Projects for the construction of a mini-farm. Design and construction of cowsheds Farm project for 100 heads

The organization of a mini dairy farm is considered by many aspiring entrepreneurs as an excellent prospect for starting their own business. Such popularity of this idea is easily explained:

Ready-made project of a small mini farm

A mini-farm requires a small production area.
For family farms, reasonable investments are needed.
To maintain a mini-farm, minimal costs are required.

The project of a modern farm for 50 or 100 heads will provide all family members with permanent work and a stable good income.

Any investment of money must be justified. Therefore, you should start by creating a project or writing a detailed business plan. To become a competitor for large livestock farms, you need to think everything through.

No one is required to immediately erect huge complexes. You can start with a small herd.

What is a mini farm

Mini-farms include farms that keep cattle. Livestock breeders receive and sell dairy, meat and other products.

Internal arrangement of a private mini-farm

In livestock farms, where they are already making a profit, the average number of livestock is from 50 to 100 units. The project allows in the future to increase production volumes and increase productivity. At the same time, any Russian family will be able to open their own business, since fabulous funds are not needed to buy cattle, build outbuildings, or open an individual entrepreneur.

Mini-farm project: phased creation

Select a land plot.
Bring all the necessary communications.
Determine the number of livestock.
Decide what type of industry you will be engaged in - dairy, meat or combined.
Choose the method of keeping cattle - with or without walking.
Calculate how many technical rooms equipped with modern equipment need to be built.

Farm Animal Fence

If it is not possible to bring communications to the site, you should carefully consider your decision: this is a disadvantageous acquisition when you have to spend a lot on bringing water or generating electricity.

The nuances of choosing land

When for livestock farms, you need to be guided by the following rules. The land area must be at least 1000 sq. m. Depending on which method of keeping you prefer, you may need pastures for walking, hangars, fields to grow fodder crops and make hay.

If there is no own food base, then it is unprofitable to keep cattle. Almost all the profits received from the farm will be spent on fodder harvesting.

The location of the mini-farm on the layout of the suburban area

When an entrepreneur does not have enough money to have the district administration, he can rent it.

Bringing communications to the land plot

It is important that the land is in a convenient location. If the passage is difficult, the site is in a lowland or the soil is depleted, additional investment will be required. The remoteness of the farm from communications and settlements cannot be attributed to the advantages.

It is better to start construction on the former land of the state farm, where cowsheds, production facilities and water supply, gas, electricity, and sewage can already be built.

The number of animals and the definition of the type of activity. For a dairy farm, it is recommended to keep at least 25–50 heads at a minimum. Since cows bring offspring, the number of cattle in family farms can constantly increase.

The owners of the mini-farm will also need to keep bulls. Over time, the total number of cattle can reach 100 heads.

Building a mini-farm: possible alternatives

Today there is a demand for the construction of dairy farms. You can do this in various ways:

Restore the old facility and modernize it;
Build a completely new complex.

Let's take a closer look at each method separately. The first of them involves the construction of livestock farms in areas where there is a building that was previously used as a cowshed. Make a major overhaul of the premises, perform the necessary work on insulation. The interior space is being modernized. Install partitions.

Construction of cattle pens on a farm

If the building is well preserved, and you are going to use it in the future, then the territory is equipped according to the existing project. The second way to build a mini-farm involves starting from scratch. When opting for metal barns, you must remember that the cost of the project can increase greatly. There are modern building materials that are cheaper than iron. As an option, you can consider the purchase of a turnkey mini-farm.

In this case, the construction work is carried out by a professional company, and the entrepreneur, in the meantime, can devote more time to developing the optimal strategy for his business. It is convenient that the proposal from construction companies for the construction of a turnkey farm practically does not require the participation of the customer in construction work.

The process of building a mini-farm for cattle

You can try to find a suitable project in the catalog of the company you applied to.
The presence of the business owner is necessary when the farm is already built. He inspects the object and accepts the work. Entrepreneurs can order the creation of individual family farm projects. Then, during the construction of the object, all the wishes of the customer are taken into account. can be designed for a different number of cows: 25; fifty; one hundred; 150.

Most often, large modern livestock farms and complexes are located in buildings that have been preserved since Soviet times. Refurbishing an old building is much cheaper than building new space. This is especially true when it comes to large livestock, and a barn for 100 heads or more. Old buildings are distinguished by their reliability and convenience of planning: very often the buildings are interconnected, have a special room for organizing a dairy shop, a maternity room, a separate barn for calves, young bulls and heifers, and breeding stock. With the same success, an old stable or a pigsty, a sheepfold can be converted into a cowshed.

Project of a cowshed for 200 heads

In modern animal husbandry, most often farms are built from scratch for livestock from 50 cows to 200.

For larger livestock, it is more profitable to find and re-equip a ready-made barn. At the first stage of planning and creating a project, it is necessary to determine the number of cows and the content system. It can be stall content, in common pens or on a leash.

It is most convenient to use a typical barn project - a one-story building with a wall height of about 3 meters, an insulated roof, and a maximum height under the ridge - 3.5 meters. At this height, good natural air circulation will be provided. For construction, it is better to use a material suitable for given climatic conditions, economical and environmentally friendly. Most often used:

Metal,
Sandwich panels,
foam concrete,
Brick,
Bar.

Barn ventilation features

Natural ventilation in a typical barn is provided by the presence of small windows under the roof ridge. And forced ventilation of the barn requires a special device - a tunnel or circulation fan. Such fans are most often installed under the roof ridge, and can operate both automatically and turn on as needed.

Summer barn, tent hangar

Typical dairy farm project

Typical projects of dairy farms designed for large livestock (from 400 to 2800 or more heads) have their own differences. The construction of such a livestock complex should include eight sections. Each section will be occupied by cows selected according to physiological and biological parameters (age, milk yield, lactation period, etc.).

In the project of a complex for keeping cattle, with a livestock of 2,000 individuals, they often provide for a room for organizing a dairy. For a large farm, this is more profitable than selling milk in large volumes to third parties.

Modern barns designed for a large number of cattle should be at least 102 meters long (for 460 animals) and at least 120 meters (for 1100 animals). Typically, a typical dairy farm project involves the free keeping of cows without a leash, in boxes, on a bed of straw or sawdust.

General view of the barn project

A large dairy farm also involves the organization of a milking parlor equipped with automatic milking equipment. It takes about four hours for two employees to serve a herd of 400-600 heads, and for larger herds, three to five milking workers are usually hired.

In addition to the milking and birthing parlor, a typical dairy farm project includes:

Veterinary inspection and quarantine zone,
transport hall,
warehouse for food storage,
office space for employees,
calf,
Vehicle scales and disinfection system,
Garage,
manure pit,
Fire tank.

All large commercial dairy farms are equipped with special devices that distribute water and feed automatically.

For a farm of 600 heads, a minimum of 1200 hectares of land is required. And the annual productivity of such a complex will be about 8,000 tons of milk and 200 tons of meat. The construction estimate from scratch will be more than 350 million rubles.

Features of the barn project for 100 and 200 heads

The design of a barn for 100 heads most often involves the stall keeping of cows on a leash, since this is a more economical option. The size of the stall for one animal: length - 2 meters, width - 1.2 meters. The floor in the barn is designed taking into account a slight slope - no more than 2.5 cm. This makes it easier to clean the entire room. A typical barn plan includes utility rooms, a cesspool, a water system, heating, and electricity, as well as marking out the installation of the necessary milking equipment.

Calculation module for design

The project of a barn for 200 heads is different in that it involves the arrangement of stalls in four rows. A barn for 200 heads, as well as a barn for 100 heads, with an area of less than 1500 sq.m. does not need to pass the state examination.

Features of the project of a barn for 50 heads or less

For a homestead, where one to five cows are kept, a cattle shed is much more familiar. Cows are often kept with goats, poultry, piglets, and other domestic animals. If there are more cows, then farmers build a private dairy farm using a cowshed project for 20 cows or more.

According to one standard project, it is possible to build a cowshed for 5 heads or a cowshed for 50 heads: there is no significant difference in construction.

Such a farm can be built independently, without resorting to the help of construction companies. It is only necessary to decide on a sufficient plot of land, develop a farm plan that would take into account the supply of all communications, air exchange, separate stalls for bulls and dairy cows, as well as a cesspool.

Barn for 1 cow and calf

A detailed scheme of the farm should also include a room for storing equipment, marking stalls and passages with all sizes, the location of switches and sockets, water taps.

barn construction methods

Before you build a barn with your own hands, you need to prepare a site for construction. A layer of fertile soil is removed from the site, after which the site is covered with rubble of medium size. This preparation of the site allows you to ensure sufficient hardness of the foundation. When building a barn on your own, two methods are used: frame and frameless.

Wireframe method

Building a barn with this method is more economical. Immediately after preparing the soil, they begin to install the frame. First, the support of the future structure is laid in the base in the shape of a square, then proceed to the installation of the supporting pillars. All supporting elements are interconnected using a welding machine.

Typical frame barn for 200 heads

Frameless method

The second method is frameless, which implies the mandatory construction of a foundation. There are two ways to build the foundation correctly. First: we build the formwork and fill it with concrete. Second: we fill the dug trench with rubble stone and burnt brick, and we link them with cement. If the soil is not loose, then the depth of the foundation is about 60 cm. The walls are erected directly on the foundation, without using any supporting pillars.

General principles of construction

In farms engaged in breeding and keeping cattle, the minimum height of the walls should be about 2.5 meters, and the height of the ceiling along the central aisle should be at least 3.5 meters. When designing walls, it is imperative to provide for the presence of windows. To reduce electricity costs, it is recommended to make the number of windows equal to the number of animals. So, in the walls of a cowshed for 20 heads, there should be at least twenty windows. After the walls are erected and the roof is covered, proceed to the concrete floor and the construction of internal partitions.

Organization of the delivery room

Thinking over the drawings for the construction of a barn, it is necessary to mark out not only the main room, but also the maternity unit, the stern, the walking area and the milking parlour.

The birth room is arranged in the warmest part, and is equipped with double doors. This will help avoid drafts. In the generic stall, they make a larger one (for a cow with a calf, at least 10 sq.m is needed), organize additional lighting, and install automatic drinking bowls. The stall is covered with double bedding. It is very important to provide plumbing with convenient taps in the delivery room. All partitions are made only of wood.

Feed organization

Each stall is necessarily equipped with a feeder and a manger for hay, as well as a drinking bowl or an auto-drinking bowl. But it is also important to organize a place to store feed. Hay and straw are most often stored under a shed next to the barn, but concentrated feed and grain should be stored indoors. Usually in cowsheds they equip a separate room for feed. Several racks are made in it, a bath is installed (for steaming food and preparing mash), as well as several containers with a convenient lid system for storing grain. In the stern, you can put a small refrigerator for storing oils, medicines, liquid dressings.

Organization of the milking parlor

Even on a small farm, it is better to provide a room for arranging a milking parlor. For a livestock of 10-20 cows, it is enough to equip two stalls, next to which to place milking equipment, convenient access to electricity and water. The stall must be equipped with a manger for hay. Stalls are made from both metal pipes and timber. The most convenient option for a milking device for a small livestock is a paired milking device.

The milking parlor must have both good lighting and good ventilation.

On large farms, a separate room is allocated for the milking parlor, where complex milking equipment and the milk pipeline system are placed. The layout of the milking parlor and the layout of the stalls directly depends on the number of cows and the milking machine used.

Arrangement of walking

Even a small barn for 10 heads should have a comfortable walking area. In the warm season, adult cows are sent for grazing, but young animals and bulls, producers walk during the daytime, and sometimes at night, in the corral.

A cowshed for 20 heads can have several paddocks. It is important to keep a distance of at least two meters between the walls of the corrals in order to protect animals from injury (if you plan to simultaneously walk bulls - producers or young bulls).

Mankind has been using dairy products for thousands of years, the first mention of milk dates back to 1700 BC. For this reason, dairy farm products are always in demand, despite the fact that there may be competitors on the market. Today, more than ever, the demand for milk of farm origin is growing, and this is primarily due to the desire of the population to eat healthy food. Since in recent years many manufacturers have been using dry powder to make milk, it will be very relevant to put natural milk on sale.

Also, a factor in the growth of farms in Russia in recent years are sanctions for foreign producers who cannot export products to Russia. Accordingly, the share of imported products in our country decreased, which led to the growth of domestic farms and to the demand for them.

The attractiveness of opening a farm also lies in the presence of various government programs in the form of benefits and subsidies. For example, the Beginner Farmer program allows you to receive a grant of up to one and a half million rubles, and in some regions agricultural land is leased out completely free of charge.

In the business plan, consider the organization of a dairy farm for 100 heads. Seasonality does not apply to this business.

Amount of initial investment - 7 885 000 rubles;

Monthly profit - 410 000 rubles;

Payback period - 20 months;

Break even - 2 month;

Profitability of sales - 67% .

2. Description of the business, product or service

To organize a dairy farm, a land plot with an area of at least 1300 m2 is required, on which a hangar and outbuildings will be located. The area of the hangar depends on the number of heads, so, taking into account the fact that one dairy cow needs at least 6 m2 (and cattle with offspring need up to 10 m2), the area of the premises for 100 heads will be about 1000 m2. Ideally, the site should be located in an agricultural area, next to pastures and meadows from which fodder can be harvested.

In the business plan under consideration, only milk is produced, however, the farm can also produce sour-milk products, cheeses, sour cream, etc., by purchasing additional equipment for this. This will lead to additional costs, which is not always beneficial for a beginner farm.

The main product is still milk. According to rough estimates, on average, one dairy cow brings at least 5,000 liters of milk per year (on some farms 1,000 liters), so a farm can sell from 500,000 liters of milk in 12 months.

According to the technology of milk production, the farm uses a stall-pasture system for keeping a dairy herd. The content of cows is carried out in a tethered way. Depending on the physiological state, animals are divided into technological groups, such as preparation for calving, calving, milking, insemination and milk production. Milking is carried out by a milking machine in the milk pipeline. The resulting milk first undergoes primary cleaning and then cooling in coolers.

3. Description of the market

Milk is a perishable product, so you need to decide on distribution channels before you receive the first finished product. Depending on the form in which milk will be sold, several distribution channels can be distinguished:

Ready packaged (or bottled) milk to shops and markets. Such a sale is possible if the production has established work on pouring milk into ready-made packaging. Stores sell milk at retail. A good opportunity for the farm would be to conclude agreements with chain stores that will sell milk in all their outlets.
Wholesale - "dealers" independently organize the sale of products in various stores.
Implementation in production for further processing of milk. Such milk is transported to factories for the production of cottage cheese, sour cream, fermented baked milk, cheese and other products. Later, the products are also sent to shops and markets.
Organizing your own point at fairs will be the first step towards opening a store (department) of dairy products in the future.

Strengths of the project:	Weaknesses of the project:
Constant demand for products natural products	High competition in the market; There is no own food base
Project features:	Project Threats:
Opening of several farms in different areas of the region Delivery organization Additional production of fermented milk products and cheeses Own online store Increasing the number of livestock, thereby increasing revenue Own packaging production	Lack of staff The threat of the spread of cattle disease Cancellation of benefits for agricultural enterprises Bureaucratic barriers (including work with the Mercury program)

4. Sales and Marketing

5. Production plan

First of all, it is necessary to register the business with the tax authorities. The form of organization will be a peasant farm (IP) with a taxation system - a single agricultural tax or a simplified system.

Next, you need to select the appropriate land plot and lease it (in the absence of large investments, it is possible to take the land on preferential terms from the state), build a hangar and other buildings, purchase all the necessary equipment and carry out repairs. Upon completion of the work, it is necessary to pass inspections in Rosprirodnadzor and in the fire inspection for compliance of the premises with the requirements.

When the farm is ready to start production, you can hire staff, prepare a marketing plan and start looking for distribution channels.

The next step will be the conclusion of contracts with various specialists (such as an accountant, technologist, security company).

After the release of the first batch of products and before its sale, it is necessary to undergo an examination by veterinary services and obtain permits from the State Veterinary Service.

6. Organizational structure

The staffing of the dairy farm will consist of a director, four laborers and a driver. The director is most often the head of the peasant farm (that is, the entrepreneur).

His duties include administrative management of the farm, responsibility for the quality of products. The director also develops a development plan, optimizes work processes in order to reduce the cost part and increase profits. The director must have a good knowledge of the industry, so it is desirable to have work experience and relevant education.

Handymen will be directly engaged in work on the farm, one of whom is a foreman. Their duties include milking the cows, feeding and washing the animals, and keeping the farm clean. The foreman distributes work among everyone, and is also responsible for the maternity ward.

The accountant, technologist and veterinarian will work under service contracts in order to reduce the payroll.

Thinking about starting a business but don't know where to start? Build a barn! Cows are valued primarily for tasty and healthy milk. There is always a demand for such products. The construction of cowsheds is of interest not only to people employed in business, but also to diligent owners of summer cottages. These craftsmen are used to working with their hands. Proper care is a prerequisite for a cow to give a lot of milk.

Design and interior design of the barn

If you build a building from scratch, then this has its advantages: everything can be done at your discretion. However, you will need to invest money and buy the necessary building materials. The experience of building cowsheds adopted in Europe cannot be considered the most suitable for Russian conditions.

There, buildings are erected on two floors: on the first - a stall for animals, and on the second - a hayloft.

On the one hand, you can save space, and, on the other hand, the likelihood of fire increases greatly. Dry hay burns very quickly.

Before you start building a barn, there are a few steps to take. Beginners in the farming business will not hurt to get acquainted with the structure of this building. It is necessary to choose a place for, complete the project and calculate the cost of the barn. Be sure to take into account that indoor space should be enough for adult cows, bulls and small calves.

A variant of the design of a barn covered with corrugated board

Whether you have 20 or 200 cattle units, the first step is to design a suitable barn.

Place for animals in the barn

The size of the room can be quickly calculated by a specialist. Without experience in farming, it seems to beginners that they cannot cope with such a task. In fact, everything is quite simple. For independent calculations, you can be guided by the parameters of a standard barn - 6 x 4 m, height - 2.5 m. For each adult animal, 20 m3 is required, and for a calf - 10 m3. Part of the premises where the calf or calves will be kept must be fenced off.

Designing a home barn defines a place to store feed and equipment. The larger the number of livestock, the more spacious the building should be. The price of the finished project can be quite high.

Interior arrangement of a small wooden barn

Before you decide to buy it, try to calculate how much cheaper the purchase will cost if you do the construction work yourself.

Building materials for the barn

You can build a building from any building materials. Practical owners of the household use adobe, brick, cinder blocks, shell rock. The first material is easy to produce on site. Saman is made from a mixture that includes:

clay;
straw;
sand.

Construction of barn walls

The walls inside the barn should always be dry and warm. The building of adobe brick is inexpensive. In such a room, 200 animals can safely spend the winter. From below, the walls should be lined with ordinary bricks. Designing your barn involves taking into account various nuances, including cold winters. Severe frost will help to survive the built brick walls.

Laying 1.5 bricks allows you to keep the room warm. Inside the walls should be plastered and whitewashed. Reflecting, the rays of the sun make the barn lighter. When building walls, you can combine the use of two materials at the same time: burnt brick and shell rock.

Barn frame assembly process

The higher the porosity of building materials, the warmer it will be in the barn, and it will be easier for 200 cows to endure a frosty winter.

Barn floor installation

A cowshed for 100 heads involves the use of a floor covering in the form of a flooring with a waterproof surface. If the floors are even, then it is convenient to remove manure. If the floor covering is not properly insulated, then cows will develop mastitis over the winter. The best floors for animals are wood. However, they also have a drawback - fragility. Such coverage will last no more than four years. It is prone to rot and will need to be redone.

Most floors are made of concrete or cement. They are cold, and the cows start to get cold, especially in a frosty winter. Therefore, a dry litter is required. For her, you can take:

sawdust;
straw cutting;
straw.

If it is changed regularly, the problem of freezing can be avoided.

An example of flooring in a barn

A good alternative to flooring is fired brick flooring. It is warmer than concrete and more durable than wood. Brick floors will last at least 10 years. When repairs are made during the operation of the flooring, then it will last longer.

A spacious and comfortable home is no less important when breeding cattle than feeding or walking animals. Good conditions for keeping them in the barn increase milk yield and meat growth. Mini-farms usually use standard buildings for 100 or 200 cows. The construction project should take into account a number of nuances and features.

A cowshed is not just a barn with stalls for animals. Its construction requires responsibility, a thoughtful and prudent approach. It is advisable to use professional equipment. Before starting work on the arrangement of premises for 100 and 200 heads, it is worth considering and preparing project documentation.

Common features of barn projects for mini-farms:

Attention! Sanitary standards for the construction of such a barn include the presence of a cesspool. Its dimensions are determined by the size of the herd.

Basic floor plan for 100 cows

In a typical design of a barn for hundreds of animals, there are:

covered building with deep bedding, stalls and crèche for calves;
walking yard, divided into several sections;
fodder passage between them;
drinkers and feeders;
processing area for new cattle;
passage between it and the main territory.

A barn for 100 heads is already large enough, so it will not be possible to give the animals a lot of space. For small herds, you can leave 10 square meters. m per individual. In this barn project, the optimal value will be 6-8 square meters. m.

For a hundred cows, 800 square meters are needed. m. This includes more spacious stalls for calving cows, a nursery for grown-up young animals. Together with the bedding, the pens are additionally equipped with a special cow mat. The mat is good for animal health.

Attention! The stalls in this barn will be placed in 2-4 rows.

The traditional shape of a barn is a square or rectangle. This is convenient with a row layout of stalls. Set the height of the building within 2.2-2.5 m. The parameter is unchanged regardless of whether there is an attic in the room.

The equipment in the hangar should be comfortable for both cows and humans. For a drinking bowl, choose a container up to 80 cm deep and an autonomous water supply system. For example, a long trough. Make the length of the feeder and drinker at the rate of 10 individuals per 1 m.

Attention! An adult cow needs 4-5 liters of water per day to produce 1 liter of milk.

Building drawing features for 200 cows

ancillary facilities are moved outside the building;
stalls are placed in 6-8 parallel rows;
at the entrance to the barn there is a large gate: 2.8 m wide and 3 m high (this is convenient for the unhindered passage of service equipment);
sections with drinkers and feeders are placed along long opposite walls;
the passage between the rows is 2.5 m (for the convenience of feeding);
at the end of the room, a platform with milking equipment is mounted.

Advice. The barn can be equipped with a second smaller gate. They will facilitate access to the room and improve air circulation.

For such a complex, it is necessary to make high-quality thermal insulation of walls and ceilings. The area for walking should be commensurate with the number of livestock. Part of the territory may be a regular meadow, where the cows will receive pasture. Make another in the form of a covered summer playground with artificial turf.

Fundamentals of building construction technology

The construction of a barn for a mini-farm is carried out according to the following plan:

digging a pit for a strip foundation;
pouring the base (required - with a reinforcing mesh);
walling;
installation of floor beams;
roof assembly;
installation of windows and doors;
connection of communications.

The barn can be solid or frame. For the foundation, concrete on a sand cushion is used. Immediately consider the angle of the floor.

Use metal or concrete as a floor covering, brick, foam concrete or wooden beams measuring 10x15 cm for walls. A frame building can be sheathed with sandwich panels (especially in cold regions). The roof is preferably gable - snow and water come off it more easily. Roofing materials - roofing material, slate, corrugated board.

Advice. The attic will make the room warmer. The floor on it is made of boards, which are covered with a layer of sand.

Materials for the barn must be durable and environmentally friendly. So you create a good microclimate inside the room. And it, in turn, is important for the effective breeding of cattle.