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Lyudmila Andreevna Bespalova(b. 1947) - breeder of grain crops, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2007), corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2013).

Biography

In 1998 she defended her doctoral dissertation.

In 2001 he was awarded the academic title of professor.

In 2007 she was elected an academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

In 2013 - she was elected an academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (as part of the accession of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences to the Russian Academy of Sciences).

Scientific activity

Prominent scientist in the field of selection and seed production of grain crops.

He is the creator of 128 high-quality and high-yielding varieties of wheat and triticale, as well as semi-dwarf wheat varieties of a new generation.

Selected writings

• The main morphological and approbation features of varieties and hybrids of cereals, legumes, cereals and oil plants / co-authors: N.V. Trofimov et al.; Kuban. state agrarian un-t, etc. - Krasnodar: Sov. Kuban, 2000. - 512 p.
• Variety resistance winter wheat in connection with changes in the racial composition in the brown rust population of the Krasnodar Territory / co-authors: V. A. Alfimov, O. Yu. Bubble // Wheat and triticale. Krasnodar, 2001. S. 306-317.
• Approaches to the selection of winter wheat for disease resistance in the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture. P. P. Lukyanenko / co-author: I. B. Ablova et al. // Ekol. prob. Kuban. Krasnodar, 2003. Issue. 19. S. 74-81.
• New varietal policy and varietal agricultural technology of winter wheat / co-authors: A. A. Romanenko et al.; Krasnod. NII sat. household them. P. P. Lukyanenko. - Krasnodar, 2005. - 221 p.
• Improving the reliability of competitive variety testing based on multifactorial field experience / co-authors: I. N. Kudryashov, A. V. Mikhalko // Zemledelie. 2010. No. 4. S. 43-44.
• Selection of medium-sized varieties of soft winter wheat / co-author: F. A. Kolesnikov et al. // Agriculture. 2011. No. 4. S. 10-12.
• Varieties of wheat and triticale of the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture. P. P. Lukyanenko / co-author: A. A. Romanenko et al. - Krasnodar: EDVI, 2012. - 111 p.
• Resource-saving technology for the production of winter durum wheat: recommendations / co-authors: A. A. Romanenko et al.; FGBNU "Rosinformagrotech". - M.: Rosinformagrotekh, 2013. - 51 p.
• Varieties of wheat and triticale / co-authors: A. A. Romanenko et al.; Krasnod. NII sat. household them. P. P. Lukyanenko. - Krasnodar: EDVI, 2013. - 121 p.
• New varieties of spring durum wheat for conditions North Caucasus/ co-authors: A. N. Borovik, S. N. Gaponov // Tr. Kuban. state agrarian university 2014. Issue. 2. S. 56-60.
• Varieties of wheat and triticale of the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture. P. P. Lukyanenko / co-author: A. A. Romanenko and others; FGBNU "Krasnod. NII sat. household them. P. P. Lukyanenko. - Krasnodar, 2015. - 128 p.
• Geoecological assessment and zoning of the Azov-Black Sea coast of Russia (Rostov region and Krasnodar region) / et al. L. V. Kropyanko. - Rostov n / a: Yuzh. feder. un-ta, 2016. - 211 p.

ACADEMICIAN OF THE RAS BESPALOVAYA LYUDMILA ANDREEVNA IS 70

Dear Lyudmila Andreevna!

On behalf of the team of scientists of the Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture, we congratulate you on your significant anniversary, the 70th anniversary of your birth.

You directed your multifaceted talent to the development of domestic breeding and received unique results, which were embodied in innovative methods and varieties of winter wheat and triticale of a new generation. Your varieties occupy an area of ​​more than 7 million hectares, and the yield of winter wheat in the Krasnodar Territory has increased from 4.4 to 6.2 tons/ha over the past 20 years.

You have reached the heights professional career, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, enjoys a well-deserved reputation in the global scientific community, has been awarded the most prestigious scientific and government awards.

We wish you vitality and new bright ideas to continue your activities for the benefit of the prosperity of our Russian science and the Fatherland. On this bright and joyful day for you and your loved ones, we wish you good health, happiness and family well-being.

Best wishes

Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "TatNIISKh", Corresponding Member AN RT M.Sh. Tagirov

LIFE TO SCIENCE

Lyudmila Andreevna Bespalova was born on April 2, 1947 on the Dalniy farm in the Tbilisi region of the Krasnodar Territory.

After graduating in 1970 from the Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazeva worked as a senior researcher Tselinograd regional agricultural experimental station. Since 1971 - at the Krasnodar Research Institute Agriculture named after P.P. Lukyanenko: worked as a junior, senior, leading researcher of the laboratory of the department, head of the department of selection and seed production of wheat and triticale.

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences since 2005, Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences since 2007, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2013 - Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Specialist in the field of genetics, breeding and seed production of grain crops.

Academician L.A. Bespalova is one of the leading wheat breeders in Russia. Developed and implemented a program to improve traditional ones, adapt new ones, develop innovative methods breeding, to create a fundamentally new initial breeding material and, on its basis, to develop more advanced varieties of a new generation of wheat, soft, durum, spherococcum, dicoccum, winter and spring triticale. Under her leadership, more than 170 varieties of grain crops have been created, of which 129 are included in State registries selection achievements Russian Federation and other countries. Zoned varieties are cultivated on an area of ​​more than 7 million hectares. hectares, including more than 3 million hectares - in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Ukraine, Turkey.

Among the breeding achievements of L.A. Bespalova - varieties of winter soft wheat with a yield potential of 12-13 t/ha; varieties with genetic resistance to major diseases, including fusariosis of the ear, and high quality grains; high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties that form a “strong” quality grain; short-stemmed varieties of an alternative way of life, conditional and real two-handled, providing a high yield in autumn-winter and spring sowing. She returned to cultivation spherical wheat (T. sphaerococсum) and spelt (T. dicocсum), created varieties that combine high grain quality with a reliable system of adaptation to cultivation conditions.

For the first time in the world, spherical triticale (Triticale sphaerococсum) has been created. A new varietal policy (varieties mosaic) has been developed for precision use in production and increasing the economic return from the “genotype-environment” interaction, due to which the yield of winter wheat in the Krasnodar Territory has increased from 4.4 t/ha in 1991-1995. to 6.2 t/ha in 2016, and gross yields - from 7.3 to 8.7 million tons.

Academician Bespalova L.A. personally and co-authored about 320 scientific works. She received 127 patents, issued 129 copyright certificates.

Member of the editorial boards of journals: "Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding", "Agricultural Biology", "Grain Economy of Russia".

Vice President of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders.

Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation.

She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Ask any of the grain growers today: “What does the soul hurt about?” - and the majority will probably answer: “We are worried about winter crops ... How are they?”. And there is nothing to say about academician Lyudmila Andreevna Bespalova. Her thoughts day and night there, in the field, where plants vegetate with might and main, tillering shoots are formed that affect the harvest. After all, it is necessary not only to feed them, but also to protect them in time from pests and diseases, and here a delay in a large shortage of grain can turn out. So far, glory to the Almighty and mother nature, everything is going well in the Kuban ...

So the departure half a month ago to the KFH E. A. Komanova, whose lands are located near the village of Dyadkovskaya in the Korenovsky district, calmed the soul, left a very good impression.

Here is the first thing to say. Head of the Department of Breeding and Seed Production of Wheat and Triticale of the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture named after P.P. Lukyanenko, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor L.A. Bespalova is not just familiar with this farmer. Evgeny Alexandrovich is her favorite student, who graduated from the postgraduate course of the KNIISH under the clear guidance of the academician and has not broken ties with scientists for a long time. Only if earlier he conducted experiments on small plots, now an array of several hundred hectares has become the laboratory of a nugget farmer, a real researcher, as Lyudmila Andreevna described him.

Almost all the varieties that are in the work at the institute are sown in the Komanov farm. In the breeding nursery, on demonstration plots - the most promising. In commercial crops, Alekseich stands out, who in 2015 showed a yield of 132.6 centners at the KNIISH. Nearby is Bezostaya 100, the potential of which is 120 centners of grain per hectare.

... Another stop at the edge of the field. L. A. Bespalova immediately determined that Yuka was located here.

- Yes,- confirms E. A. Komanov, - predecessor - corn on the grain that I took over 107 centners.

- You imagine- without hiding his joy, the professor turns to me, - get such a huge harvest and preserve fertility - Is not it art?!

And right there, having dug up two bushes with a German bayonet-shovel, together with Evgeny Alexandrovich, they begin the analysis.

Three tillering shoots are already clearly visible.

- Today at we are 14 March ... Before April 15, I I think the way out handset not will happen- says L. A. Bespalova. - Enough time and on the tillering, and on the building up the root mass, the aerial part. BUT here is the second nodal root appeared ... Great! This means that the plant will be more stress-resistant. It's cold, it's raining - ideal conditions for wheat!

- Where I sowed before - excellent tillering is in progress,- E. A. Komanov joined the conversation. - Even two three days in timing of sowing play a role. But the main criteria remain the same same: a perfectly leveled field, sitting strictly in scientifically substantiated terms by elite seeds, rational seeding rate. Behind three-four managed to sow days in wet ground - consider that you have laid a good foundation for high gross grain harvests.

- And why should the field be leveled for wheat?- I was surprised. - This is not sugar beet…

- If the array is as flat as a table,- explained Evgeny Alexandrovich, - then it is the guarantee that we we will achieve the optimal depth of seed placement, uniform placement of plants, according to feeding area between them there will be competition and therefore, there is a guarantee of a good harvest.

listening smart people, inevitably, you yourself gain mind-reason, you yourself are seized by excitement, you want to know more, to penetrate deeper into the secrets of the grain-growing craft. That is why I wanted to hear firsthand: what is happening in the world today with the yield of grain crops? What is Russia's place in the ranking? What should domestic breeders work on first of all?

There are so many in the wheat genome dark spots…

According to L. A. Bespalova, soft wheat has more genes than humans. A small seed keeps so many secrets! Four years ago, Lyudmila Andreevna was in Paris, took part in the work of a scientific and practical conference dedicated to breeding and increasing the potential of wheat. And I learned that England, Germany, Holland, France and a number of other EU countries, concerned about the stagnation in winter crop yields, decided to create a consortium to decipher the wheat genome.

A lot of money has been invested in research. And in 2016, EU scientists announced that the genome had been deciphered. But only at the top. There turned out to be so many dark spots, silent zones, that it looks like there will be enough work for more than one generation of genetic engineers and biotechnologists. Nevertheless, Western scientists intend to reach new heights in the near future. England, for example, plans to receive 200 centners of wheat per hectare by 2020.

- But them much easier than the Russians, I express my opinion out loud. - At Their climate is completely different, I guess. Yes and sowing area of ​​winter crops, as far as I knowledgeable, small - somewhere 1,8 million hectares. A little more than Kuban, and in 15 times less than Russian Federation.

Indeed, L. A. Bespalova agreed, England is far behind us in the production of grain (14.5 million tons). But there ten years ago they had a wheat yield of 79 centners. The Russian result is 23 centners. Although for the sake of objectivity it must be admitted: the soil and climatic conditions of Albion for the production of winter crops are almost ideal.

In England, they begin to harvest them in August - two months later than in our country. Their grain formation period is much longer, and each day of filling is at least three centners of wheat per hectare additionally.

Moderate temperatures mean a lot, the academician further explains. If the heat is 30 degrees, the leaf lives for three weeks. If 14-15, as in the UK, then already 50-60 days. And drizzling rains come as if on order, which, coupled with fogs, provides 100 percent of the plants with the necessary moisture in the upper layer.

The Kuban among the regions of Russia has been and remains the leader in terms of winter productivity for many decades. Here are some very interesting data obtained at KNIISKh. In 1901-1905, on average, we had 8.1 centners of grain per hectare. For thirty years, there was almost no big growth, the yield was kept at around 9.3-10.5 centners. And only thanks to the brilliant breeder Pavel Panteleymonovich Lukyanenko in the first post-war years, the region began to receive at first 15 centners, then 20, and in 1966-1970 they approached the mark of 30 centners.

But in the last three five-year plans, the Kuban has become a true, real breadbasket, as the figures clearly show. In 2001-2005, each hectare yielded an average of 45.9 centners of winter crops; in 2006–2010 - 48.9; in 2011–2015 - 54.1 centners. And the past year was a record one in the history of the Krasnodar Territory: grain growers brought the wheat yield to 61.8 centners!

How to achieve such results, you can write a whole monograph. But we will try to fit into one newspaper article.

The variety has a short life ...

The main thing that the scientists of the department of selection and seed production of wheat and triticale KNIISKh are proud of is the varieties created by them. The school of academicians Pavel Panteleimonovich Lukyanenko and Yuri Mikhailovich Puchkov, who headed the department before L.A. Bespalova until 1994, is bearing fruit.

To date, 129 varieties of wheat and triticale of the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture have been included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use, 127 of which have received a patent. Every year they occupy more than 98 percent of the area of ​​grain crops in the Kuban, 700-900 thousand hectares or more - in the Stavropol Territory and the Rostov Region, as well as in the republics of the North Caucasus. Despite the collapse of the Union, our varieties are in demand in Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.

- The creative environment that the director created for the team research Institute Academician Alexander Alekseevich Romanenko, allows us to make the best use of the intelligence of each employee,- says L. A. Bespalova. - We try to combine individual creativity with collective brainstorming. This allows us to create and transfer to state variety testing according to five to eight wheat varieties and triticale annually.

Few people know how much effort it costs. Over the creation of a variety, sometimes you have to “conjure” for eight to ten years, to study and systematize 30-35 thousand samples ... You need to carefully shovel them and choose one and only.

And before creating a variety, scientists carry out a huge number of hybrid combinations, examine tens and hundreds of thousands of offspring of parental forms that they have crossed. From this large army of applicants, a small number is selected.

- Behind 47 years of experience in department i made sure: plant breeding is going on the same as in human life- the academician argues. - There those the laws are in effect. It happens like this: you will see in field new pattern and you admire ears of corn, leaves ... My God, what a beauty! Then you start to freeze the grain, look at other indications. Disappointment comes...

And the conclusion is unequivocal: if the sample did not meet your expectations, you must immediately throw it away. As a contender for the variety, he does not fit. Well, just like among people - if a person let you down, do not trust him anymore. In difficult conditions, he will set you up so that the sky will seem like a sheepskin.

Many varieties of L. A. Bespalova were not immediately accepted by venerable agronomists. At one time, the leading figure of the Kuban field, Mikhail Ivanovich Klepikov, did not believe in the Spartan variety, and a few years later it occupied millions of hectares. I remember an article about this variety “We have not yet succumbed to such an ear”, which tells about the harvest in Ukraine under production conditions of more than 100 centners of grain per hectare. The secret of the successful selection of the academician lies not in blindly following the knurled track, but in a deep understanding of the wheat plant, the development of a variety model contrary to the prevailing patterns, agronomists' ideas about the standard. Many years of painstaking work in this direction has made it possible to greatly accelerate the evolution of wheat in terms of yield and quality of grain.
Here, for example, take Tanya. You look at her, and she, as Lyudmila Andreevna put it, is somehow uncombed, inconspicuous. And come on, you pour both 70 and 80 centners of grain per hectare, if in skillful hands agronomist will get.

Typically, the variety lives for about seven years. Such calculations were carried out by one Voronezh breeder for a long, long time. And in Western Europe the same. There are, however, long-livers. The same Tanya is already 12 years old ... But love for her does not disappear. Thunder was entered into the State Register in 2010 and will definitely serve again.

When you carefully study everything - both environmental and temperature conditions, analyze tests, it is difficult to say which variety will become a long-liver, L. A. Bespalova shares her observations. You can be wrong. As at school, when Marya Ivanovna characterizes first-graders: Petya will be a genius, and Vanya will be a lazybones. It happens after all, everything is exactly the opposite. Production will sort it out.

What are good semi-dwarfs?

Breeder's bread is not easy. L.A. Bespalova understood this from the first days of her work in the department, where she came in 1970 after graduating from the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev. In fact, you are not a researcher, but a handyman, Lyudmila Andreevna says in all seriousness, since you have to deal with non-core, at first glance, affairs. This also applies to work in the warehouse when seeds are being rejected, and preparation of demonstration plots for sowing winter crops, and many other issues. At the same time, the scope for creativity and research is not limited.

Back in 1981, she herself defended her dissertation for the degree of candidate of agricultural sciences on the topic “Breeding and genetic value of sources of dwarfism in winter soft wheat”. After 17 years she became a doctor of sciences.

As written in official description Hero of Labor of the Kuban L. A. Bespalova, she "...on the basis of original research, established the effectiveness of selection for productive and adaptively significant traits in populations, proposed the source of the dwarfism gene as a donor and the type of hybrid for use in accelerated breeding schemes."

What are good semi-dwarfs? They are able to adapt in a wide range of soil and climatic conditions ... They need a smaller feeding area than their broad-leaved counterparts. In other words, by analogy with society, their collectivism prevails over egoism. Short-stemmed semi-dwarf varieties, conditional two-handled, are able to form a high yield not only in winter, but also in spring crops. This, in turn, allows solving the problem of repair or reseeding of winter crops in the early spring. In addition, semi-dwarfs are able to form grains of strong quality.

But both scientists and production workers can achieve a high result only in one case: if they do everything thoroughly, and not according to the principle “a little bit and somehow”. You often have to start with yourself.

During one of the brainstorming sessions, a proposal was born to carry out the certification of varieties. Heavy, routine, paper work, and therefore not all breeders at first expressed a desire to do it. But Bespalova said “it’s necessary” and entrusted this matter to her deputy, a prominent scientist, doctor of agricultural sciences Igor Nikolaevich Kudryashov, who brilliantly coped with the assignment, thanks to which KNIISH became the first research institute in Russia where certification of winter varieties was carried out. What does she give?

The developed scheme allows to determine the influence of each factor on the high productivity of the ear. The agronomist on the farm can now model the technology himself to obtain an economically justified crop. The department of KNIISH today has the opportunity to recommend to literally every agricultural enterprise the most suitable variety set for it. Only due to the targeting of varieties, the yield of wheat increases from two to five centners per hectare.

And her advice is invaluable...

From early spring until the very end of the harvest, L.A. Bespalova is in the field literally every day. And not only in the demonstration plots of the KNIISH, where the department of selection and seed production has 550 hectares of land. Frequent meetings with managers and specialists take place in all five climatic zones of the Kuban, in the Peschanokopsky and Kagalnitsky districts of the Rostov region, in a dozen farms in the Stavropol Territory and other regions of Russia, with which the scientists of the research institute have concluded cooperation agreements.

She is eagerly awaited. Because they value the wise advice of a breeder scientist.

- Every one of her arrival in our economy - this is a holiday,- this is how the head of the Rossiya breeding farm of the Novoaleksandrovsky district of the Stavropol Territory S. V. Pyanov spoke about the visits of the academician in a conversation with our correspondent. - Friendly, correct, intellectual with capital letter - Lyudmila Andreevna disposes to to himself after the first minutes of communication. Well and her advice - priceless.

At one time, about 34 years ago, I happened to visit the village of Grigoropolisskaya several times, where Rossiya is located. The chairman of the collective farm was Voldemar Frantsevich Vrana, a legend of Stavropol, akin to our Vadim Fedotovich Reznikov. I was struck then by the highest culture of agriculture, the attitude of people to the land.

It is just as gentle today, L.A. Bespalova confirmed. Order is felt in everything - from the first steps of government to a dairy farm, not to mention the grain arrays, under which about nine thousand hectares of arable land are allocated here.

So twenty years ago, already under S. V. Pyanov, 40 thousand tons of grain were taken from this area, sown with wheat of Rostov selection. Last year, Sergei Viktorovich noted, they reached almost seventy thousand tons, using 100 percent Kuban varieties in crops.

As for the farms of the Krasnodar Territory, then God himself ordered us to be ahead of everyone, since the KNIISH is close at hand. And these fruitful ties are successfully used by the agricultural firm Pobeda of Kanevsky, SEC Znamya Lenina of Shcherbinovsky, KSP Khutorok of Novokubansky, JSC Rodnik of Tikhoretsky, Yantarnoye LLC of Beloglinsky districts, Federal State Unitary Enterprise Korenovskoye, joint-stock company firm "Agrocomplex" named after N. I. Tkachev and many, many other agricultural enterprises and holdings, as well as peasant farms.

But here's the paradox: a good third of the collectives involved in the production of grain are in no hurry to conclude contracts with the KNIISH. During a trip to E. A. Komanov, on the way I asked for the opinion of L. A. Bespalova: “Why is this happening?”, Having expressed, however, in advance my view of the ongoing processes.

- It seems to me,- I say to the academician, - that entire districts and individual farms are not willing to sign agreements on cooperation with Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture for for the simple reason that want more headaches. This is but then it will be necessary to scrupulously follow the recommendations of scientists, unconditionally fulfill, observe the sowing dates, seeding rates, variety of varieties, feeding time and crop treatments and etc…

- Here you are themselves and responded to Your question,- just said the professor.

But in any case, time will force intractable farmers to make creative contacts. Today in agriculture, and especially in farming, not a single problem can be effectively solved without science.

Happiness is when you are doing what you love

Lyudmila Andreevna can talk about the leaders, the true guardians of the Kuban land, who grow wheat, about her creative team for hours. And everyone will find an accurate, capacious description. All of them, according to the academician, are smart, hardworking, far-sighted ...

Vera Alekseevna Filobok- great botanist. Irina Alexandrovna Ablova- a generator of ideas, young at heart. Alexander Nikolaevich Borovik- smart and very hardworking, which is one of the main factors in breeding. Alexandra Alekseevna Mudrova- an experienced mentor. Under her leadership, a young but promising scientist defended his Ph.D. Alexey Yanovsky. Him, like Vladimir Panchenko, 37 years old, both preparing to defend their doctorate. It's so important to ensure the continuity of generations.

Is Bespalova satisfied with everything? But are such restless people content with what they have achieved, with what they have?! Of course, one should not even dream about the fact that the KNIISKh for state funds will provide a phytotron, as a consortium in Paris. Who will allocate nearly 15 million euros? Our state is poor, and sponsors do not care about science. The oligarchs would be better off buying two players abroad for that kind of money.

It is worrying that recent times foreign firms are putting more and more pressure on our officials, expressing the idea of ​​closer cooperation. But in breeding this is a dangerous business.

Such at least an example. About 15 years ago, they often began to raise the question that the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture should deal more closely with varieties of durum wheat. The Italians, they say, have accumulated a lot of experience in this and are ready to establish contacts with us.

The scientists of KNIISH already had several such varieties, and therefore they agreed to the proposal. Specialists arrived, managers of one of the major Italian firms, not only engaged in the production of wheat, its processing and the production of pasta, but also having a staff of breeders.

And what did the guests immediately offer? "Take our varieties and let's grow together." “Why,” Kuban scientists responded, “we have our own varieties of durum wheat. Italian ones freeze out year after year, and in spring sowing they do not ear out. If this happens, then the grain is frail.”

Future partners agreed to take our seeds for testing in their homeland. And - with the ends. They didn't make themselves known anymore. They didn’t even send a written notification - did you like the Kuban varieties?

This is all to the fact that the domestic seed market must be protected by all available means. This is not forgotten by Academician Bespalova, who will celebrate her anniversary next Sunday.

She is happy that she has a favorite thing. With what we congratulate you, Lyudmila Andreevna.

Fedor BEZRUK.

Photo by Petr Yanel.

Lyudmila Andreevna Bespalova was born on April 2, 1947 on the Dalniy farm in the Tbilisi region of the Krasnodar Territory.

After graduating in 1970 from the Moscow Agricultural Academy. K.A. Timiryazeva worked as a senior researcher at the Tselinograd Regional Agricultural Experimental Station. Since 1971 - at the Krasnodar Research Institute of Agriculture named after P.P. Lukyanenko: worked as a junior, senior, leading researcher of the laboratory of the department, head of the department of selection and seed production of wheat and triticale.

Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences since 2005, Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences since 2007, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 2013 - Department of Agricultural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Specialist in the field of genetics, breeding and seed production of grain crops.

Academician Bespalova L.A. - one of the leading wheat breeders in Russia. Developed and implemented a program to improve traditional, adapt new ones, develop innovative breeding methods, create a fundamentally new initial breeding material and, on its basis, develop more advanced varieties of a new generation of wheat, soft, durum, spherococcum, dicoccum, winter and spring triticale. Under her leadership, more than 170 varieties of grain crops have been created, of which 129 are included in the State Registers of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation and other countries. Zoned varieties are cultivated on an area of ​​more than 7 million hectares. hectares, including more than 3 million hectares - in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Ukraine, Turkey.

Among the breeding achievements of Bespalova L.A. - varieties of winter soft wheat with a yield potential of 12-13 t/ha; varieties with genetic resistance to major diseases, including head blight, and high grain quality; high-yielding semi-dwarf varieties that form a “strong” quality grain; short-stemmed varieties of an alternative way of life, conditional and real two-handled, providing a high yield in autumn-winter and spring sowing. She returned to cultivation spherical wheat (T. sphaerococсum) and spelt (T. dicocсum), created varieties that combine high grain quality with a reliable system of adaptation to cultivation conditions.

For the first time in the world, spherical triticale (Triticale sphaerococсum) has been created. A new varietal policy (varieties mosaic) has been developed for precision use in production and increasing the economic return from the “genotype-environment” interaction, due to which the yield of winter wheat in the Krasnodar Territory has increased from 4.4 t/ha in 1991-1995. to 6.2 t/ha in 2016, and gross yields - from 7.3 to 8.7 million tons.

Member of the editorial boards of journals: "Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding", "Agricultural Biology", "Grain Economy of Russia".

Vice President of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeders.

Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation.

She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.

Far outside the Kuban, they say about this woman: a worthy student of the Teacher - Pavel Panteleimonovich Lukyanenko. Lyudmila Andreevna Bespalova, Academician, Head of the Department of Breeding and Seed Production of Wheat and Triticale, KNIISKh. P. P. Lukyanenko, most dedicated her life to winter wheat breeding.

For breeders, there is no greater reward than seeing high yields. good quality new varieties on the production areas, mountains of bright golden grain on the currents, joy on the faces of machine operators, agronomists and farm managers. It is very nice. We are talking with Lyudmila Bespalova about the 2014 harvest, about new varieties of wheat, about cooperation with other specialized research institutes of the country and about many other things.

— In your memory, the 2014 harvest was the forty-fourth in a row. How do you rate this year's harvest?

- The birth of bread is a huge work, excitement. After all, we are dealing with Her Majesty Nature. This year the winter was mild, favorable, good tillering in the spring. As a result, the spikelets were such that a high harvest could be assumed ... But at the last stage of filling and ripening, it began to rain, and the weather set in pairs. The reverse processes began in the ear: from grain to straw. Nevertheless, the harvest was quite good. Some of our farmers average yield per 70 centners, and predicted before the rains up to 90 centners. But then the picture deteriorated a little: the yield decreased, the quality became worse. And so every harvest on the nerves. Behind high yields there is a lot of work and tension, creative forces and economic costs.

- In one of the old photographs, you, then still a young specialist, are captured together with Pavel Panteleimonovich Lukyanenko. What was this person? How firmly is his name inscribed in the history of world selection?

- Yes, there is such a picture ... It is very dear to me. On it, I am a very young girl, I have just come to the institute to work, the employees of the institute and Pavel Lukyanenko are explaining something to a foreign graduate student.

For me, for the entire team of KNIISH, the name of a scientist is sacred. Books, articles of our teacher are desktop for every breeder. He is a man of world renown. Once, P. P. Lukyanenko, together with the director of the institute, V. B. Timofeev, came to scientific conference in London. As soon as Pavel Panteleimonovich came out to the podium, the whole hall began to applaud him standing. All breeders in the world have recognized that breeding successes of the 20th century became possible thanks to Lukyanenko. Its varieties Bezostaya-1, Aurora are included in the list of the best varieties in the world.

Now you can hear: Lukyanenko is already the past, we need to move forward. A person who does not remember kinship can say so. Yes, Lukyanenko worked for 43 years and during this time he created 47 varieties. Over the following years, this figure has doubled, and in the last five years we have developed 25 varieties of winter wheat. In total for the history of the Institute - 308 varieties. However, all this is due to the basis - Lukyanenko varieties.

I was lucky: I was born in the region, got to work at the institute, my teacher was a world-famous scientist. My whole life is an institution.

- As far as we know, in the crops of cereals, or rather, winter wheat of the 2014 harvest, the varieties of the Kuban selection occupied 97.8 percent. Why not a hundred? How do you feel about the penetration of foreign varieties into the region?

- Now some farmers are arguing: do we sow all our and our varieties, or maybe try others, for example, foreign ones? And they sow. Not only foreign, but also novelties of Russian breeders. You should definitely try. There are, for example, breeding centers in Stavropol, Zernograd. It is an honor to compete with their varieties. But, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, their varieties yield is slightly lower than ours. Here's another example: after the congress in Rostov, several geneticists stopped at a farm where both our varieties and the Don varieties are grown in the fields. Our percentage is higher. Ask the farmer: why so? He replies: “Yes, I would sow everything with Krasnodar varieties, because the difference between them in productivity is 10-15 centners per hectare».

Now there are many foreign varieties. But they are all cold hardy require a lot of water. Our varieties are adapted to our farming system, soil differences, climatic conditions. Why take the risk? We work in collaboration with biotechnologists, we use molecular selection methods, we create varieties that would give a high yield in production. We strive every time to receive samples with features that were not the previous ones. To date, varieties of selection of our institute occupy 97.8 percent of the sown area of ​​the region. The State Register of Breeding Achievements includes 36 varieties of winter wheat. All of them are cultivated on the farms of the Kuban, but none of them takes up more than 15 percent of the winter crop. Yes, now we are dominating, but in the long term I would like the world-famous school to continue working for the benefit of the Kuban and Russia. I would like the state to pay more attention to us. Science does not stand still, the population is growing, the state sets before us the task of increasing gross collections. To do this, breeders need new genetic variations. If such sources exist, then selection by traditional methods is possible. If not, genetic modifications are necessary. Without this, further progress is impossible. Wheat programs have been adopted in all developed countries, money has been allocated, new methods and approaches are being developed. And we must make more active use of scientific and technological progress.

- The birth of a variety ... How long and laborious is this process? Are there any favorite varieties? Or are they all your children, relatives, suffered?

- For example, in a family there are several children: which of them is your favorite? Everyone is equally loved. So it is with varieties. One could say: those that are in demand for a long time, are effective, give a consistently high yield. However, each variety is the parent of the next one, the successor of the dynasty of varieties. The birth of a variety is a long period. To breed a variety, as a rule, it is required from 10-12 to 20 years or more. The conjuncture of our market is changing very quickly. It is necessary to give such a set of varieties from which the grain producer, under any market requirements, could choose the most suitable ones. Thanks to the work of several generations, continuity, selection work is at a high level. Several varieties are currently in development. In one of them, we use genetic bridges to carry information from relatives of wheat, such as wheatgrass. Varieties Bezostaya-100, Velena, Alekseich, Milestone, Svarog submitted for testing. Why produce so many different varieties? To increase the overall adaptability, sustainability of the crop as a whole and stabilize the gross harvest. This is not a tribute to the time, but a trend of the current and future state of agriculture.

— What specialized research institutes of the country do you cooperate with? Do you exchange breeding material? In which countries of the world are the developments of scientists-breeders of KNIISH used?

— We cooperate with scientific research institutes of Kalmykia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Adygeya, with institutes of Saratov, Samara. We exchange materials with the Omsk and Novosibirsk institutes. Recently we signed a scientific and creative agreement with the Kursk Research Institute. The work is aimed at creating joint varieties. In the Kalmyk Research Institute of Agriculture - in the semi-desert zone - we test our varieties. Grom-23, for example, gives a good yield - despite the fact that last year there was almost no rainfall. In the Belgorod region - our experimental plots and already production areas. Our short-stemmed varieties are in great demand there. In addition, I can name the Institute of Cytology and Genetics in Moscow, the Institute of Plant Protection in St. Petersburg, the Institute of Phytopathology, and the Institute of Plant Industry in Moscow. There is constant contact with them, work on the creation of joint varieties. We are also in close contact with foreign research institutes. For example, we have been cooperating with the Hungarian Institute for more than 50 years. In the Czech Republic - with the company "Selgen" for breeding and genetics. We exchange breeding material with Romania, Bulgaria, Germany. We cooperate with the International Corn Breeding Center in Mexico.

Our varieties are widely purchased by Turkey, Kazakhstan, the countries of the Caucasus.

- How long does each variety live and what determines the duration of its life? What varieties mainly prevailed in crops in 2014?

- Lifespan of the variety an average of five to ten years. This year, Tanya wheat occupies the largest area. This is a high-yielding medium-sized variety of a new generation with high grain quality. In general, high-intensity, high-yielding varieties are popular in the region. This year there were about thirty of them: Thunder, Vassa, Swan, Grace, Yuka, Kuren, Brigade and others. But none of them occupy large areas. We have no right to take risks. No variety, even one with the most remarkably adapted properties, should account for more than 10-15 percent of production. Producers need to use a mosaic of varieties with different adaptive properties and indicators - this will be the key to obtaining a stable crop.

— How important are contacts with manufacturers for you? Doesn't it turn out that they call you to them only if an emergency happens - they attack the crops of disease, pests, plants will be oppressed?

— Our relationship with production workers is no less close than with the scientific community. Now this connection is even stronger than it was 20 years ago. Feedback is of great importance. It corrects our work: whether we are going in the right direction, whether the development of selection is on the right track. But it also happens, of course, that they turn only when there is trouble. A recent case: they started harvesting - the ears are half empty. How can this be? Was there an agronomist on the field before? They say that a good harvest is obtained through technology, but if something happens to the harvest, the breeders and the variety are blamed.

- Does the Kuban expect stagnation in wheat yields, as happened in many European countries?

- In Europe, very high level productivity. But this does not mean that we are lagging behind. We have a different economic zone, climate. In the Kuban, we will only go forward, to increase productivity, while in Europe the ceiling has come. With an increase in the world's population, grain production will need to be doubled or tripled. This is where our experience, our varieties, come in handy. We have huge potential. The price of wheat will only increase.

- Thanks for the conversation!

Inna Mochalova

Quote on the topic:

Lyudmila Bespalova: “In Moscow, in the highest scientific circles, breeders are often judged not by how many varieties have been put into production, but by how many articles have been written, whether we are often quoted abroad.
And it seems to me that the main criterion for evaluating our activities should be grain arrays. If winter wheat varieties of Krasnodar selection prevail on Kuban fields on 98 percent of the area, giving a yield of 60 or more centners, then we are working well.”