stored in the refrigerator.

- information, offered to the buyer together with the goods, in without fail must contain information about the name of the product and the manufacturer, the location of the manufacturer, the main consumer properties of the product, the rules and conditions for the efficient and safe use of dishes;

- an important factor when buying any cookware is price- cheap plastic tableware may be made of low-quality materials hazardous to health.

Also, pay attention to frost resistance of containers and resistance to temperature differences. Many modern products tolerate temperatures quite comfortably, with an amplitude from minus forty to plus one hundred and forty. And at the same time, you can use them both in the freezer and in the microwave. Plastic utensils that can withstand such a temperature variation have the terms Duroplast and Thermoplast in their marking, which indicates its strength and the absence of deformation from temperature changes.

Disposable tableware should be disposed of immediately after the first use!

• With prolonged use, disposable tableware, especially made of plastic, begins to release harmful substances into food.
• Often used in everyday life plastic bottles. It is possible to reuse this type of container if the term PET is included in the marking, allowing this to be done. But if you see a three in a triangle or the term PVC in front of you, it’s better not to risk it and just throw away such a bottle.
• In dishes made from the substance "melamine", an increased content of formaldehyde is determined. This type of dish is dangerous.

Be careful when purchasing plastic products that come into contact with food, use them only for their intended purpose, take into account the points of storage and care.

Polyolefins(polyethylenes of various densities, polypropylene, modified grades of these polymers) are the most economical and widely used synthetic polymeric materials in the food industry. They are obtained by polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons of the olefin class. Of the additives, only stabilizers, antioxidants and dyes are usually used. Heat resistance 110-150°, frost resistance from -15 to -75°. The physiological safety of these materials has been proven. Because of the potential for odors to develop as the ambient temperature rises, polyolefin utensils are primarily intended for contact with cold foodstuffs.

PVC(vinyplast, plastic compounds), copolymers of vinyl chloride, polymers of the vinyl series are obtained by polymerizing vinyl chloride and introducing various additives (stabilizers, plasticizers, fillers, dyes) into the finished polymer. Heat resistance about 65°, frost resistance -10°. Hygienically limiting is the possibility of migration of toxic additives and monomers from the polymer composition.

With an appropriate selection of additives, the use of polyvinyl chloride in the food industry is not objectionable for packaging cold food products.

Polystyrenes(conventional polystyrenes, high-impact, copolymers) are obtained by polymerization of styrene. Impact-resistant plastics are a mixture of polystyrene with rubber, which increases the mechanical strength of the material. Heat resistance does not exceed 80°. The use of polystyrenes for food contact is limited mainly by the migration of the styrene monomer.

Polycarbonate(diflon) is obtained by polycondensation of monomers - diphenylpropane and acid chloride carbonic acid. Plastic usually does not contain additives. Heat resistance 125-140°. The possibility of using polycarbonate dishes is determined by the migration of diphenylpropane, the magnitude of which is small. From a hygienic point of view, polycarbonate is one of the most promising polymeric materials for the manufacture of a variety of food utensils.

Aminos(melalite) - pressed materials based on urea - or melamine-formaldehyde resins. The composition of aminoplasts includes fillers (wood and cotton cellulose, asbestos), dyes and lubricants. Heat resistance 100-120°. Currently, melalite utensils are only allowed for serving aircraft passengers. The widespread use of tableware made from this material is limited by the migration of formaldehyde.

Although other types of polymeric materials are used in the food industry, they are of limited use for the manufacture of dishes.

Many people know that you can return the product within fourteen days from the date of purchase, if it was not in use and the presentation is preserved. However, there are some difficulties with regard to plates and sets of dishes. Buyers continually encounter violations of consumer rights and inform us that the seller does not accept the dishes back, justifying their refusal by the fact that the dishes are included in the list of goods of good quality that cannot be exchanged or returned. Let's see if the seller's actions are legal and whether it is really impossible to return plates and other utensils back to the store within 14 days from the date of purchase.

In what cases can I return the dishes to the store?

To begin with, we will analyze the general conditions for the return of goods of good quality. To terminate the contract of sale and return Money for the purchased dishes, you must comply with the following conditions:

1. No more than 14 calendar days have passed since the purchase.
2. You have kept the presentation of the dishes (didn’t tear off the labels, stickers, didn’t throw them away and didn’t spoil the packaging).
3. You have not used the utensils, and they have no traces of use.
4. The seller, at the time of refusal to purchase, does not have other dishes that would suit you in size, shape, dimensions, style or color.
5. Purchased crockery is not included in the List non-food items of good quality, not subject to return or exchange, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 55 of 01.1998. (hereinafter - the List).

If, as a rule, there are no problems with the first four points, then it is difficult to determine whether the dishes are non-returnable goods.

Clause 6 of the List specifies products and materials that are wholly or partially made of polymeric materials and come into contact with food (tableware and tableware and kitchen utensils, containers and packaging materials for storing and transporting food products, including those for single use).

Literal interpretation of paragraph 6 of the said List allows us to conclude that dishes made entirely or partially from polymeric materials cannot be returned or exchanged. That is, if the dishes are made of polymeric materials, then they cannot be returned or exchanged. If, however, polymeric materials were not used in the manufacture of dishes, then the seller is not entitled to refuse to satisfy the requirements of the consumer only by referring to clause 6 of the List.

What about polymeric materials?

There are a wide variety of polymeric materials. There are both natural polymers (such as rubber) and synthetic ones. You can understand that polymeric materials are used in the composition by the name of the substances used. If the word begins with the prefix "poly-", then you have the same polymer. For example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrenes, polyvinyl acetate, etc. All of them have the prefix “poly-” and refer to polymeric substances. However, basic knowledge chemical properties certain materials are good, but the link to legal act still better.

Unfortunately, there is no normatively established list of polymeric materials. But at the same time, the list of polymeric materials is contained in the Table of Sanitary and Hygienic Safety Indicators and the standards for substances released from packaging in contact with food products, approved by the Decision of the Commission of the Customs Union of 16.08.2011. No. 769. The table includes:

1. Polymeric materials and plastics based on them;
2. Paraffins and waxes
3. Paper, cardboard, parchment, subparchment
4. Glass
5. Ceramics
6. Faience and porcelain

Glass, ceramics, faience and porcelain are included in this Table separately from polymeric materials, which allows one to reasonably conclude that these materials do not belong to polymeric substances. The Customs Union Commission singled them out as individual groups, without even combining them, which indicates completely different characteristics of these materials.

But we are interested in polymeric materials. In accordance with the Decision of the Commission of the Customs Union of 16.08.2011. No. 769 these include:

1. Polyethylene (LDPE, HDPE), polypropylene, propylene-ethylene copolymers, polybutylene, polyisobutylene, polyolefin composites
2. Polystyrene plastics: Block polystyrene, shock-resistant; Copolymer of styrene with acrylonitrile; ABS plastics (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastics); Copolymer of styrene with methyl methacrylate; Copolymer of styrene with methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile; Copolymer of styrene with alpha-methylstyrene; Copolymers of styrene with butadiene; Expanded polystyrenes
3. Polyvinyl chloride plastics
4. Polymers based on vinyl acetate and its derivatives: polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, copolymer dispersion of vinyl acetate with dibutyl maleate
5. Polyacrylates
6. Polyorganosilaxanes (silicones)
7. Polyamides: Polyamide 6 (polycaproamide, capron); Polyamide 66 (polyhexamethylene adipamide, nylon); Polyamide 610 (polyhexamethylene sebacinamide)
8. Polyurethanes
9. Polyesters: Polyethylene oxide; Polypropylene oxide; Polytetra-methylene oxide; polyphenylene oxide; Polyethylene terephthalate and copolymers based on terephthalic acid; Polycarbonate; Polysulfone; polyphenylene sulfide; Polymers when used as a binder are used: Phenol-formaldehyde resins, organosilicon resins, Epoxy resins.
10. Fluoroplasts: Fluoroplast-3 Fluoroplast-4, teflon
11. Plastics based on phenol-formaldehyde resins (phenolic plastics)
12. polyformaldehyde
13. Aminoplasts (urea- and melamine-formaldehyde)
14. Polymer materials based on epoxy resins
15. Ionomeric resins, incl. serlin
16. Cellulose
17. Ether cellulose plastics (etrols)
18. Collagen (biopolymer)
19. Rubber and rubber-plastic materials (gaskets, can seals, canning lid seals, etc.)

If the above polymeric materials were used in the manufacture of dishes, then it will not be possible to return it to the seller.

Can glassware be returned to the store?

Glass is of both organic and mineral origin. Organic glass is a polymeric material. Mineral glass, which is most often used in the manufacture of dishes, does not apply to polymeric materials. For example, Luminarc tableware is made of tempered mineral glass. Such dishes can be returned to the store without any problems, subject to the obligatory observance by the buyer general conditions return of goods of good quality.

Can I return ceramic, porcelain and faience dishes back to the store?

As we have already found out, ceramics, porcelain and faience do not belong to polymeric materials. Therefore, the return of such dishes is possible and the seller is not entitled to refuse to return the money or exchange for another product, referring to clause 6 of the List.

Can I return pots and other stainless steel utensils to the store?

Stainless steel is not a polymer. Therefore, stainless steel utensils can also be returned to the seller, but with the obligatory observance of the general grounds for the return of goods of good quality.

Can I return the frying pan to the store?

But here everything is ambiguous. Modern frying pans are made using various materials. Therefore, it is quite logical that some new fashionable non-stick coating can be created on the basis of polymeric materials.

But we can definitely say for sure that Teflon pans cannot be returned or exchanged. Teflon is a polymer, and it is specified in the Decision of the Customs Union Commission dated 16.08.2011. No. 769 as a polymer material.

To understand if your frying pan uses polymer materials, we advise you to study the accompanying information for it or contact the manufacturer directly for additional clarification. If the pan is made without the use of polymeric materials, then it can be returned to the seller without any problems and demand a refund or exchange for another product.

How is the judicial practice on the return of dishes made of non-polymer materials?

In preparing this article, we analyzed many court decisions of both the courts of first instance and the courts of appeal and cassation. And we can only say one thing: everything is bad. Judges either can't read or have trouble interpreting the law literally.

For example, the Moscow City Court in the Appeal ruling dated 10.09.2015. in case No. 33-32517 / 2015, refused the buyer to satisfy the claims for the return of the set of dishes "INOXIA", referring to the fact that the specified set of dishes falls under clause 6 of the List. In addition, the court substantiated its position by the fact that the buyer had been warned that the INOXIA utensil set was a product in contact with food.

Did the Moscow City Court evaluate the set of dishes in terms of whether polymeric materials were used in its manufacture? Unfortunately no. The violated consumer rights have not been restored.

There are others judgments when the satisfaction of consumer rights is denied, but without reference to clause 6 of the List, although they ask to terminate the contract and return the money for the purchased dishes. But the refusal is made for the reason that consumers are guided by the wrong tactics of protecting their violated rights and themselves contribute to the fact that their requirements are subsequently denied. We will not evaluate such solutions in this article. This is a topic for a separate article.

Are there court decisions where courts take into account what the dishes are made of?

Yes, there are such solutions. For example, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in its Resolution of December 30, 2015 N 309-AD15-16762 in case N A71-4624 / 2015 declared illegal the seller's refusal to satisfy the buyer's requirements for a refund for a Taller TR-1047 stainless steel cookware set. When referring to clause 6 of the List, the court took into account that utensils made of polymeric materials are not subject to return, and utensils made of stainless steel are not subject to the List.

Summing up the above, we would like to additionally note that the satisfaction of consumer requirements directly depends on how correctly the buyer exercises his rights in the pre-trial procedure, as well as what method of protection will be used in court. If you do not know how to properly protect your rights, then contact our lawyers for preparation of a refund for purchased dishes of good quality, or for drafting consumer protection. We will be happy to help you!

Laboratory plastic glassware has an anti-adhesive and hydrophobic surface. It is also extremely chemically resistant both to very concentrated or dilute alkalis and acids, and to aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Laboratory glassware made of polypropylene guarantees consistently high resistance to the bulk of halogen-substituted hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, and in addition to ethers and ethers, ketones, including in case of interaction with them for 1 month. Temperature regime work is in the range from "-10" to "+135" degrees Celsius. Can be sterilized with steam (for 20 minutes at °t "+121" degrees Celsius), gas (ethylene oxide) and ethanol or formalin. Thanks to laboratory glassware made of plastic, it is possible to perform hot filtration without preheating the filter funnels.

Using containers (for urine, containers general purpose, containers, sterile and non-sterile) of plastic, medical institutions were able to increase the productivity of laboratories and were able to ensure greater safety for both medical staff and patients. Cassettes, rings, forms (histological, biopsy) produced for manual marking, subsequent filling and transportation of the studied tissues and preparations also greatly facilitated the life of medical laboratories.

An important device that is used in microbiology and biotechnology for the purpose of dosing liquids during serological and bacteriological experiments is the Pasteur pipette. Disposable transfer pipettes (Pasteur) are in great demand, they are convenient and safe to use, used for transportation and storage of biological materials.

Plastic pipettes are used to solve many problems in the field of medicine or chemistry. And serological plastic pipettes are just one of the many plastic creations that are hard to do without these days. By the way, plastic serological pipettes Jet Biofil are considered the most popular.

Piston pipetators (devices for working with pipettes), designed for convenient and, most importantly, safe filling of pipettes of all types and other manipulations with them, are also made of plastic. The design of the device resembles the device of a syringe, the filling of the pipette attached to it occurs due to the vacuum in the working cylinder when the piston rises.

Disposable Petri dishes (sterile) are gradually replacing their glass predecessors from microbiological laboratories. A spatula-spoon, wide or narrow, is much more convenient if it is made of plastic. The same can be said about serological tablets, for example, for determining the blood type, or about cups for analyzers and tips for dispensers, universal.

A separate discussion deserves a variety of plastic containers. They are light, easy to use and do not break. For example, wash bottles are bottles with a tightly screwed cap made of soft polyethylene, into which a special cannula is mounted, with which you can get a thin and sharp stream of liquid. Washing bottles are used for washing electrodes and other parts of analyzers, as well as for washing blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes), pouring dyes onto glasses when staining smears, and for other purposes. The plugs are hermetically sealed.

Reagent jars made of plastic are based on polypropylene. A material that guarantees excellent performance when interacting with chemical mixtures and reagents. Moreover, the base is also resistant to impact high temperature. The structure of this material is strong and quite wear-resistant. If all operating conditions are observed, the containers will last for a very long period of time.

Woolf bottles are cylinders and, like cans, are used to store a variety of liquid reagents. At the bottom, the Wolf bottle is equipped with a tap, which makes it easier to pour the usually aggressive liquid in the vessel into another laboratory glassware. The safest, unbreakable models are made of plastic.

Graduated wide or narrow mouth plastic bottles are ideal for transporting various toxic samples. They can be protected from the possibility of unauthorized opening by using special eyelets on the rim or a protective ring.

This section also includes numerous laboratory beakers, for example, PP beakers with divisions, beakers made of polypropylene, measuring cylinders made of polypropylene with a spout and other measuring cylinders, as well as flasks and test tubes. On our website you can buy trays for dispensers and polyethylene funnels.

Laboratory glassware made of plastic has all the necessary certificates of conformity, as well as sanitary and epidemiological conclusions.