Conditional costs per 1 ton of granulated sugar (in rubles) for sugar factories are shown in table 3.

Table 3

As can be seen from the data in Table. 3, the lowest cost of 1 ton of sugar was achieved at plant No. 1 - 248.1 rubles, which is 4.1 rubles lower than the planned one. (252.2-248.1), lower than at plant No. 2, by 19.2 rubles. (267.3-248.1) and lower than at plant No. 3, by 3.7 rubles. (251.8-248.1). The highest prime cost was formed at plant No. 2 - 267.3 rubles, compared with the plan, the excess here is 2.6 rubles. (267.3-264.7) or 1%. The rest of the plants overfulfilled the plan for the cost of production.

To find out the reasons for the overestimation of the cost of sugar at plant No. 2 and to find reserves for its reduction, it is necessary to analyze the cost items for its production. Having made a sample from form No. 6 of the annual report “Cost of commercial products” of some cost items, we obtain the data presented in Table. 4 (in rubles). They testify that the cost overestimation of sugar was affected by overspending compared to the plan for the articles indicated in the table.

Table 4

The overspending compared to the plan amounted to 1.3 rubles, or 12.3% per 1 ton of sugar (11.8-10.5 and 1.3*100:10.5). These costs actually turned out to be higher than at plant No. 1 by 3.7 rubles, or 45.6%, and higher

2. Trap for the Black Swan. Video lecture.

The term " analysis”has its origin from the Greek language, where the word “analysis” means dismemberment, fragmentation of an object or phenomenon into separate elements in order to study this object or phenomenon in detail. The opposite is the concept synthesis" (it comes from the Greek word "synthesis"). Synthesis is a combination of individual components of an object or phenomenon into a single whole. Analysis and synthesis are two interrelated aspects of the process of studying any objects and phenomena.

Economic Sciences, including economic analysis, belong to the totality of the humanities, and the object of their research is economic processes and phenomena.

Economic analysis is included in a group of interrelated specific economic disciplines, which, in addition to it, includes control, audit, micro-and, and other sciences. They study the economic activity of organizations, but each from a certain point of view, characteristic only for it. Therefore, each of these sciences has its own, independent subject.

Economic analysis and its role in the management of the organization

Economic analysis(otherwise -) plays an important role in improving the economic efficiency of organizations, in strengthening their financial condition. It is an economic science that studies economics of organizations, their activities in terms of assessing their work on the implementation of business plans, assessing their property and financial condition and in order to identify untapped reserves to improve the efficiency of organizations.

The subject of economic analysis is the property and financial condition and the current economic activity of organizations, studied in terms of its compliance with the tasks of business plans and in order to identify unused reserves to improve the efficiency of the organization.

Economic analysis is subdivided on the interior and external depending on the subjects of the analysis, that is, on the bodies that carry it out. The most complete and comprehensive is the internal analysis carried out by functional departments and services of this organization. The external analysis carried out by debtors and creditors and others, as a rule, is limited to establishing the degree of stability of the financial condition of the analyzed organization, its liquidity, both at reporting dates and in the future.

Objects of economic analysis are the property and financial position of the organization, its production, supply and marketing, financial activities, the work of individual structural divisions of the organization (shops, production sites, teams).

Economic analysis as a science, as a branch of economic knowledge, and finally, as an academic discipline is closely interconnected with other specific economic sciences.

Economic analysis is a complex science that uses, along with its own, also the apparatus inherent in a number of other economic sciences. Economic analysis, like other economic sciences, studies the economics of individual objects, but from an angle peculiar only to it. It gives an assessment of the state of the economy of a given object, as well as its current economic activity.

Principles of economic analysis:

• Scientific. Analysis must comply with the requirements of economic laws, use the achievements of science and technology.
• Systems approach . Economic analysis must be carried out taking into account all the laws of the developing system, that is, to study the phenomena in their interconnection and interdependence.
• Complexity. In the study, it is necessary to take into account the impact on the economic activity of the enterprise of many factors.
• Research in dynamics. In the process of analysis, all phenomena should be considered in their development, which allows not only to understand them, but also to find out the causes of changes.
• Highlighting the main goal. An important point in the analysis is the formulation of the research problem and the identification of the most important reasons that hinder production or hinder the achievement of the goal.
• Concreteness and practical usefulness. The results of the analysis must necessarily have a numerical expression, and the reasons for the change in indicators must be specific, indicating the places of their occurrence and ways to eliminate them.

Method of economic analysis

The word "method" came into our language from the Greek language. In translation, it means "the path to something." Therefore, the method is, as it were, a way to achieve the goal. In relation to any science, a method is a way of studying the subject of this science. The methods of any science are based on dialectical approach to the study of the objects and phenomena they consider. Economic analysis is no exception here.

The dialectical approach means that all processes and phenomena taking place in nature and society should be considered in their constant development, interconnection and interdependence. So economic analysis studies the indicators characterizing the activities of any organizations, comparing them over several reporting periods (in dynamics), as well as in their change. Further. Economic analysis considers various aspects of the organization's activities in unity and interconnection, as elements of a single process. So, for example, the volume of sales of products depends on its output, and the fulfillment of the planned target for profit depends mainly on

The method of economic analysis is determined by its subject and the challenges ahead.

Methods and techniques, used in , are subdivided into traditional, statistical and . They are discussed in detail in the relevant sections of the site.

In order to practically implement the use of the method of economic analysis, certain techniques have been developed. They are a set of methods and techniques used to optimally solve analytical problems.

The techniques used in economic analysis at individual stages of analytical work involve the use of various techniques and methods.

The key moment of the method of economic analysis is the calculation of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators. The relationship of economic phenomena is a joint change in two or more of these phenomena. There are various forms of interconnections between economic phenomena. The most significant among them is the causal relationship. Its essence lies in the fact that a change in one economic phenomenon is caused by a change in another economic phenomenon. Such a relationship is called deterministic, otherwise - a causal relationship. If two economic phenomena are connected by such a relationship, then the economic phenomenon, the change of which causes a change in the other, is called the cause, and the phenomenon that changes under the influence of the first is called the effect.

In economic analysis, those signs that characterize the cause are called factorial, independent. The same signs that characterize the consequence are usually called resultant, dependent.

So, in this paragraph, we examined the concept of the method of economic analysis, as well as the most important methods (methods, techniques) used in the analysis of the organization's activities. We will consider these methods and the order of their use in more detail in special sections of the site.

Tasks, sequence of conducting and procedure for processing the results of economic analysis

The most complete and deep is the internal (intraeconomic) analysis, carried out, as a rule, by the functional departments and services of a given organization. Therefore, internal analysis faces much more numerous tasks than external analysis.

The main tasks of the internal analysis of the organization's activities should be considered:

1. verification of the validity of the tasks of business plans and various standards;
2. determination of the degree of fulfillment of tasks of business plans and compliance with established standards;
3. calculation of the influence of individual on the magnitude of the deviation of the actual values ​​of economic indicators from the base
4. finding on-farm reserves to further improve the efficiency of the organization and ways of mobilization, that is, the use of these reserves;

Of the listed tasks of internal economic analysis, the main task is to identify reserves in a given organization.

Before external analysis, in essence, there is only one task - to assess the degree both at a certain reporting date and in the future.

The results of the analysis carried out are the basis for the development and implementation of optimal ones that improve the efficiency of organizations.

In the process of conducting economic analysis, methods of induction and deduction.

Induction method(from particular to general) suggests that the study of economic phenomena begins with individual facts, situations and proceeds to the study of the economic process as a whole. Method same deduction(from general to particular) is characterized, on the contrary, by the transition from general indicators to particular ones, in particular, to the analysis of the influence of individual on generalizing ones.

The most important when conducting economic analysis is, of course, the deduction method, since the sequence of analysis usually involves the transition from the whole to its constituent elements, from synthetic, generalizing indicators of the organization's activities to analytical, factor indicators.

When an economic analysis is carried out, all aspects of the organization's activities, all the processes that make up the production and commercial cycle of the organization, are examined in their interconnection, interdependence and interdependence. Such a study is the key moment of the analysis. It bears the name.

After the end of the analysis, its results should be formalized in a certain way. For these purposes, explanatory notes to annual reports, as well as certificates or conclusions based on the results of the analysis are used.

Explanatory notes intended for external users of analytical information. Consider what should be the content of these notes.

They should reflect the level of development of the organization, the conditions in which its activities take place, it should be characterized, on it, data on product sales markets, etc. Information should also be provided on the stage at which each type of product is on the market. (These include stages of introduction, growth and development, maturity, saturation and decline). In addition, it is necessary to provide information about the competitors of this organization.

Then, data on the main economic indicators should be presented for several periods.

Those factors that influenced the organization's activities and its results should be indicated. one should also cite those measures that are planned to eliminate shortcomings in the organization's activities, as well as to increase the efficiency of this activity.

References, as well as conclusions based on the results of the economic analysis carried out, may have more detailed content compared to explanatory notes. As a rule, references and conclusions do not contain generalized characteristics of the organization and the conditions for its functioning. The main emphasis here is on describing reserves and how to use them.

The results of the study can also be presented in non-textual form. In this case, the analytical documents contain only a set of analytical tables and there is no text characterizing the economic activity of the organization. This form of registration of the results of the conducted economic analysis is now being used more and more widely.

In addition to the considered forms of processing the results of the analysis, the introduction of the most important of them into certain sections will also be applied. economic passport of the organization.

These are the main forms of generalization and presentation of the results of the economic analysis. It should be borne in mind that the presentation of the material in explanatory notes, as well as in other analytical documents, should be clear, simple and concise, and should also be linked to analytical tables.

Types of economic analysis and their role in the management of the organization

Financial and managerial economic analysis

Economic analysis can be subdivided into different types according to certain criteria.

First of all, economic analysis is usually divided into two main types - the financial analysis and managerial analysis - depending on the content of the analysis, the functions it performs and the tasks facing it.

The financial analysis, in turn can be subdivided into external and internal. The first is carried out by statistical authorities, higher organizations, suppliers, buyers, shareholders, audit firms, etc. The main the task of external financial analysis is , its and. It is carried out at the organization itself by the forces of its accounting department, financial department, planning department, and other functional services. Internal financial analysis solves a much wider range of tasks compared to the external one. Internal analysis studies the effectiveness of the use of equity and borrowed capital, explores, identifies reserves for the growth of the latter and strengthening the financial condition of the organization. Internal financial analysis, therefore, is aimed at developing and implementing optimal ones that contribute to improving the financial performance of a given organization.

Management analysis, as opposed to financial is internal. It is carried out by the services and departments of this organization. He studies issues related to the organizational and technical level and other conditions of production, using certain types of production resources ( , ), analyzes it.

Types of economic analysis depending on the functions and tasks of the analysis

Depending on the content, functions and tasks of the analysis, there are also the following types analysis: socio-economic, economic-statistical, economic-ecological, marketing, investment, functional-cost (FSA), etc.

Socio-economic analysis examines the relationship and interdependence between social and economic phenomena.

Economic- statistical analysis used to study mass socio-economic phenomena. Economic-ecological analysis studies the relationship and interaction between the state of ecology and economic phenomena.

Marketing Analysis aims to study the markets for raw materials and materials, as well as sales markets finished products, ratios , for this product, the products of this organization, the level of prices for products, etc.

Investment analysis is aimed at choosing the most effective options for the investment activities of organizations.

functional cost analysis (FSA) is a method of systematic study of the functions of a product, or any production and economic process, or a certain level of management. This method aims to minimize the cost of designing, mastering production, selling products, as well as industrial and domestic consumption of these products, given their high quality, maximum utility (including durability).

• financial and economic analysis;
• technical and economic analysis.

The first type of analysis studies the influence of economic factors on the implementation of business plans in terms of financial indicators.

A feasibility study examines the impact of engineering, technology and production organization factors on economic performance.

Depending on the completeness of coverage of the organization's activities, two types of analysis of economic activity can be distinguished: full (complex) and thematic (partial) analysis. The first type of analysis covers all aspects of the financial and economic activities of the organization. Thematic analysis studies the effectiveness of certain aspects of the organization's activities. Economic analysis can also be divided according to the objects of study. Microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis. Microeconomic analysis studies the activities of individual economic units. It can be divided into three main types: intrashop, shop and factory analysis.

Macroeconomic it can be sectoral, that is, to study the functioning of a particular sector of the economy or industry, territorial, which analyzes the economy of individual regions, and, finally, intersectoral, which studies the functioning of the economy as a whole.

a separate feature classification of types of economic analysis is a division of the latter by subjects of analysis. They are understood as those bodies and persons who carry out the analysis.

1. Directly interested in the activities of the organization. This group may include the owners of the funds of the organization, tax authorities, banks, suppliers, buyers, management of the organization, individual functional services of the analyzed organization.
2. Subjects of analysis indirectly interested in the activities of the organization. These include legal organizations, audit firms, consulting firms, trade unions, etc.

Economic analysis depending on the timing

Depending on the time of the analysis (in other words, on the frequency of its implementation), there are: preliminary, operational, final and prospective analysis.

preliminary analysis allows you to assess the state of this object when developing a business plan. For example, it is estimated productive capacity organization, whether it is able to provide the planned volume of production.

Operational(otherwise current) analysis is carried out on a daily basis, directly in the course of the current activities of the organization.

final(subsequent, or retrospective) analysis examines the effectiveness of the economic activities of organizations for the past period.

Perspective analysis is used to determine expected results in the coming period.

Forward-looking analysis is critical to ensure the success of the organization in the future. This type of analysis examines possible options for the development of the organization and outlines ways to achieve optimal results.

Types of economic analysis depending on the research methodology

Depending on the methodology used to study objects in the economic literature, it is customary to subdivide the analysis of economic activity into the following types: quantitative, qualitative, express analysis, fundamental, marginal, economic and mathematical.

Quantitative(otherwise) analysis is based on quantitative comparisons, measurement, comparison of indicators and the study of the influence of individual factors on economic indicators.

Qualitative Analysis uses qualitative comparative assessments, characteristics, and expert opinions analyzed economic phenomena.

Express analysis- this is a way to assess the economic and financial condition of the organization on the basis of certain signs that express certain economic phenomena. Fundamental analysis is based on a comprehensive, detailed study of economic phenomena, usually based on the use of economic-statistical and economic-mathematical research methods.

Margin Analysis explores ways to optimize the amount of profit received as a result of sales of products, works, services. Economic and mathematical analysis is based on the use of a complex mathematical apparatus, with the help of which the optimal solution for any economic and mathematical model is established.

Dynamic and static economic analysis

According to its nature, economic analysis can be divided into two following: dynamic and static. The first type of analysis is based on the study of economic indicators taken in their dynamics, that is, in the process of their change, development over time, for several reporting periods. In the process of dynamic analysis, indicators of absolute growth, growth rate, growth rate, absolute value of one percent growth are determined and analyzed, and dynamic series are constructed and analyzed. Static analysis assumes that the studied economic indicators are static, that is, unchanged.

According to the spatial basis, economic analysis can be divided into the following two types: internal (on-farm) and inter-farm (comparative). The first one studies the activities of this organization and its structural divisions. In the second type, the economic indicators of two or more organizations are compared (the analyzed organization with others).

According to the methods of studying the object of analysis, it is divided into the following types: complex, system analysis, continuous analysis, selective analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis, etc. The most important is a comprehensive final analysis of the activities of organizations, comprehensively studying their work for the reporting period; the results of this analysis are used for both short-term and long-term forecasting.

Operational economic analysis

Operational economic analysis applied at all levels of government. The share of operational analysis in making optimal management decisions increases with approach to individual organizations and their structural subdivisions.

The most important feature of operational analysis is that it is as close as possible in time to the implementation of individual phases of the production and commercial cycle of a given organization. operational analysis promptly establishes the causes of existing shortcomings and their perpetrators, reveals reserves and promotes their timely use.

Final economic analysis

plays a very important role in the development of optimal final, subsequent analysis. The most important source of information for such an analysis is the reporting of the organization.

Final analysis gives a refined assessment of the organization's activities and its results for a certain period, ensures the identification of reasonable values ​​​​of reserves to increase the efficiency of the organization's activities, seeks ways to mobilize, that is, use these reserves. The results of the final analysis carried out by the organization itself are reflected in explanatory note to the annual report.

The final analysis is the most complete type of analysis of the economic activities of the organization.

Instruction

To draw a general conclusion about the efficiency of the enterprise, calculate the level of profitability, which is the ratio of the profit of the enterprise to the value of fixed and working capital. This indicator combines a number of coefficients (return on capital, sales, goods, etc.). Profitability is an integral indicator. It shows the measure of its attractiveness to investors.

When analyzing the activities of the enterprise, please note that for a more detailed study of its condition, it is necessary to conduct a factor analysis of the results obtained. After all, each indicator that reflects the use of production resources is influenced by other indicators.

note

The performance of an organization as a whole is influenced by many factors:
- general economic situation in the country and in the market;
- natural and geographical position of the enterprise;
- industry affiliation;
- factors determined by the functioning of the enterprise (price and marketing policy, the degree of use of production resources, the identification and use of on-farm reserves, etc.).

Analysis financial reporting is an assessment of the solvency, creditworthiness, profitability, as well as the investment attractiveness of the enterprise. Conducting an analysis reporting firms gives potential partners the opportunity to draw a conclusion about the need for further work with it.

Instruction

To quickly and efficiently conduct an analysis, it is not necessary to have all the company's reports at hand. For this, only two forms are needed: "Balance Sheet" and "Profit and Loss Statement". It is good if it is possible to see the indicators in dynamics for 2-3 years.

When analyzing the financial reporting it is necessary to pay attention to absolute indicators that allow one to judge the sources available to the enterprise, their spending, the availability and distribution of profits, and financial resources. At the same time, the most problematic items should be identified, as well as their indicators with previous reporting periods (for example, the volume of work in progress, overdue and accounts payable, etc.).

Next, a horizontal analysis of all indicators of the financial reporting. In this case, the change in percentages over several years is determined. For example, if you calculate revenue growth, net profit, interest and loans, and other items.

In addition, a vertical analysis is carried out, which involves calculating the share of each indicator reporting in total. For example, the percentage of overdue accounts payable of short-term liabilities, the share of finished products in the volume of stocks.

In some cases, when analyzing financial reporting it is useful to compare the obtained indicators with the industry average or with the indicators of competing firms in order to identify the place of the enterprise in the market.

Related videos

The accountant of any organization is often faced with the need to draw up financial analysis, although this can be done by an ordinary financial or economic department. Compilation of financial analysis enables the management of the enterprise to evaluate the effectiveness of management. A detailed financial analysis is carried out when there is a change in the financial or CEO or sale of the organization.

You will need

• Financial indicators of the organization

Instruction

AT large enterprises there are entire departments that deal with financial analysis. Small firms for compiling analysis invite an economist from audit company. Usually this procedure takes no more than 2-3 days.

For the preparation of financial analysis reporting of various forms is required, but the basis, of course, is data. The balance sheet of an enterprise makes it possible to evaluate the sufficiency of economic activity, the efficiency of capital allocation and the structure of borrowed sources.

First you need to analyze the structure of assets and liabilities of the balance sheet. For this, asset items are grouped by level, current and non-current assets. The passive is grouped according to the degree and sources of occurrence. Current and non-current assets are in sections 1 and 2 of the balance sheet, own sources in section 4, sections 5 and 6 show the attracted capital.

The budget debt of the enterprise is reflected in 625 and 626 lines of the balance sheet. In line 610 you can see short-term loans. Lines 621, 622 and 628 show before creditors. Lines 623 and 624 contain short-term debt and 510 long-term debt.

Now it is worth looking at the balances of highly liquid assets - 260, medium liquid assets - line 240, low liquid assets - line 210.
Different groups of assets are converted into cash and can be used to pay off debts.

After all articles are grouped, you need to find the dynamics of changes in working capital of assets and liabilities. Then check whether there were changes in the balance sections, and identify the reasons. Particular attention should be paid to working capital: growth, stock levels, sales.

In the form 2 and 3 of the balance, the cash flows of the enterprise are displayed. In order to determine the amount of revenue, it is necessary to subtract the data from the same line, but at the beginning of the period, from the data at the end of the period in line 10 in Form 2.

Since it is formed from offsets of cash receipts, it is necessary to calculate the actual amount in the accounts. These data are taken from form 4 of the balance sheet. To see complete financial turnover, it is necessary to summarize line 30 with 50 and 90. These data will be regular receipts.

The seasonality of cash receipts can be seen by comparing data from several quarters. In order to see the possibilities of the enterprise, it is necessary to compare the data of the assets, combined by the degree of liquidity.

note

Identification of veiled shortcomings is possible only in the case of a detailed analysis.

Helpful advice

In order not to waste time on manually compiling a financial analysis, you can install a specially designed program, which gives more guarantee in the accuracy of the data received.

Financial analysis is carried out to study the main parameters of the enterprise, which give an objective assessment of its financial condition. Results analysis and help the manager to determine recommendations for the direction of the company's future activities.

You will need

• - calculator;
• - Accounting data.

Instruction

Spend analysis liquidity, which will allow you to determine the payment of your current obligations. Calculate the coverage ratio, which shows whether the company has enough resources for current liabilities. Determine the quick liquidity ratio, which reflects the company's ability to pay current liabilities with timely settlements with debtors.

Calculate the absolute liquidity ratio, showing the ability of the company to immediately a certain part of the debt. Calculate the net by subtracting the company's current liabilities from current assets. The presence of this value shows the ability of the company to pay current liabilities and expand activities.

Complete analysis activity, which characterizes the efficiency of the main activity and the turnover rate financial enterprises. For analysis and business activity, it is necessary to calculate the turnover ratios of assets, payables and receivables, the duration of turnover, fixed assets, inventories and equity.

Spend analysis solvency, which will determine the structure of the sources of financing of the enterprise, the independence of the company from external sources and the degree of financial stability. To do this, calculate the ratio of financing, solvency, flexibility of equity capital and security of own working capital.

Summarize the financial analysis but enterprises. Perform a comprehensive assessment of the financial situation, make forecasts and recommendations.

An analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise plays an important role in improving the efficiency of its activities, identifying strengths and weaknesses, strengthening the financial condition. Economic analysis contributes to a more rational use of fixed assets, material, labor and financial resources.

Instruction

Remember that when analyzing the activities of an enterprise, the principle of economic efficiency is used, which implies the achievement of the greatest result with lowest cost. The most general indicator of efficiency is profitability. Its specific features include:
- efficiency of use of labor resources (profitability of personnel, labor productivity), fixed production assets (capital intensity, capital productivity), material resources (material consumption, material productivity);
- the effectiveness of the investment activity of the enterprise (payback);
- efficient use of assets (turnover indicators);
- efficiency of capital use.

After calculating the system of coefficients for the financial and economic activity of the enterprise, compare them with planned, normative and industry indicators. This will make it possible to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of the functioning of the organization and its place in the market.

To draw a general conclusion about the efficiency of the enterprise, calculate the level of profitability, which is the ratio of the profit of the enterprise to the value of fixed and working capital. This indicator combines a number of coefficients (return on capital, sales, goods, etc.). Profitability is an integral indicator

The content of the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise is a deep and comprehensive study of economic information about the functioning of the analyzed business entity in order to make optimal management decisions to ensure the implementation of the enterprise's production programs, assess the level of their implementation, identify weaknesses and on-farm reserves.

The analysis should be a comprehensive study of the effect of external and internal, market and production factors on the quantity and quality of products manufactured by the enterprise, the financial performance of the enterprise, and indicate possible prospects for the development of further production activities of the enterprise in the selected area of ​​management.

The main direction of analysis: from a complex complex - to its constituent elements, from the result - to conclusions about how such a result was achieved and what it will lead to in the future. The scheme of analysis should be built on the principle of "from the general to the particular". First, a description is given of the most general, key characteristics of the analyzed object or phenomenon, and only then proceed to the analysis of individual particulars.

The success of the analysis is determined by various factors. First, before starting to perform any analytical procedures, it is necessary to draw up a fairly clear analysis program, including the development of layouts of analytical tables, algorithms for calculating the main indicators and required for their calculation and comparative evaluation sources of information and regulatory support.

Secondly, when carrying out analytical procedures, the performance of an enterprise is always compared with something. Comparisons can be made with the previous period, with the plan and with industry averages. Any deviations from the normative or planned values ​​of indicators, even if they are positive, should be carefully analyzed. The meaning of such an analysis is, on the one hand, to identify the main factors that caused the recorded deviations from the given benchmarks, and on the other hand, to once again check the validity of the adopted planning system, and, if necessary, make changes to it.

Thirdly, the completeness and integrity of any analysis that has an economic focus, in to a large extent are determined by the validity of the set of criteria used. As a rule, this set includes qualitative and quantitative assessments, and its basis is usually calculated indicators that have a clear interpretation and, if possible, some guidelines (limits, standards, trends). When selecting indicators, it is necessary to formulate the logic of their combination into a given set in order to make the role of each of them visible, and not give the impression that some aspect has remained uncovered or, on the contrary, does not fit into the scheme under consideration. In other words, a set of indicators, which in this case is quite possible to interpret as a system, must have some inner core, some basis that explains the logic of its construction.

Fourth, when performing an analysis, one should not unnecessarily chase after the accuracy of estimates; as a rule, the greatest value is the identification of trends and patterns.

The main purpose of the analysis is to increase the efficiency of the functioning of economic entities and to search for reserves for such an increase. To achieve this goal, the following is carried out: evaluation of the results of work for the past periods; development of operational control procedures for production activities; development of measures to prevent negative phenomena in the activities of the enterprise and in its financial results; revealing reserves to improve performance; development of sound plans and standards.

In the process of achieving the main goal of the analysis, the following tasks are solved:

Determination of baselines for development production plans and programs for the coming period;

Increasing the scientific and economic validity of plans and standards;

Objective and comprehensive study of the implementation of established plans and compliance with standards for the quantity, structure and quality of products, works and services;

Determining the economic efficiency of the use of material, labor and financial resources;

Forecasting business results;

Preparation of analytical materials for the selection of optimal management decisions related to the adjustment of current activities and the development of strategic plans.

In specific conditions, other local goals can be set, which will determine the content of the procedures for analyzing financial and economic activities. Thus, general content analytical procedures can be determined both by the specifics of the enterprise and by the type of analysis chosen.

Statement and clarification of specific tasks of analysis;

Establishment of causal relationships;

Definition of indicators and methods for their evaluation;

Identification and evaluation of factors affecting the results, selection of the most significant ones;

Development of ways to eliminate the influence of negative factors and stimulate positive ones.

The analysis of financial and economic activities should be carried out, guided by certain principles (Table 6).

Table 6

Basic principles for analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise

The financial and economic activity of the enterprise can be represented as continuous process attracting various kinds of resources, combining them in the production process to obtain some financial result. Based on this, three enlarged areas of application of the analysis can be distinguished: resources, production process, financial results. Any of these objects can be, firstly, detailed and, secondly, subjected to various types analytical processing.

The method of analysis of financial and economic activity as a way of understanding an economic entity consists of a series of sequential actions (stages, stages):

Observation of the subject, measurement and calculation of absolute and relative indicators, bringing them into a comparable form, etc.;

Systematization and comparison, grouping and detailing of factors, study of their influence on the performance of the subject;

Generalization - construction of final and forecast tables, preparation of conclusions and recommendations for making managerial decisions.

Method of analysis of financial and economic activities is a system of epistemological categories, scientific tools and regulatory principles for studying the processes of functioning of economic entities.

There are various classifications of methods and techniques for analyzing the financial and economic activities of an economic entity. All classifications are based on different features. One of the most informative is the division of techniques and methods according to the degree of their formalizability, i.e. whether and to what extent it is possible to describe this method using some formalized (primarily mathematical) procedures. Following this logic, all analytical methods can be divided into informal and formalized. The classification of methods and techniques of analysis is shown in fig. thirteen.

Rice. 13. Classification of methods and techniques used in the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise

informal methods(probably, it is more correct to call them difficult to formalize) are based on the description of procedures at the logical level, without the help of strict analytical dependencies. The experience and intuition of the analyst play a large role in the application of these methods. Formalized Methods(sometimes they are also called mathematical) are based on predefined strict dependencies and rules. Not all of them are equivalent in terms of the complexity of the mathematical apparatus used, the possibility of implementation in practical activities and the degree of prevalence in the work of analytical services at enterprises and special consulting firms.

Development of a system of indicators. An analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is very often in its form an analysis of indicators, i.e. characteristics of the economic activity of the economic unit. The term "scorecard" is widely used in economic research. The analyst, in accordance with certain criteria, selects indicators, forms a system from them, and analyzes it. The complexity of the analysis requires the use of entire systems, rather than individual indicators.

Compared with individual indicators or some set of them, the system is a qualitatively new formation and is always more significant than the sum of its individual parts, since in addition to information about the parts, it carries certain information about the new that appears as a result of their interaction, i.e. information about the development of the system as a whole.

The construction of a detailed system of indicators that characterize any process or phenomenon is based on a clear understanding of two points: what is the system and what basic requirements it must meet. Under scorecard, characterizing a certain economic entity or phenomenon, is understood as a set of interrelated values ​​that comprehensively reflect the state and development of this entity or phenomenon.

comparison method. Comparison is an action by which the similarity and difference between the phenomena of objective reality are established. This method solves the following main tasks:

Identification of causal relationships between phenomena;

Conducting evidence or rebuttals;

Classification and systematization of phenomena.

The comparison can be qualitative ("it was warmer yesterday") or quantitative ("20 is always more than 10").

The comparison procedure in the analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise includes several stages: the choice of objects to be compared; selection of the type of comparison (dynamic, spatial, in relation to planned values); the choice of comparison scales and the degree of significance of differences; the choice of the number of features by which the comparison should be made; the choice of the type of features, as well as the definition of criteria for their materiality and insignificance; choice of base of comparison.

Method for constructing analytical tables. The construction of analytical tables is one of the most important methods for analyzing financial and economic activities. An analytical table is a form of the most rational, visual and systematized presentation of the initial data, the simplest algorithms for their processing and the results obtained. It is a combination of horizontal rows and vertical graphs (columns, columns). A table skeleton that has a text portion but no numeric data is called a table layout.

Analytical tables are used at all stages of the analysis of financial and economic activities.

Thus, the tables used in the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise are used to systematize the initial data, conduct analytical calculations and formalize the results of the analysis.

Receiving details. Detailing is one of the most common methods of analysis in many fields of science, including the analysis of the financial and economic activities of economic entities. When combined with other techniques, detailing makes it possible to comprehensively evaluate the phenomena under study and reveal the causes of the situation. Depending on the complexity of the phenomenon, the indicators describing it are broken down by time, by the place of business operations, by centers of responsibility or constituent parts(terms or factors).

Analysis of indicators, detailed by chronological periods, reveals the dynamics and rhythm of the flow of economic phenomena. Detailing by time allows you to set the periods (months, days) in which the best or worst results fall.

The decomposition of data by the place of business transactions allows you to identify the most and least efficient divisions of the enterprise, as well as regions that are the best or, conversely, unsuccessful for the sale of products.

Method of expert assessments. Delphi method – generalization of expert assessments concerning the prospects for the development of a particular economic entity. The peculiarity of the method is a consistent, individual anonymous survey of experts. Such a technique excludes the direct contact of experts among themselves and, consequently, the group influence that arises during joint work and consists in adapting to the opinion of the majority.

Analysis using the Delphi method is carried out in several stages, the results are processed by statistical methods. The prevailing opinions of experts are revealed, their points of view are converging. All experts are introduced to the arguments of those whose judgments are strongly out of the mainstream. After that, all experts can change their minds, and the procedure is repeated.

Morphological analysis is an expert method for a systematic review of all possible options for the development of individual elements of the system under study, based on complete and strict classifications of objects and phenomena, their properties and parameters. It is used in forecasting complex processes when scenarios are written by different groups of experts and compared with each other to obtain a comprehensive picture of future development.

Method of situational analysis and forecasting. This method is based on models designed to study functional or rigidly determined relationships, when each value of a factor attribute corresponds to a well-defined non-random value of the resultant attribute. As an example, we can cite the dependencies implemented in the framework of the well-known factor analysis model of the DuPont company. Using this model and substituting predictive values ​​into it various factors, for example, sales proceeds, asset turnover, degree of financial dependence, etc., it is possible to calculate the forecast value of one of the main performance indicators - the return on equity ratio.

balance method. This method is used when studying the ratio of two groups of interrelated indicators, the results of which should be equal to each other. It owes its name to the balance sheet, which was one of the first historical examples of linking a large number of economic indicators with two equal totals. The use of the method is especially widespread in the analysis of the correct placement and use of economic assets and sources of their formation. The method of balance linking is also used in the study of functional additive relationships, in particular, in the analysis of the commodity balance, as well as to verify the completeness and correctness of the calculations made in the factor analysis: general change the effective indicator should be equal to the sum of changes due to individual factors.

Factor analysis based on rigidly determined models. In economic research, a factor is understood as the conditions necessary for carrying out a given economic process, as well as the reason, the driving force of this process, which determines its nature or one of the main features. The results of economic activity are influenced by many factors that are interconnected, dependent and conditional.

Methods of chain substitutions and arithmetic differences. The method of chain substitutions is also called the method of sequential (gradual) isolation of factors. This method is designed to measure the impact of a change in factor characteristics on a change in the effective indicator when studying functional dependencies. The validity of the method was substantiated by K. Marx when studying the effect on the relative price work force three factors: duration, productive power and intensity of labor. He proposed to sequentially consider each factor as a variable, fixing all the others, and so on in turn.

integral method. The advantages of the integral method should be recognized as the complete decomposition of the factors and the absence of the need to establish the order of the factors.

The method also has significant drawbacks. These include the significant complexity of calculations even using the above formulas, as well as the existence of a fundamental contradiction between the mathematical basis of the method and the nature of economic phenomena. The fact is that most of the phenomena and quantities in the economy are of a discrete nature, so it is pointless to consider infinitesimal increments, as required by the application of the integral method.

Forecasting based on proportional dependencies. The basis of this method is the thesis that it is possible to identify a certain indicator that is the most important from the standpoint of the characteristics of the company's activities, which, thanks to this property, could be used as a base for determining the forecast values ​​of other indicators in the sense that they are "tied" to the base indicator using the simplest proportional dependencies. As a base indicator, either sales proceeds or the cost of sold (manufactured) products are most often used. The validity of this choice is quite easily explained from the standpoint of logic and, moreover, finds confirmation in the study of the dynamics and relationships of other indicators that describe certain aspects of the company's activities.

The method is based on the assumption that: a) the values ​​of most balance sheet and income statement items change in direct proportion to sales volume; b) the levels of proportionally changing balance sheet items that have developed in the company and the ratios between them are optimal (meaning that, for example, the level of inventories at the time of analysis and forecasting is optimal).

Method of averages. In any set of economic phenomena or subjects, there are differences between the individual units of this set. Simultaneously with these differences, there is something in common that unites the totality and allows us to attribute all the subjects and phenomena under consideration to one class. For example, all workers of the same shop, performing the same work, perform it in different ways, with different productivity. However, despite some individual differences, it is possible to determine the average output, or average productivity, per worker in the shop. It is possible to average the profitability of an enterprise over several consecutive quarters, obtaining the value of the average profitability, and so on.

The role of averages, therefore, is to generalize, i.e. replacing the set of individual values ​​of a feature with an average value characterizing the entire set of phenomena. The average value generalizes qualitatively homogeneous values ​​of a trait and, therefore, is a typical characteristic of a trait in a given population. For example, the average turnover per worker is a typical characteristic trading network cities.

Of course, the average value is not fixed once and for all: the average output per employee of a normally functioning enterprise is constantly growing. The average cost per unit of output tends to fall as output increases. Thus, not only the average values ​​themselves, but also the trends in their change can be considered as indicators of the position of the enterprise in the market and the success of its financial and economic activities in this industry.

Data grouping method. Grouping is the division of a data set into groups in order to study its structure or relationships between components. In the process of grouping, the units of the population are distributed into groups in accordance with the following principle: the difference between units assigned to the same group should be less than the difference between units assigned to different groups. The most important question when conducting this kind of research - the choice of the grouping interval.

The basic rule for grouping is the following: there should be no empty or sparsely filled intervals.

In the analysis of financial and economic activity, two types of groupings are mainly used: structural and analytical.

Structural groupings are designed to study the structure and composition of the population, the shifts occurring in it relative to the selected variable feature. Analytical groupings are designed to study the relationship between two or more indicators that characterize the studied population. One of the indicators is considered as effective, and the rest - as factorial. Analytical grouping can be used to calculate the strength of the relationship between factors.

Elementary Methods for Processing Calculated Data. When studying the totality of values ​​of the studied quantities, in addition to the averages, other characteristics are also used. When analyzing large data arrays, two aspects are usually of interest: first, the quantities that characterize a series of values ​​as a whole, i.e. characteristics of the community, and secondly, the quantities that describe the differences between the members of the population, i.e. characteristics of spread (variation) of values.

In addition, the following values ​​are used as indicators of generality: the middle of the interval, mode, and median.

The following quantities are most often used as indicators of the range and intensity of the variation of indicators: the range of variation, the average linear deviation, the standard deviation, the variance and the coefficient of variation.

Index Method. Index – it is a statistical indicator representing the ratio of two states of a feature. With the help of indices, comparisons are made with the plan, in dynamics, in space. The index is called simple(synonyms: particular, individual), if the feature under study is taken without taking into account its connection with other features of the phenomena being studied. A simple index looks like

where P1 and P0 are the compared feature states.

The index is called analytical(synonyms: general, aggregate), if the trait under study is taken not in isolation, but in connection with other traits. An analytical index always consists of two components: an indexed feature R(the one whose dynamics is being studied) and the weight attribute q. With the help of signs-weights, the dynamics of a complex economic phenomenon is measured, the individual elements of which are incommensurable. Simple and analytical indices complement each other

where q 0 or q 1 - weight sign.

With the help of indices in the analysis of financial and economic activity, the following main tasks are solved:

Evaluation of the change in the level of the phenomenon (or the relative change in the indicator);

Identification of the role of individual factors in changing the effective feature;

Evaluation of the impact of changes in the structure of the population on the dynamics.

Correlation analysis. Correlation analysis is a method of establishing a relationship and measuring its tightness between observations that can be considered random and selected from a population distributed according to a multivariate normal law.

A correlation is a statistical relationship in which different values ​​of one variable correspond to different mean values ​​of another. Correlations can arise in several ways. The most important of them is the causal dependence of the variation of the resultant attribute on the change in the factorial one. In addition, this kind of relationship can be observed between two effects of the same cause. The main feature of correlation analysis should be recognized that it establishes only the fact of the existence of a relationship and the degree of its closeness, without revealing its causes.

Regression analysis. Regression analysis is a method of establishing an analytical expression of a stochastic relationship between the studied features. The regression equation shows how, on average, changes at when changing any of xi, and looks like

y= f(x1, x2, …, xn)

where y - dependent variable (it is always one);

xi– independent variable factors - there may be several of them.

If there is only one independent variable, this is a simple regression analysis. If there are several P 2), then such an analysis is called multivariate.

Regression analysis is used mainly for planning, as well as for the development of a regulatory framework.

cluster analysis. Cluster analysis is one of the methods of multivariate analysis, designed for grouping (clustering) a population, the elements of which are characterized by many features. The values ​​of each of the features serve as the coordinates of each unit of the studied population in the multidimensional space of features. Each observation, characterized by the values ​​of several indicators, can be represented as a point in the space of these indicators, the values ​​of which are considered as coordinates in a multidimensional space.

Analysis of variance. Analysis of variance is a statistical method that allows you to confirm or refute the hypothesis that two data samples belong to the same general population. With regard to the analysis of the activities of an enterprise, we can say that analysis of variance allows you to determine whether groups of different observations belong to the same set of data or not.

Analysis of variance is often used in conjunction with grouping methods. The task of conducting it in these cases is to assess the significance of differences between groups. To do this, determine the group dispersions σ12 and σ 22, and then statistically Student's or Fisher's test is used to check the significance of differences between groups.

Decision tree construction method. This method is included in the system of situational analysis methods and is used in cases where the predicted situation can be structured in such a way that key points are highlighted in which either a decision must be made with a certain probability (the role of an analyst or manager is active), or also with a certain probability some event (the role of an analyst or manager is passive, but some circumstances that do not depend on his actions are significant).

Linear programming. The linear programming method, the most common in applied economic research due to its fairly clear interpretation, allows an economic entity to justify the best (in terms of formal features) solution under more or less severe restrictions regarding the resources available to the enterprise. With the help of linear programming in the analysis of financial and economic activity, a number of problems are solved, primarily related to the activity planning process, which it allows to find the optimal output parameters and ways to make the best use of available resources.

Sensitivity analysis. Under conditions of uncertainty, it is never possible to determine in advance exactly what the actual values ​​of a particular quantity will be through certain time. However, for successful planning of production activities, it is necessary to foresee the changes that may occur in future prices for raw materials and end products enterprise, on a possible fall or increase in demand for goods produced by the enterprise. To do this, an analytical procedure called sensitivity analysis is performed. This method is often used in the analysis investment projects, as well as when predicting the value of the net profit of the enterprise.

Sensitivity analysis is to determine what will happen if one or more factors change their value. It is practically impossible to perform the analysis of simultaneous changes in several factors manually; for this, a computer should be used. We will consider the sensitivity of net profit to a change in only one factor (for example, sales volume) with all the others unchanged.

Methods of financial calculations. Financial calculations, based on the concept of the time value of money, are one of the cornerstones of financial analysis and are used in its various sections.

Accretion and discount operations. The simplest type of financial transaction is a one-time loan of a certain amount PV with the condition that after some time t large amount will be refunded F.V. The effectiveness of such a transaction can be characterized in two ways: either with the help of an absolute indicator - growth (FV– PV), or by calculating some relative indicator. Absolute indicators are most often not suitable for such an assessment due to their incompatibility in the spatio-temporal aspect. Therefore, they use a special coefficient - the rate. This indicator is calculated as the ratio of the increment of the initial amount to the base value, which, obviously, can be taken either PV, or F.V. Thus, the rate is calculated according to one of two formulas

In financial calculations, the first indicator also has names: "interest rate", "percentage", "growth", "rate of interest", "rate of return", "yield"; and the second is "discount rate", "discount rate", "discount". It is obvious that both rates are interconnected, i.e., knowing one indicator, you can calculate another

Both indicators can be expressed either in fractions of a unit or as a percentage. It's obvious that
rt > dt, and the degree of discrepancy depends on the level of interest rates prevailing at a particular point in time. So if rt= 8%, dt= 7.4%, the discrepancy is relatively small; if
rt= 80%, then dt= 44.4%, i.e. rates vary significantly.

Comparison of indicators is carried out to identify deviations of actual indicators from planned ones, to identify shifts in the work of the enterprise. Compared to the previous period, in order to identify the best enterprises from

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Introduction

Market economy in Russian Federation is gaining more and more power.
Along with it, competition is gaining strength as the main mechanism for regulating the economic process.
In modern economic conditions, the activity of each economic entity is the subject of attention of a wide range of participants in market relations interested in the results of its functioning.
To ensure the survival of the enterprise in modern conditions, management personnel must first of all be able to realistically assess the financial condition of both their enterprise and existing potential competitors. Financial condition is the most important characteristic economic activity enterprises It determines the competitiveness, potential in business cooperation, evaluates the extent to which the economic interests of the enterprise itself and its partners are guaranteed in financial and production terms. However, the ability to realistically assess the financial condition alone is not enough for the successful functioning of the enterprise and the achievement of its goal.
The competitiveness of an enterprise can only be ensured by the correct management of the movement of financial resources and capital at its disposal.

Principles of PCD analysis

An analytical study of the financial and economic activities of enterprises is based on certain principles.

1. State approach.
When evaluating economic phenomena and processes, it is necessary to take into account their compliance with state economic, social, international policies and legislation.
2. Scientific character.
The analysis should be based on the provisions of the dialectical theory of knowledge, taking into account the requirements of the economic laws of the development of production.
3. Complexity.
The analysis requires a comprehensive study of causal relationships in the economy of the enterprise.
4. System approach.
The analysis should be based on understanding the object of study as a complex dynamic system with a structure of elements.
5. Objectivity and accuracy.
The information used for analysis must be reliable and objectively reflect reality, and analytical conclusions must be substantiated by accurate calculations.
6. Effectiveness.
The analysis must be effective, that is, actively influence the course of production and its results.
7. Planning.
For the effectiveness of analytical activities, the analysis must be carried out systematically.
8. Efficiency.
The effectiveness of the analysis greatly increases if it is carried out promptly and analytical information quickly affects the managerial decisions of managers.
9. Democracy.
It involves participation in the analysis of a wide range of workers and, consequently, a more complete identification of on-farm reserves.

10. Efficiency.
The analysis must be effective, i.e., the costs of its implementation must have a multiple effect.

Types of financial analysis.

According to the content of the management process, there are: prospective (forecast, preliminary) analysis, operational analysis, current (retrospective) analysis based on the results of activities for a particular period.
The current (retrospective) analysis is based on accounting and static reporting and allows you to evaluate the work of associations, enterprises and their divisions for the month, quarter and year on an accrual basis.
The main task of the current analysis is an objective assessment of the results of commercial activities, a comprehensive identification of existing reserves, their mobilization, and the achievement of full compliance with material and moral incentives based on the results of work and the quality of work.
The current analysis is carried out during the debriefing of economic activity, the results are used to solve management problems.
The peculiarity of the methodology of the current analysis is that the actual results of the activity are evaluated in comparison with the plan and data of the previous analytical period. There is a significant drawback in this type of analysis - the identified reserves are forever lost opportunities for increasing production efficiency, since they refer to the past period.
The current analysis is the most complete analysis financial activities, which incorporates the results of operational analysis and serves as the basis for prospective analysis. (22)
Operational analysis is close in time to the time of business transactions. It is based on primary (accounting and static) accounting data. Operational analysis is a system of daily study of the fulfillment of planned targets in order to quickly intervene in the production process and ensure the efficiency of the enterprise.
Operational analysis is usually carried out according to the following groups of indicators: shipment and sales of products; use of labor, production equipment and material resources: cost; profit and profitability; solvency. During operational analysis, a study of natural indicators is carried out, relative inaccuracies are allowed in the calculations, since there is no completed process.
Prospective analysis is the analysis of the results of economic activity in order to determine their possible values ​​in the future.
By revealing a picture of the future, perspective analysis provides the manager with a solution to problems strategic management.
In practical methods and research, the tasks of prospective analysis are specified by: objects of analysis; performance indicators; the best justification for long-term plans.
Prospective analysis as intelligence of the future and the scientific-analytical basis of a long-term plan is closely related to forecasting, and such an analysis is called forecasting.
The classification of business analysis is important for a correct understanding of its content and objectives and, therefore, for effective application in practice.
The analysis of economic activity is a multifaceted and wide phenomenon. It is classified:

by industry:
. sectoral, the specifics of which take into account the characteristics of individual industries National economy(industry, agriculture, transport, etc.)
. intersectoral, which takes into account the interconnections and structure of economic sectors and is the methodological basis general analysis economic activity (AHD theory) on the basis of time:
. preliminary (prospective), - carried out before the implementation of business operations to justify management decisions
. operational, carried out immediately after the completion of business transactions for the prompt identification of shortcomings in the process of financial and economic activity. Its purpose is to provide the function of management - regulation.
. subsequent (retrospective, final), is carried out after the commission of economic acts. It is used to control the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. in terms of space:

On-farm, studies the activities of an economic entity and its structural divisions
. inter-farm, analyzes the interaction of the enterprise with contractors, competitors, etc. and allows you to identify best practices in the industry, reserves and shortcomings of the organization. by objects of management
. technical and economic analysis, which studies the interaction of technological and economic processes and establishes their impact on economic results enterprise activities.
. financial and economic analysis, which pays special attention to the financial results of the enterprise, namely, the implementation financial plan, efficiency of use of own and borrowed capital, profitability indicators, etc.
. socio-economic analysis, which studies the relationship of social and economic processes to improve the efficiency of the use of labor resources, labor productivity, etc.
. economic - statistical analysis is used to study mass social - economic phenomena.
. economic - environmental analysis explores the interaction of environmental and economic processes for a more rational and careful use of environmental resources.
. marketing analysis, which is used to study the external environment of the enterprise, raw materials and sales markets, etc. according to the method of studying objects:
. comparative analysis, uses the method of comparing the results of financial and economic activities by periods of economic activity.
. factor analysis is aimed at identifying the magnitude of the influence of factors on growth and the level of performance indicators.
. diagnostic, aimed at identifying violations in the mechanism of the functioning of the organization by analyzing typical signs that are characteristic only for this violation.
. marginal analysis is a method for evaluating and justifying the effectiveness of management decisions based on cause-and-effect relationships between sales volume, production cost and profit.
. economic - mathematical analysis allows you to identify the most optimal solution to the economic problem with the help of mathematical modeling.
. stochastic analysis is used to study stochastic dependencies between the studied phenomena and the processes of financial and economic activity of an enterprise.
. functional - cost analysis is focused on optimizing the performance of functions that are performed at various stages life cycle products. by subjects of analysis:
. internal analysis, which is carried out by special structural divisions enterprises for the needs of management.
. external analysis, which is performed government bodies, banks, shareholders, investors, contractors, audit firms on the basis of financial and statistical reporting enterprises. according to the content of the program:
. complex analysis in which the activities of the organization are studied comprehensively.
. thematic analysis, in which certain aspects of the activity that are of greatest interest at a given time are studied.

Classification of methods and techniques of analysis.

The method of financial analysis is understood as a method of approach to the study of economic processes in their formation and development. (ten)
To characteristic features method include: the use of a system of indicators, identifying and changing the relationship between them.
In the process of financial analysis, a number of special methods and techniques are used.
Ways of applying financial analysis can be divided into two groups: traditional and mathematical.
The first group includes: the use of absolute, relative and average values; method of comparison, summary and grouping, method of chain substitutions.
The method of comparison consists in compiling the financial indicators of the reporting period with their planned values ​​and with the indicators of the previous period.
Receiving summaries and groupings consists in combining information materials into analytical tables.

Techniques (methods) AHD.

Grouping and analytical tables.

The grouping of indicators is carried out according to certain criteria and is necessary to place indicators by place and time (by place - designed to distribute indicators among objects, workshops, sections; by time - designed to distribute indicators over periods of time and is necessary for fast, high-quality and timely analysis of economic performance of the enterprise).
Analytical tables reflect the grouped data in the most convenient form for subsequent conclusions from the analysis. Tables should be convenient, visual and include all the necessary indicators.

Comparison of indicators is the most important technique of AHD.

Comparison of indicators is carried out to identify deviations of actual indicators from planned ones, to identify shifts in the work of the enterprise. In comparison with the previous period, to identify the best enterprises for the analyzed period and other purposes.

Comparability of compared indicators.

The essence of this technique lies in the fact that the compared indicators should be compared according to a number of criteria: volume, nature of activity, periods of work, units of measurement. At the same time, it is necessary to recalculate indicators for their comparability.

The method of calculating differences and the method of chain substitutions.

These two most important AHD methods are used to determine the influence of factors on the deviation of actual indicators from the plan. When using these methods, the analyzed indicators must be presented as a product of a number of factors - this is a factor that affects the totality of indicators.
To determine the influence of factors on the set of indicators in the resulting product, we substitute its difference between the actual and planned indicators.
The resulting product shows the size of the influence of this factor on the deviation of the actual set of indicators of the plan. First, quantitative indicators are substituted, and then qualitative ones. Those factors that negatively affected the set of indicators are a reserve for its improvement, provided that its negative impact is eliminated.
The method of chain substitutions is used to calculate the magnitude of the influence of factors in the overall complex of their impact on the level of the aggregate financial indicator. The essence of the methods of valuable substitutions is that, by successively replacing each reporting indicator with the base one, all other indicators are considered unchanged. This replacement allows you to determine the degree of influence of each factor on the total financial indicator

Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise.

Profitability is a relative indicator of production efficiency, meaning profitability, profitability.
When analyzing the profitability of an enterprise, the actual profitability is compared with the planned one for the analyzed period and abs. and rel. deviations.
Absolute deviation = ± (Profitabilityfact-Profitabilityplan)
Relative deviation = ± absolute deviation / profitability plan
*100%
Then the influence of factors on the level of profitability of the enterprise is determined, using the technique of the AHD method of chain substitutions.
The main ways and reserves to increase the level of profitability of the enterprise:
1. Increasing the balance sheet profit by fulfilling the plan in terms of sales volume, assortment and quality.
2. Decrease in average balances of NOS, liquidation of inventories in excess of the norm, acceleration of turnover of working capital.
3. Improving the efficiency of the used Fixed Assets by increasing the proportion of their active part, replacing, modernizing obsolete equipment - eliminating unnecessary facilities.

The meaning and objectives of the analysis of the implementation of the plan for production.
The main objectives of the implementation of the production plan are:
1. Identification of deviations of the actual volume of production from the plan as a whole and for certain types products.
4. Analysis of the work of the enterprise's divisions (workshops, lumber stations) in order to identify the internal reserves of the enterprise.
5. Checking the activities of the enterprise for the sale of products in order to timely shipment to consumers or buyers.
6. Identification of factors that influenced the deviation from production plans.
7. Identification of reserves for increasing the volume of output and sales of products; development of measures to eliminate the admitted shortcomings and violations.

Analysis of the implementation of the plan in terms of sales volume.

When analyzing the implementation of the plan in terms of sales volume, the actual volume of sales is compared with the planned volume and the absolute deviation from the plan and the percentage of the plan are determined.
Abs. off from the plan = ± (actual RP - plan RP (resp. trans.))
If wholesale prices and tariffs have changed in the reporting year, then they are compared with the prices and tariffs of the plan, then the actually sold products are valued at the wholesale prices adopted by the plan for comparability.

Analysis of the implementation of the plan for the range and quality of products sold.

The fulfillment of the plan for the assortment is considered by enlarged groups, then by the expanded nomenclature by comparing the actual output of products for each type with the planned ones and the absolute deviation from the plan and the percentage of the plan are determined.

Analysis of the implementation of the plan in terms of the volume of marketable products.

Commercial products are products, work and services of an industrial nature that meet the requirements of standards, drawings, technological conditions for delivery and contracts and transfer to a warehouse for sale.

Analysis of the implementation of the plan for the range and quality of commercial products.

The range of marketable products is considered by its types, by comparing the actual output in physical terms with the planned one and determine the percentage of the plan and the absolute deviation from the plan for each type of product.

Analysis of shifts in the structure of the product range.

Assortment structure is understood as specific gravity individual types of products in its total volume. It is defined as the ratio of the sum of the product type to the sum of the total and is multiplied by 100%.
When analyzing, it is necessary to compare the actual amount and specific gravity for each type of product with the plan and determine the absolute deviation from the plan and structural shifts.

The concept of the rhythm of the enterprise and its significance.

The rhythm of the work of the enterprise lies in the uniform implementation of the entire technological process for the production and shipment of products, in accordance with monthly plans and daily tasks. With the rhythmic work of the enterprise, the products arrive at the warehouse evenly, and are evenly shipped to consumers. With irregular work, most of the enterprise is carried out at the end of the month, quarter, year, which negatively affects the operation of the equipment, leads to the release of low-quality products. With irregular work, unused reserves reach large sizes:
1. Equipment and machines are idle at the beginning of the month and do not work at full capacity
2. The main production workers work in auxiliary jobs, which reduces labor productivity
3. Mechanisms and machines do not work correctly at the beginning of the month (without repair and inspection), which leads to the release of defective products
4. The technological process is disrupted
5. The turnover of working capital slows down, which leads to an increase in the cost of production and a decrease in profits and profitability.

Analysis of the implementation of the plan (in terms of output) by the internal divisions of the enterprise.

All internal divisions of the enterprise (workshops, sections, teams) are set targets for the following indicators:
. Production volume
. Range
. Product types
. labor productivity
. Number of workers and employed
. payroll fund
. Middle wages
. Production cost
When analyzing the implementation of the plan, we use technique:
. grouping
. Analytical tables
. Comparison of indicators
. difference calculation

Analysis technical condition fixed assets.

Fixed assets are recorded on active account 01. Fixed assets are valued in three types:
1. The initial cost of the Capital Assets.
2. Replacement cost of fixed assets - the cost of reproduction
Fixed assets in modern conditions.
3. Residual value of fixed assets
(Residual value=Initial value-Depreciation)
The technical condition of fixed assets is characterized by the degree of their depreciation and is determined according to the accounting data. balance. Fixed assets are accounted for in accounting. balance at original or replacement cost, regardless of their technical condition.
The depreciation of fixed assets is charged monthly on the passive account 02 and reflected in the liabilities side of the balance sheet. Depreciation of fixed assets can be reduced by overhauling fixed assets
The essence of the analysis:
When analyzing the technical equipment of the Fixed Assets, the amount and degree of depreciation of the Fixed Assets at the end and beginning of the reporting period are compared and the following is determined:
Absolute shift in the amount of depreciation = ±(Amount of depreciation of fixed assets at the end of the year – Amount of depreciation of fixed assets at the beginning of the year)
Shift in the degree of depreciation of fixed assets \u003d ± (percentage of depreciation at the end of the year - percentage of depreciation at the beginning of the year)
The degree of depreciation of fixed assets (percentage of depreciation) is the ratio of the amount of depreciation to the original cost, expressed as a percentage. wear percentage \u003d worn out amount / Initial cost * 100%
The decrease in the degree of depreciation of fixed assets at the end of the year in comparison with the beginning is a positive phenomenon and is achieved through major repairs of fixed assets and their renewal. If, however, the analysis revealed that the degree of depreciation of fixed assets at the end of the year increased compared to the beginning of the year, then this is an extremely negative phenomenon and indicates a failure to fulfill the repair plan for fixed assets or a failure to fulfill the plan for technical development and production efficiency.

Analysis of the implementation of the repair plan O.F.

Repair O.F. affects their technical condition and timely and high-quality repair extends the service life, and also improves the quality of products.
There are 2 factors for improving the technical condition of the O.F.:
1. Timely update of O.F.

Update O.F. called the resumption of retired O.F. due to physical and moral deterioration, as well as in connection with the expansion and modernization of production.
Refresh rate. F.F. = cost of introduced F.F. in the reporting period / the initial cost of O.F. at the end of the year.
8. Carrying out repairs O.F.
The implementation of the O.F. repair plan is analyzed according to total amount the cost of repairing the O.F. as a whole for the enterprise and for its individual divisions. In this case, the analysis is carried out individual groups and types of O.F. by comparing the actual estimated cost of the work performed with the planned estimate.
The excess of the actual amount of costs in comparison with the planned one is a negative phenomenon and indicates an overrun of wages or material costs. Savings in repair costs are not always positive, as this may indicate a failure to fulfill the plan in terms of the amount of work.

Analysis of the technical equipment of the enterprise.

When analyzing the technical equipment of an enterprise, first of all, the fulfillment of the plan is evaluated by the percentage of mechanization of work.

Analysis of the use of working time in the enterprise.

An analysis of the use of working time in an enterprise is carried out in order to identify reserves for the growth of labor productivity in an enterprise; at the same time, deviations from the plan are revealed for the average one working days worked.
To do this, compare the actual absenteeism with the planned for the reporting period and determine the abs. deviations from the plan. A decrease in the number of non-working days leads to an increase in labor productivity and the volume of marketable output.
An increase in absenteeism for various reasons is a negative phenomenon and reduces these indicators.
At the same time, the influence of individual factors on labor productivity and the volume of marketable products is determined. The impact on labor productivity per worker is determined by multiplying the planned average daily labor productivity by the number of days of absenteeism per worker. Then, the impact of absenteeism on the volume of marketable output is determined by multiplying the planned average daily labor productivity by the deviation from the planned balance of working days for reasons and by the actual number of workers.
According to the results of the calculations, the reserves for increasing the volume of output are determined, provided that downtime is eliminated and the actual absenteeism exceeds the planned ones.

Analysis of labor productivity of one worker.

In the analysis, the actual labor productivity of one worker is compared with the planned one for the analyzed period, as well as with labor productivity for last year and determine the following indicators:
1. Absolute deviation
2. percentage of plan completion
3. Absolute shifts according to the plan
4. percentage to the last year in fact
After that, the method of calculating the differences determines the influence of two labor factors.

Analysis of technical equipment and use of O.F.

The meaning and objectives of the analysis of technical equipment and use of O.F.
The tasks of the analysis are:
1. Identification of the correspondence between the actual presence of O.F. with planned calculation.
2. Implementation of the O.F.
3. Analysis of the structure and technical condition of O.F. It is necessary to determine its progressiveness, which affects the cost of production, profit and profitability.
4. Analysis of the degree of renewal of O.F. and organization of their repair.
5. Analysis of the labor force in technology and energy.
6. Identification of reserves for better use of O.F. and development of measures to eliminate the identified deficiencies.
7.

Analysis of the structure of O.F.

Fixed assets are grouped according to their types (buildings, structures, machines, mechanisms). Grouping FIXED ASSETS is also carried out into active and passive.
Active OF - means of labor that are directly involved in the technological process of influencing the object of labor (raw materials, materials).
Passive O.F. - means of labor that are not directly involved in the manufacture of products, but are necessary to ensure the normal and uninterrupted course of the technological process (buildings, structures).
When analyzed, the structure of O.F. determines the proportion of each type of O.F. in total according to the plan and actually.

Analysis of performance indicators for the use of O.F.

The main indicators of the effectiveness of the use of O.F. are:
Increased return on assets (FR) \u003d Marketable Products / average annual cost
OPF (rub/rub)
Decrease in capital intensity (FE) = 1/FO
The over-fulfillment of the plan for the FD for the reporting period, as well as the increase in the FD in comparison with the previous year, is considered positive. This situation leads to an increase in output from each ruble of the OF value, a decrease in the cost of production, and consequently to an increase in profits and an improvement in the financial condition of the enterprise.

In practice, the selected main methods for analyzing financial statements are: horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, trend analysis, financial ratio method, comparative analysis, factor analysis.
Horizontal (temporal) analysis - comparison of each position with the previous period.
Vertical (structural) analysis - determination of the structure of the final financial indicators with the identification of the impact of each reporting position on the result as a whole.
Trend analysis - comparing each reporting position with a number of previous periods and determining the trend. With the help of the trend, possible values ​​of indicators in the future are formed, and therefore, a prospective analysis is carried out.
Analysis of relative indicators (coefficients) - calculation of relationships between individual report items or items different forms reporting, determining the relationship of indicators.
Comparative analysis is both an on-farm analysis of the summary indicators of divisions, workshops, subsidiaries, etc., and an inter-farm analysis of an enterprise in comparison with competitor data, with average industry and average general economic data.
Factor analysis - analysis of the influence and individual factors (reasons) on the performance indicator using deterministic and stochastic research methods.
Factor analysis can be both direct and reverse, i.e. synthesis is the combination of individual elements into a common performance indicator.
Many mathematical methods: correlation analysis, regression analysis, etc., entered the circle of analytical developments much later.
Methods of economic cybernetics and optimal programming, economic methods, methods of operations research and decision theory, of course, can be directly applied in the framework of financial analysis.
All of the above methods of analysis are formalized methods of analysis. However, there are also non-formalized methods: expert assessments, scenarios, psychological, morphological, etc., they are based on the description of analytical procedures at the logical level.
At present, it is practically impossible to isolate the techniques and methods of any science as inherent exclusively to it. Similarly, in financial analysis, various methods and techniques not previously used in it.

SECTION 1. ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

ENTERPRISES

The financial condition of the enterprise is characterized by a system of indicators reflecting the availability, placement, use of financial resources of the enterprise and all production and economic activities of the enterprise.
The main form in the analysis of the financial condition is the balance sheet.
According to the current regulatory documents, the balance sheet is currently compiled in net valuation (accounting for fixed assets and IBE at residual value without depreciation). The result of the balance sheet gives an approximate estimate of the amount of funds at the disposal of the enterprise. It is convenient to study the structure and dynamics of the financial condition of an enterprise using a comparative analytical balance sheet.
The analysis of the financial activity of the enterprise is carried out according to the balance sheet, the report on financial results and their use
(form 2) appendix to the balance sheet. These documents are included in the appendix.
1.
The basis of the analysis is a system of indicators and analytical tables.
The economic potential can be characterized in two ways: from the position of property status and from the position of its financial position. Both of these aspects of financial and economic activity are interconnected - an irrational structure of property, its poor-quality composition can lead to a deterioration in the financial situation.
Necessary link in the system market economy is the institution of insolvency (bankruptcy) of economic entities. Therefore, the issue of assessing the structure of the balance sheet is of particular relevance, because. according to the unsatisfactory structure of the balance sheet, a decision is made on the insolvency of the enterprise.

2 Calculation of the amount of own funds advanced in O.S. and non-current assets.

Table 1.1

|1) Non-current assets |423606762 |261077254 |-162529508 |
| 2) Long-term liabilities | 292641 | 2641 | -290000 |
|3) Used sources |423314121 |261074613 |-162239508 |

| non-current assets (str1-str2) | | | | |

Calculation of the amount of own funds in circulation.

Table 1.2

| Indicators | Beginning of the year | End of the year | Changes |
|1) Sources of own funds |467433185 |341245385 |-126187800 |
|2) Used sources |423314121 |261074613 |-162239508 |
| Own funds to cover | | | | |
| non-current assets (n1-n2) | | | | |
|3) Own sources, |44119064 |80170772 |36051708 |
| advanced th in current | | | | |
| Means (str1-str2) | | | | |

According to the tables, a negative impression of the enterprise's activities is formed. This is primarily due to a decrease in fixed assets by almost half (by 162529508 rubles), this may be due to the fact that the enterprise has undergone restructuring or the separation of branches.
Also in the reporting year, the company repaid a significant part of the bank's long-term loans, which also led to a negative value of the indicator.

Nevertheless, the indicator of own working capital (functioning capital) suggests that the company has enough funds to continue its business activities.

4 General assessment of the dynamics and structure of balance sheet items.

A comparative analytical balance sheet can be obtained from the original balance sheet by adding balance items that are homogeneous in composition and economic content and supplementing it with indicators of structure, dynamics and structural dynamics. The analytical balance sheet covers many important indicators that characterize the statics and dynamics of the financial condition of the organization

a) Analytical grouping and analysis of asset items.

Table 1.3
| Indicators | At the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | Changes |
| | In rubles | In % | In rubles | In % | In rubles | In % | Temp |
| | | | | | | | Growth |
| | | | | | | | in % |
|1. cost |831178165 |100 |719594485 |100 |-111583680 |-13.4|86.6 |
| total property | | | | | | | | |
|2. |423606762 |51,0 |261077254 |36,3 |-162529508 |-14,7|61,6 |
|immobilized-we| | | | | | | |
| e funds in | | | | | | | | |
| including | | | | | | | |
|- nemater. |598175 |0.07 |815627 |0.11 |217452 |0.04 |136.4|
|assets | | | | | | | |
|- basic |400280596 |48.2 |243485481 |33.8 |-156795115 |-14.4|60.8 |
| Funds | | | | | | | |
|-in progress |21320251 |2.6 |14369798 |2.0 |-6950453 |-0.6 |67.4 |
| Prod. | | | | | | | | |
|-long-term |884865 |0.1 |2289076 |0.3 |1404211 |0.2 |258.7|
| Finnish. | investments | | | | | | | |
|-other extra. |522875 |0.06 |117272 |0.02 |-405603 |-0.04|22.4 |
|assets | | | | | | | |
|3. mobile |407571403 |49.0 |458517231 |63.7 |50945828 |14.7 |112.5|
| Wed-va in that | | | | | | | | |
| number: | | | | | | | |
|Reserves |248211233 |29.9 |258049865 |35.9 |9838632 |6 |104.0|
| Raw materials and | 92275725 | 11.1 | 118256309 | 16.4 | 25980584 | 5.3 | 128.2 |
| materials | | | | | | | |
| MBP | 6867734 | 0.8 | 8223568 | 1.1 | 1355834 | 0.3 | 119.7 |
| WIP costs | 49726386 | 6.0 | 46733519 | 6.5 | -2992867 | 0.5 | 94.0 |
| Finished | 47112447 | 5.7 | 19151261 | 2.7 | -27961186 | -3 | 40.7 |
| products | | | | | | | |
|Product |52127075 |6.3 |65563010 |9.1 |13435935 |2.8 |125.8|
| Shipped | | | | | | | |
| Expenses Bud. |101866 |0.012|122198 |0.017|20332 |0.005|120.0|
| period. | | | | | | | |
| Debtors | 88514144 | 10.6 | 113175755 | 15.7 | 24661611 | 5.1 | 127.9 |
| More than through | 33512 | 0.004 | 118118 | 0.02 | 84606 | 0.016 | 352.5 |
| 12 m. | | | | | | | |
| Within 12 m | 88480632 | 10.6 | 113057637 | 15.7 | 24577005 | 5.1 | 127.8 |
| Monetary funds | 969603 | 0.12 | 27616849 | 3.84 | 26647246 | 3.72 | 2848 |
| | | | | | | |2 |
| Other | 59795165 | 7.19 | 51684457 | |-8110708 |-0.01|86.4 |
| negotiable | | | | |7,18| | | |
|assets | | | | | | | |
|- VAT |10081258 |1.2 |7990305 |1.1 |-2090953 |-0.1 |79.3 |

According to the calculations, it can be seen that the assets of the enterprise for the reporting year decreased by 13.4%. This was mainly due to the disposal of property, plant and equipment. Fixed assets decreased by 39.2% compared to the previous year and for the reporting period amounted to 36.3% of the company's assets from 51% of the previous year.
In this regard, an important indicator - the coefficient of entrepreneurship - has decreased and the risk of insolvency has increased. Therefore, the company needs to increase the capacity of the enterprise by investing in fixed assets.
At the same time, the company is seeing an increase in mobile
12.5% ​​from the previous year and their share in the company's assets increased by 14.7% and in the reporting year is 63.7%.
And here the negative fact is the increase in receivables, both short-term by 5.1% and long-term by 0.016%, therefore, it is necessary to work more carefully to improve receivables, especially if the increase in long-term receivables (which did not increase significantly compared to assets, but compared with last year increased by almost 3.5 times), due to the movement of the short-term.

It can also be seen that the company keeps records of the sale of finished products as it receives revenue, and an increase in shipped goods by 25.8% can also be attributed to receivables.
According to the indicators of work in progress, we can say that the company produces very labor-intensive products, or there is not enough production capacity, however, by reducing the stock of finished products by 59.3%, we can say that the demand for products is satisfactory.
According to the share of mobile and immobilized funds to the assets of the enterprise, 63.7% to 36.3%, respectively, in general, we can say that the company is solvent, but the profit is not stable and it is necessary to increase the share of fixed assets.

b) Analytical grouping and analysis of liability articles.

Table 1.4

| Indicators | At the beginning of the year | At the end of the year | Changes |
| | In rubles | In % | In rubles | In % | In rubles | In % | Temp |
| | | | | | | | Growth |
| | | | | | | | in % |
|1. Cost |831178165 |100 |71959448|100 |-111583680 |-13.4 |86.6 |
| total property | | | |5 | | | | |
|2. Own |467433185 |56.2 |34124538|47.4 |-126187800 |-8.8 |73 |
| capital | | |5 | | | | |
|- statutory |249605 |0.03 |249605 |0.03 |--- |--- |100 |
| capital | | | | | | | |
|- additional |309196958 |37.2 |32054922|44.5 |11352270 |7.3 |103.7 |
| Cap. | | | |8 | | | | |
|- reserve |62401 |0.008 |62401 |0.009 |--- |0.001 |100 |
| capital | | | | | | | |
| - social fund. | |157057902 |18.9 |6577326 |0.9 |-150480576 |-18 |4.2 |
| sphere | | | | | | | |
|- target |866319 |0.1 |11652451|1.6 |10786132 |1.5 |1345.1|
| Financing | | | | | | | |
| and entered. | | | | | | | | |
| - undistributed |---- |--- |2154374 |0.3 |2154374 |0.3 | |
| profit | | | | | | | |
| Reporting year | | | | | | | | |
|3. Long-term |292641 |0.04 |2641 |0.0004|-290000 |-0.04 |0.9 |
| Liabilities | | | | | | | |
|-bank credit |290000 |0.0348|--- |--- |-290000 |-0.034| |
| | | | | | |8 | |
|- other liabilities|2641 |0.0003|2641 |0.0004|--- |0.0001| |
|4. Short-term|363452339 |43.7 |37834645|52.6 |14894120 |8.9 |104.1 |
| Liabilities | | |9| | | | |
| Borrowed funds | 29375585 | 3.5 | 33886800 | 4.7 | 4511215 | 1.2 | 115.4 |
|-bank loan |29359049 |3.5 |33886800|4.7 |4527751 |1.2 |115.4 |
|- other loans |16536 |0.0019|--- |--- |-16536 |-0.001|0.006 |
| | | | | | |9 | |
| TOTAL BORROWED | 29665585 | 3.6 | 33886800 | 4.7 | 4221215 | 1.1 | 114.2 |
| RESOURCES | | | | | | | |
| Creditors | 334031971 | 40.2 | 34443814 | 47.8 | 10406175 | 7.6 | 103.1 |
| | | |6 | | | | |
| URGENT | 64572689 | 7.8 | 12143655 | 16.9 | 56863869 | 9.1 | 188.1 |
| | | |8 | | | | |
| - on social. |10700420 |1.3 |11273391|1.6 |572971 |0.3 |105.4 |
| fears. | | | | | | | | |
| - debt. before |53872269 |6.5 |11016316|15.3 |56290898 |8.8 |204.5 |
| budget | | |7 | | | | |
| QUIET | 269459282 | 32.4 | 22300158 | 31.0 | -46457694 | -1.4 | 82.8 |
| | | |8 | | | | |
|- suppliers |90572438 |10.9 |94331861|13.1 |3759423 |2.2 |104.1 |
|- bills to |--- |--- |1041354 |0.1 |1041354 |0.1 | |
| payment | | | | | | | |
| - debt. before |20352869 |2.4 |48673123|6.8 |28320254 |4.4 |239.1 |
| subsidiaries and | | | | | | | | |
|Dependent.society| | | | | | | |
| mi | | | | | | | |
|-advance |113480064 |13.7 |50550050|7.0 |-62930014 |-6.7 |44.5 |
| received | | | | | | | | |
|-other |45053911 |5.4 |28405200|3.9 |-16648711 |-1.5 |63.0 |
| creditors | | | | | | | |
| Income Bud. |20890 |0.0025|21513 |0.0029|623 |0.0004|103.0 |
| periods | | | | | | | |
|Other liabilities |23893 |0.0029|--- |--- |-23893 |-0.002|0.004 |
| | | | | | |9 | |

The passive part of the balance is characterized by a decrease in the company's own funds by 27% compared to last year and 8.8% compared to the value of all property, and this is due to a significant decrease in the consumption fund.
The structure of borrowed capital underwent significant changes in the reporting year. The enterprise repaid its long-term obligations with the bank and was forced to attract short-term loans for which, as a rule, rather high interest rates and such attraction can be characterized with an urgent need for additional sources of financing.
The negative fact is a significant increase in term accounts payable by 88.1% and, first of all, a doubling of debt to the budget.
The share of calm debt in general decreased by 17.2%, this is mainly the fulfillment of obligations on advances received and other creditors, however, obligations to suppliers increased (by 4.5%) and to subsidiaries and dependent companies(by 139.1%), the company also acquired new obligations in the form of promissory notes in the reporting year.

Summing up, it must be said that the company is going through hard times.
It can be assumed that such a decrease in the value of property occurred due to the separation of branches due to the fact that long-term financial investments increased by 1404211 rubles or 158.7%, and it is also possible to reconstruct the enterprise, obsolescence, or, most likely, the diversion of funds by the state through the release of the enterprise from social facilities, as evidenced by the decrease in the fund of the social sphere serving these facilities. This suggests that the company is experiencing a production crisis and the need to finance current costs.

1.3 Calculation of liquidity ratios or solvency of the enterprise.

The liquidity of an enterprise is the ability to repay loans received on credit in a timely manner. cash, or the ability of working capital to turn into cash, necessary for the normal financial and economic activities of the enterprise.
Solvency (liquidity) indicators - reflect the ability of the enterprise to repay short-term debt with its easily realizable funds. When calculating these indicators, short-term liabilities are taken as the calculation base.
We will summarize these indicators in a table and, on their basis, we will analyze the solvency of the enterprise.

Table 1.5
| Indicators | Beginning | End | Deviations | Standard |
| | year | year | | |
|Fact. absolute | 0.27 | 7.3 | 7.03 | 20% : 100% |
| liquidity (urgency) | | | | | |
| Cubs (%) | | | | |
| Refined (intermediate) | 24.6 | 37.2 | 12.6 | ~ 100% |
| liquidity ratio Kutochn | | | | | |
|(%) | | | | |
|Fact. coating Kp (%) |112.1 |121.2 |9.1 |100