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Presentation on the topic: KOVALEVSKAYA Sofia Vasilievna

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The first Russian female mathematician, S. V. Kovalevskaya, was born in Moscow into a wealthy family of retired artillery lieutenant general Korvin-Krukovsky. The girl grew versatile capable, but she was especially fascinated by mathematics. Her first exposure to mathematics happened when she was 8 years old. There was not enough wallpaper to cover the rooms, and the walls of little Sonya's room were covered with sheets of lectures by M.V. Ostrogradsky on mathematical analysis. S. V. Kovalevskaya recalled that “from a long daily contemplation, the appearance of many of the formulas stuck in my memory ...”

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In 1869, the young couple left for Germany, Kovalevskaya attended lectures by leading scientists, and since 1870. she seeks the right to study under the guidance of the German scientist Karl Weierstrass. The classes were of a private nature, since women were not admitted to the University of Berlin either.

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In 1874, Weierstrass presented three of his student's papers to the University of Göttingen for the award of a Ph.D., emphasizing that any of these papers was sufficient to obtain a degree. The work "On the Theory of Partial Differential Equations" contained a proof of solutions to such equations. Today, this most important theorem on differential equations is called the Cauchy-Kovalevskaya theorem. Another work contained a continuation of Laplace's research on the structure of Saturn's rings, and the third presented the most difficult theorems of mathematical analysis. The degree was awarded to Kovalevskaya "with the highest praise".

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Have you once had to walk indifferently Idlely among the crowd, And suddenly hear some passionate song Accidentally hear the sounds? The memory of former years smelled on you with an unexpected wave, And something sweet, dear In the soul responded in response. It seemed to you that you heard these sounds more than once in your childhood. How much happiness, bliss, torment They remembered for you. You hurried with your habitual ear, To catch a familiar chant, You wanted to follow every sound, follow every word.

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IF YOU ARE IN LIFE... If in your life at least for a moment you felt the Truth in your heart, If a ray of truth through darkness and doubt With a bright radiance lit up your path: Whatever, in its unchanging decision, Fate has appointed you ahead, The memory of this sacred moment Eternally keep, like a shrine, in your chest. The clouds will gather in a discordant mass, The sky will be covered with a black haze - With clear determination, with calm faith, you will meet the storm and measure yourself with a thunderstorm. False ghosts, evil visions They will try to lead you astray; Against all enemy machinations, salvation can be found in your own heart; If a holy spark is stored in it, You are omnipotent and omnipotent, but know, Woe to you, if, yielding to enemies, Let you steal it by chance! It would have been better for you not to have been born, It would have been better not to know the truth at all, Than, knowing, to give up on it, Than to sell superiority for stew. After all, the formidable gods are jealous and strict, Their verdict is clear, the decision is one: From that person, a lot will be exacted, To whom many talents were given. You know in writing a harsh word: Forgiveness will beg for everything a person; But only for sin against the spirit of holy Forgiveness is not and never will be. S.V. Kovalevskaya

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Everyone is obliged to devote his best efforts to the cause of the majority. S.V. Kovalevskaya In 1880. Kovalevskaya moved to Moscow, but there she was not allowed to take the master's exams at the university. She also failed to get a professorship at the Higher Courses for Women in Paris. Only in 1883 she moved to Sweden and began working at Stockholm University, where she became a professor a year later. She delivered 12 courses of lectures over 8 years. The years of work at Stockholm University were the heyday of her scientific and literary activities.

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S. V. Kovalevskaya dreamed of scientific work in Russia, but her dream did not come true, in 1891 she died in Stockholm. “I feel that I am destined to serve the truth - science and pave the way for women, because it means - to serve justice. I am very glad that I was born a woman, as it gives me the opportunity to serve truth and justice at the same time.” S. V. Kovalevskaya

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The sudden death of Sophia Vasilievna Kovalevskaya shocked everyone. At her funeral, Gustav Mittag-Leffler said a short, heartfelt word: “On behalf of workers in the field of mathematical sciences in all countries, on behalf of all close and distant students and friends, I address you with my last farewell and gratitude. I thank you for the depth and clarity with which you directed the mental life of youth, for which posterity, as well as contemporaries, will honor your name. I also thank you for the treasures of friendship that you endowed with all those close to your heart. Later, in 1893, on the pages of the journal Acta Mathematika, he wrote: “She came to us as a herald of new scientific ideas; what importance she attached to them for solving the most essential problems of life, how willingly she shared her unusually rich stock of knowledge and her ideas with each of her students!

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Sources of information: http://mathforall.narod.ru/scinse/1.16.htm http://bse.sci-lib.com/article062284.html http://www.zateevo.ru/userfiles/image/Geroi%20Rossii /Kovalevskaya/kovalevskaya03.jpg http://www.rulex.ru/rpg/WebPict/fullpic/0076-018.jpg http://www.serednikovo.ru/history/lermontovy/lermontova_j_v/kovalevskie_s.jpg http:// www.ruschudo.ru/miracles/1111/photos/ http://logariett.livejournal.com/1225.html http://voshod.sibro.ru/article/22390

To the 160th anniversary

Sofia Vasilievna Kovalevskaya

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Kovalevskaya.

Slide 2. The first Russian woman - mathematician Sofia Vasilievna

Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow on January 3, 1850 into a wealthy family of retired artillery lieutenant general Korvan-Krukovsky.

Slide 3. She spent her childhood on the estate of her father Polibino (now the village of Polibino, Velikoluksky district, Pskov region). At the age of 12, she was convinced that she would be a poetess. Home teacher Malevich admired her poems written in childhood.

Did you have to carelessly

Walk aimlessly among the crowd

And suddenly some passionate song

Do you happen to hear sounds?

On you with an unexpected wave

Smell the memory of past years,

And something sweet, dear

In the soul responded in response.

It seemed to you that these sounds

As a child, you heard more than once

So much happiness, bliss, torment

They remembered for you.

You hurried to the usual rumors

To catch a familiar chant,

Wanted you behind every sound

Follow every word.

Suddenly the song stopped

And without end and without beginning

The song remains forever.

slide 4. The girl grew versatile capable, but she was especially fascinated by mathematics. With exceptional ease, and in many ways completely independently. She mastered the basics of mathematics.

She describes a case that particularly interested her and forced her to study higher mathematics at the age of 14.

Once upon a time, sheets of paper with differential and integral calculus, set out in the lectures of Professor Ostrogradsky, were used for the preliminary wallpapering of the walls. These obscure mathematical symbols captured the inquisitive girl. For a long time she stood idle in front of these mysterious records.

“These sheets,” says Kovalevskaya, “dotted with strange, incomprehensible formulas, soon attracted my attention. I spent whole hours in front of this mysterious wall, trying to make out at least individual phrases and find the order in which the sheets should follow each other.

Impressive, hardworking, with a sharp talent, the girl was carried away by high mathematical ideas, which opened a new, wonderful world in her children's mind. It is surprising that, as a child, Sonya was fond of the application of mathematics in the natural sciences, in physics and in matters of engineering. Sonya's father at first was not very pleased with her mathematical efforts, and she, having taken out literature, began to study mathematics on her own, sitting by a kerosene lamp for long nights, quietly away from all adults.

At that time in Russia, women were forbidden to study at universities and higher schools, and in order to go abroad and get a higher education there, Kovalevskaya entered into a fictitious marriage with a young biologist Kovalevsky (over time, this marriage became actual).

Slide 5. In 1869, the young spouses leave for Germany, Kovalevskaya attends lectures by leading scientists, and from 1870 she seeks the right to study under the guidance of a German scientistWeierstrass. The classes were of a private nature, since women were not admitted to the University of Berlin either. Only with her enormous work she overcame all the difficulties that stood in her way, and, having received a brilliant education abroad, she achieved world fame.

In 1874, Weierstrass presented three works of his student to the University of Göttingen for the award of a Ph.D. The first work was about differential equations, the second - about the structure of the rings of Saturn, the third one presented the most difficult theorems of mathematical analysis.

slide 6. Children's toy whirligig (or spinning top). Which of us has not looked at its rotation and was not surprised at its stability: if you push it, it will sway and continue to spin, as if nothing had happened. Why is that? On what trajectory do its points move? Many have thought about this. This question is answered by her work on the rotation of a heavy rigid body around a fixed point.

This task was set by the Paris Academy of Sciences many times, and there was no person who could be awarded an award for solving it. Only Sofia Kovalevskaya gave an answer to this question. For this work, she was awarded the Borden Prize. The work on the rotation of a rigid body about an axis is of great technical importance. Instruments based on Kovalevskaya's calculations are widely used in modern technology, and primarily for determining the course of an aircraft, ships, and for many other technical problems.

Slide 7. Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya dreamed of scientific work in Russia, but her dream did not come true, in 1891 she died in Stockholm.

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SOUL OF FIRE AND DOOM!

IS YOUR AIR SHIP APART

TO THE COUNTRY WHERE YOUR MIND WAS SOARING,

THE CALL OF THE TRUTH OBEYED?

INTO THAT STAR WORLD SO OFTEN YOU FLEW ON THE WINGS OF THOUGHT, WHEN, GOING INTO YOUR DREAMS, THOUGHT ABOUT THE UNIVERSE;

WHEN, IN THE EVENING SILENCE,

INTO THE DEEPTH OF THE SKY YOUR LOOK sank

AND IN THE DARK BLUE HIGH

I LOVED THE RING OF SATURN.

IN THAT SPHERES - NUMBERS, FUNCTIONS OF A SERIES, ANOTHER FOLLOWING THE ORDER, YOU MAY BE SOLVE THE ETERNAL MYSTERY OF IMMORTALITY...

YOU ARE THE REFRACTION OF LIGHT

RAYS ON A PRISM OBSERVED:

HOW DO YOU SEE THEM,

AT THE SPRING OF THEM AND THE BEGINNING?

FROM THE LIGHT STAR HEIGHT, WITH PARTICIPATION IN THE ENLIGHTENED VIEW, YOU LOOK INTO THE ABYS OF DARKNESS TO THE EARTH, TO THE EARTH MOUNTAIN...

SOUL OF FIRE AND DOOM!

IN HOURS OF HOPE AND ENLIGHTENMENT

ONE LOVE COUNTERED YOUR MIND

A RELIABLE ANCHOR OF SALVATION.

FAREWELL! WE HOLY HONOR YOU, YOU, PARTING WITH US FOREVER, WILL LIVE IN THE MEMORY OF PEOPLE WITH OTHER GLORIOUS MINDS.

Fritz Leffler

Information sources:

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kovalevskaya_Sofya_Vasilievna
http://www.opskove.ru/txt/129_2.html
http://www.petergen.com/krukowski/rekonst.htm

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Slides captions:

Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya Years of life (January 3, 1850 - January 29, 1891) DID YOU ... Have you ever had to walk indifferently, Aimlessly among the crowd And suddenly hear some passionate song Accidentally hear sounds? The memory of former years smelled on you with an unexpected wave, And something sweet, dear In the soul responded in response. S.V. Kovalevskaya

Born Korvin-Krukovskaya - b. in Moscow in 1850, mind. in Stockholm in 1891. Her father, lieutenant general of artillery, according to the first teacher of Kovalevskaya, I. I. Malevich, loved mathematics and wished that her daughter also studied this subject. Her mother was the granddaughter of the famous astronomer Schubert. The family of the Korvin-Krukovskys, according to family legend, descended from the Hungarian king Matvey Korvin, an enlightened patron of sciences; thus, Sophia's love for the sciences was, as it were, hereditary.

The first years of her childhood were spent in Moscow under the exclusive influence of a nanny, and then in Kaluga, where her father was transferred, she began to study with a French governess. After retiring, her father and his family settled on the estate and soon the system of children's education changed. Was taken teacher, I. I. Malevich, and an Englishwoman. Malevich, although he received only a secondary education, was an experienced teacher. His classes were not in vain, and, according to Kovalevskaya, she owes her first serious knowledge of mathematics to him.

Even during her lifetime, there were legends about Sofya Kovalevskaya's mathematical talent: some said that her brain was arranged differently and weighed more than that of mere mortals; others claimed that the genes of brilliant scientists on the mother's side speak in it. And only the closest people knew that Sophia's scientific work was sometimes only a substitute for love for her ... But this forced sacrifice was not in vain. After the recognition of the merits of Kovalevskaya, few of the pundits undertook to assert that talent and genius are a secondary male sexual characteristic. The statements of the English philosopher Herbert Spencer that a woman and mathematics are “two incompatible things” have also lost their relevance.

“My fame has deprived me of ordinary female happiness ... Why can’t anyone love me? I could give more to my beloved than many women, why do they love the most insignificant, and only nobody loves me? Meanwhile, Kovalevskaya wrote:

The “princess of science,” as her mathematician friends called Kovalevskaya, over her short but bright life, refuted many of the arguments of men. She experienced a lot: scientific fame and literary recognition, and in her personal life - dislike, disorder, doubts, dissatisfaction with herself and loneliness. Being a woman, she was well aware that in life feelings mean much more. But her mathematical mind, which worked out with the highest precision what true love should be, did not allow her to enjoy other love, for example, to accept the feelings and care of others without personal reciprocity.

The path of Kovalevskaya in mathematics was thorny, like no other, for the simple reason that she was ... a woman. In order to simply be able to get a higher education, she had to enter into a fictitious marriage with an unloved man, whom she was very burdened with, and which she later considered a big mistake. But only in this way was she able to leave her parental home - first to St. Petersburg, and then abroad.

Since 1866, in St. Petersburg, Sophia took lessons in higher mathematics from the famous teacher A. N. Strannolyubsky. Despite the prohibitions of higher "female" education, she obtained permission to listen to lectures by I. M. Sechenov and study anatomy with V. L. Gruber at the Military Medical Academy. In 1869 she left for Germany, where she studied mathematics and attended lectures by the German scientists Kirchhoff, Helmholtz, and Du Bois-Reymond. Since 1870, for four years she worked with the great mathematician Weierstrass, who gave her private lessons, because. women were not admitted to the University of Berlin. In July 1874, in absentia, without a formal defense, on the basis of three mathematical papers presented by Weierstrass, she was awarded the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in mathematics and Master of Fine Arts "with the highest praise." Three excellent works were enough to forgive "Sony's belonging to the weaker sex."

O winged with success, "certified" Kovalevskaya rushed to her homeland to teach mathematics in St. Petersburg. However, she could not get a place not only at the university, but even at the Higher Women's Courses, after which she retired from scientific work for almost 6 years. In 1879, at the suggestion of the mathematician P. L. Chebyshev, at the VI Congress of Russian natural scientists and doctors, Kovalevskaya read a report on Abelian integrals. In the spring of 1880, in search of work, she moved to Moscow, but at Moscow University she was also not allowed to take the master's exams. Having lost hope of being useful to her homeland, she left the country, going to Berlin, and then to Paris.

Stockholm University. Kovalevskaya's attempts to get a professorship at the Higher Women's Courses in France were also unsuccessful. And she returned to Russia again. At the 7th Congress of Russian Naturalists and Doctors in 1883, Kovalevskaya reported her work “On the Refraction of Light in Crystals”, which was met with a bang, but there were no job offers again ... And only in 1883 did justice prevail. Sofya Kovalevskaya received an invitation to take the position of Privatdozent at Stockholm University and left for Sweden. In the summer of 1884, she was appointed professor at Stockholm University and delivered twelve courses of lectures over the course of eight years, including one in mechanics.

In 1888, Kovalevskaya wrote the work "The problem of the rotation of a rigid body around a fixed point." After Euler and Lagrange, Kovalevskaya was the first to advance the solution of this problem by finding a new case of rotation of a not quite symmetric gyroscope, when the solution of the problem is completed. In the same year, the Paris Academy of Sciences awarded Kovalevskaya the Borden Prize for this work, increased due to the great value of this work. The following year, for her second work on the rotation of a rigid body, she was awarded the prize of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. Kovalevskaya received worldwide recognition as a scientist.

Here is what Sofia Kovalevskaya herself writes about this: “The results exceeded my expectations. There were about fifteen works in all, but mine was recognized as worthy of the prize. But this is not enough. In view of the fact that the same topic had already been asked three times in a row and each time remained unanswered, and also because of the importance of the results I had achieved, the Academy decided to increase the assigned initial bonus and the amount of 3,000 francs to 5,000 francs. After that, the envelope was opened, and everyone knew that I was the author of this work. I was immediately notified, and I went to Paris to attend the meeting of the Academy of Sciences scheduled on this occasion. I was received extremely solemnly, seated next to the president, who made a flattering speech, and in general I was showered with honors.

In her book Memoirs and Letters, Sofia Kovalevskaya says: “I understand that you are so surprised that I can do both literature and mathematics. Many who have never had a chance to learn more about mathematics confuse it with arithmetic and consider it a dry and barren science. In essence, this is a science that requires the most imagination, and one of the first mathematicians of our century says correctly that one cannot be a mathematician without being at the same time a poet at heart.

Sophia, the day before her death, said that she would start writing the story "When there is no more death." Russian and foreign newspapers and magazines published articles in memory of Sofya Kovalevskaya, imbued with deep surprise at her abilities. Correspondence with a detailed description of all the honors given to her in a foreign country came daily from Stockholm to Russia. Living in a foreign land and serving another country, Sofya Kovalevskaya remained Russian until the end of her days and loved Russia ...

On the death of Sofia Kovalevskaya Farewell! With your glory, You, forever parting with us, You will live in the memory of people With other glorious minds, As long as the wonderful starlight From heaven to earth will pour, And in the host of shining planets The ring of Saturn will not be eclipsed by Fritz Leffler

Thank you for your attention!

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Hypatia, the first female mathematician

Hypatia Alexandrovskaya

In ancient Greek science, the most famous was Hypatia. She was beautiful, eloquent, charming. She was wise, modest, enchanted by the beauty and powers of her mind. Studied mathematics, astronomy, medicine, mechanics, philosophy. Hypatia was not only a scientist, but also a public figure. She also impressed with her logic, strictness of judgment and passionate love for the sciences.

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“I feel that I am destined to serve the truth-science and pave the way for women, because it means serving justice. I am very glad that I was born a woman, as it gives me the opportunity to serve truth and justice at the same time.” S.V. Kovalevskaya

"PRINCESS OF SCIENCE" SOFIA VASILEVNA KOVALEVSKAYA

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Sofia Kovalevskaya was born in Moscow on January 15, 1850. Her father, V.V. Korvin-Krukovsky, was a nobleman and an artillery general. After retiring, the general moved with his family from Moscow to his estate Palibino near the border with Lithuania. Her mother, Elizaveta Fedorovna, was the granddaughter of the great mathematician F.I. Schubert. At the time of the move, Sonya was about six years old. And as you know, girls at that age, even from noble families, had to study music, literature, mathematics and languages, at home alone.

Sonya's childhood

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In addition to school teachers, she also studied with the home teacher I.I. Malevich, who was proud of her literary abilities and had high hopes for her future. But Sonechka seriously decided to take up mathematics. In 1866, during a winter trip to St. Petersburg, she began to study higher mathematics with the famous teacher A.N. Strannolyubsky.

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Sonya could get a higher education only abroad ...

S. Kovalevskaya wrote: If in your life at least for a moment you felt the Truth in your heart, If a ray of truth through darkness and doubt With a bright radiance lit up your path: So that in your unchanging decision Fate does not appoint you ahead - Keep the memory of this sacred moment forever, like a shrine in the chest. The clouds will gather in a discordant mass, The sky will be covered with a black haze, With clear determination, with calm faith, you will meet the storm and measure yourself with a thunderstorm.

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In order to study abroad, Sofya enters into a fictitious marriage with paleontologist Vladimir Onufrievich Kovalevsky. But very soon they fell in love with each other, and their marriage became valid. Then they had a daughter, who was named Sonya.

Studying abroad

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In 1869, the Kovalevskys left for Germany to improve their knowledge and scientific work.

Arriving in Heidelberg, Sophia went to the famous physicist Kirchhoff in the hope that he would allow her to attend lectures on physics and mathematics. But he said she should ask Provost Kopp for permission. As a result, this case was transferred to a special commission.

“From that person much will be exacted, to whom many talents were given”

S.V. Kovalevskaya

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After all sorts of refusals, the commission dared to allow Sofya Kovalevskaya to listen to lectures. Professors admired her ability to grasp and assimilate material on the fly. At lectures, she got acquainted with the works of Weierstrass, which she admired. In the name of her higher appointment, as she understood it, Sofya Vasilievna overcame her shyness and on October 3, 1870, went to Weierstrass in Berlin.

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After arriving in Berlin, Sonya decided to continue her studies. But she was not allowed to attend lectures at the University of Berlin, under the pretext so familiar to her: "Women are not accepted here." Sophia, with her tough character, did not stop there, and nevertheless achieved the attention of the famous scientist Karl Weierstrass. She impressed him with her knowledge, and despite the fact that she was not taken to the university, he agreed to give her lessons. She soon became his favorite student. Sofya Vasilievna sat at her desk from morning till evening. On Sunday afternoons, she went to classes with the professor, and in the middle of the week he himself visited her.

Acquaintance of Sofia Vasilievna with Weierstrass

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The winter of 1873 and the spring of 1874 Sofya Vasilievna dedicated to the study "On the Theory of Partial Differentials"

To the great amazement of Weierstrass, Sofya Vasilievna found a completely different way of solving it, skillfully reduced everything complex to simple and discovered some special cases that mathematicians were not even aware of. The work of Kovalevskaya aroused the admiration of scientists.

Karl Weierstrass

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November 18, 1883 Sophia arrives in Stockholm. The Stockholm newspaper gave Sofya Vasilievna Kovalevskaya the title of "Princess of Science" and informed the Swedish people that: "Mrs. Kovalevskaya has honored our city with her visit and will be the first female privatdozent in all of Sweden." On January 30, 1884, Kovalevskaya gave her first lecture at Stockholm University, which the professors really liked.

Work in Stockholm

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The course read by Sofia Kovalevskaya in German made her an excellent reputation. On the evening of June 24, 1884, she learned that she had "been appointed professor for a term of five years." At this university Sofya Vasilievna read 12 courses for 8 years. Her lectures were a success. Here in Stockholm, she met a man with whom she decided to connect her fate, his name was Maxim Kovalevsky. But due to Sophia's increased demands, their relationship crashed.

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“The poet must ... see what others do not see, see deeper than others. And so should a mathematician.” S.V. Kovalevskaya.

After that, she nevertheless decided to tackle the problem of the rotation of a heavy rigid body around a fixed point, which boils down to integrating a certain system of equations that always has three definite algebraic integrals. In those cases when it is possible to find the fourth integral, the problem is solved completely...

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Sophia was very homesick for her homeland, for the Russian people, and in 1890 she nevertheless returned to Russia, in the hope that she would be elected as a member of the academy in place of the deceased mathematician Bunyakovsky, this would allow her to engage in science in her country. But in Russia she was refused, and she decided to return to Stockholm. And on January 29, 1891, without regaining consciousness, Sofya Kovalevskaya died of heart failure, at the age of forty-one, at the very dawn of her creative life.

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