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It would seem that the names are similar, the meaning of the words is very close, but on the legal side there are some nuances. And there are situations when it is important - to understand what are the differences in the average vocational education aimed at obtaining a working specialty or position of an employee, from vocational training in which a student who previously did not have a specialty is trained in working profession or any position of an employee.

Article 68 of the Law on Education defines the concept of "secondary vocational education". This is the name of the initial stage of vocational education aimed at training:

• skilled worker or employee;
• mid-level specialist.

As a result of vocational training, in accordance with Article 73 of the Law on Education, the student receives the competencies necessary for work, but the level of his basic, initial education does not change.

The educational process is carried out according to vocational training programs prepared accordingly qualification requirements(professional standards). Today in our country there are more than 180 professional standards approved by orders of the Ministry of Labor Russian Federation.

The difference between the two types of learning is also reflected in the way students are called. According to Article 33 of the Law on Education, citizens undergoing training under the secondary vocational education program are students. Citizens who master the vocational training program are called trainees.

According to Article 60, students who complete the secondary vocational education program receive a diploma confirming the completion of secondary vocational education.

Persons who have completed a vocational training program receive a certificate of a working profession or position of an employee and a qualification document confirming the assignment of a category or rank to the student.

The qualification specified in the document gives the trainee the right to conduct a certain professional activity or carry out specific types of work for which mandatory requirements are legally approved.

This or that qualification can be assigned as a result of vocational training or additional vocational education.

Thus, it can be concluded that legally professional education has more in common with additional vocational education, because it does not lead to an increase in the educational qualification.

Vocational training can be carried out according to the following programs:

- a program of professional training in working specialties, positions of employees;

– the program of retraining of employees and workers;

- a program for improving the qualifications of employees and workers.

Today, vocational training is possible only in those working professions that are listed in the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated 02.07.2013.

So, secondary vocational education is the level of vocational education, and vocational training is separate view education, which is not related to the system of secondary vocational education.

Today, an active process of informatization of society is underway; computer technology and Information Technology. Therefore, the profession of an operator of electronic computers is in demand in all sectors of the urban economy.

Modern radio-electronic equipment and apparatus consist of many complex parts and assemblies. Any production, whether it is a large machine-building plant or a company engaged in the installation of equipment, will not do without assemblers

With the growth in the number of vehicles, the number of specialists employed in services dealing with troubleshooting, diagnostics, monitoring technical condition cars. key worker such services is a car repairman

The technology of obtaining coatings using powder paints has become widespread in industry. Numerous studies in the field of application of powder materials contribute to the development of technology, expand the scope of its use.

The current level of industrial development is characterized by high degree automation of all production processes. Machine operators with program management are required today at all machine-building enterprises

This year, President Dmitry Medvedev has repeatedly emphasized the importance of raising the prestige of working professions. Indeed, this topic has been gaining relevance in recent years, which is also confirmed by statistical data, according to which there is a large surplus of humanitarian specialists with an acute shortage of workers in working specialties. According to Rostrud, about 1.71 million people in Russia are registered with employment centers, moreover, in state base There are 1.207 million vacancies, 70% of which are working specialties. Mechanics, machinists, metalworkers, as well as technologists and technicians of high and medium degrees of training are in great demand. According to HeadHunter, in August 2010, the competition for vacancies for representatives of workers and service professions was less than 1 person per place.

In order for the demanded working professions and specialties to attract the attention of young people, a number of measures are needed. It's about not only about increasing the prestige of such work, but also about legislative framework vocational training: special legislative initiatives for the modernization of vocational education. The opening of resource centers and updating the material and technical base of educational institutions is also of great importance. Ordinary advanced training courses will not be able to solve the problem of raising the level of training of workers and specialists: a comprehensive modernization is needed that will really improve training in accordance with current requirements employers. Today, when professional standards are constantly evolving, modern workers are required to know foreign equipment, the basics business communication, technical English, etc. At the same time, many employers are ready to offer workers very attractive salaries, but the level of training does not always meet the expectations of customers.

Many professional associations are already developing professional standards, for example, the Federation of Restaurateurs and Hoteliers, the Union of Furriers, the Russian Union of Entrepreneurs and Industrialists.

The advantage of vocational training is obvious: an employee can get a new and at the same time very well-paid profession in a short time.

Vocational training by city order

The crisis is gradually disappearing, and the situation with vocational training is not developing fast enough. However, there are already advances that contribute to the activation of interest in obtaining vocational education. The efficiency of solving the problem is increased due to the inclusion of all interested parties in the process: the state, educational institutions, enterprises, professional associations. Significant changes in the situation occur as a result of the activities of the Moscow City target program"Working personnel", implemented in 2008-2010.

• The program involves the establishment of partnerships between specialized colleges and municipal enterprises to train highly qualified employees;
• Students receive a profession in a short time and are guaranteed employment at the partner enterprises of the program;
• At the same time, a tripartite agreement is drawn up according to the "applicant-college-enterprise" scheme, and during the period of study the student receives a scholarship from the enterprise, as well as payment for work during practice hours;
• Guaranteed employment is provided by the city order system for vocational education structures. The city order takes into account not only the economic aspects of the development of the region, but also social indicators development, the number of labor migrants, etc.

Organizations such as the Moscow Confederation of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, as well as the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the capital are interested in improving the quality of professional training. The Confederation took an active part in the preparation of the "Working personnel" program, in the development of the concept of resource centers for the training of workforce. The Moscow Chamber of Commerce deals with issues of strategic partnership between business, vocational education institutions and the state to solve the problem of modernizing the education sector, developing professional standards, and participating in the development of a system of professional certification of personnel. In addition, state-public coordinating councils in the districts work in the capital, forming the City Order for personnel training. The councils are considering the development of the vocational education system, discussing the consolidation of Russia's backbone enterprises located in Moscow and the leading enterprises of the districts behind Moscow colleges, and discussing the solution of the problems of modernizing the material and technical base of colleges.

Professional training at accredited colleges

To effectively solve problems in the field of vocational education, it is necessary to involve the business community, which can form a professional order for the necessary personnel. Today, many enterprises are trying to find their own way to solve the problem of training. Someone pays for the education of their specialists, someone opens their own training centers, and someone participates in co-financing of narrowly focused educational programs in specialized educational institutions. The traditional solution The problem remains sending workers to advanced training courses and internships at enterprises in other regions. However, one of the most effective methods vocational training are courses based at accredited colleges.

• The courses provide an opportunity to acquire the necessary professional skills in a short time: training takes place in educational institutions that have the appropriate licenses. Colleges now offer a plethora of courses that you can enroll in after 7th, 8th, 9th, or 11th grade;
• Professional training courses can be designed for both an already working specialist and a potential employee;
• Training is conducted across the entire spectrum of professions and specialties demanded by the capital's economy, including in the construction industry, trade, insurance, transport services, work with computers, etc.;
• For those who want to study in a related profession or specialty, there is the possibility of studying under an accelerated program or external study;
• At the end of the course, the student receives a state-recognised certificate of advanced training or qualification with an indication of the category.
• The curriculum in colleges is based on a competency-based approach so that the level of specialist training meets the current needs of the market: this is especially true in view of the development of "competence-based" educational standards vocational education of the third generation.

Who is needed today: demanded working professions and specialties

According to the Department of Labor and Employment of the City of Moscow, at the end of August 2010, the need for specialists in working professions in the capital was 37.7%. These are workers in such industries as construction, trade and repair, as well as manufacturing, transport, etc.

According to the Mosgorstat, the most demanded workers at the enterprises of the Municipal Economy Complex turned out to be 43 professions, including: an auto mechanic, a gardener, as well as a mechanic for the production of parts and ventilation units. One of the most needed workers is also a gardener and landscape designer.

According to the Department of Labor and Employment of the Population of Moscow at the end of August 2010:

• the most demanded working specialty is the driver of vehicles, whose average salary is from 33,000 rubles;
• next come auxiliary workers with an average of about 12 thousand rubles;
• masons (19-20 thousand rubles);
• cleaners in production (12-12 thousand rubles) and cooks (17-18 thousand rubles).

As for other vacancies, the average numbers are as follows:

• car painters - 30-35 thousand rubles,
• masons, tilers and equipment adjusters - 35,000 rubles;
• car mechanics, machinists, installers, crane operators - about 30 thousand rubles;
• joiners, turners - 28-30 thousand rubles.
• confectioners, bakers - 23-25 ​​thousand rubles;
• welders - from 23 thousand rubles;
• assemblers, pickers - from 15 thousand rubles.

1. Vocational training is aimed at acquiring people of different ages professional competence, including for working with specific equipment, technologies, hardware, software and other professional means, receipt by the specified persons qualification categories, classes, categories according to the profession of a worker or position of an employee without changing the level of education.

2. Vocational training under vocational training programs for the professions of workers and positions of employees is understood as the vocational training of persons who previously did not have the profession of a worker or position of an employee.

3. Vocational training under retraining programs for workers and employees is understood as the vocational training of persons who already have the profession of a worker, the profession of workers or the position of an employee, positions of employees, in order to obtain new profession a worker or a new position of an employee, taking into account the needs of production, the type of professional activity.

4. Vocational training under advanced training programs for workers and employees is understood as vocational training for persons who already have the profession of a worker, the profession of workers or the position of an employee, positions of employees, in order to consistently improve professional knowledge, skills and abilities in the existing profession of a worker or an existing position of an employee without raising the educational level.

5. Vocational training in vocational training programs for the professions of workers, positions of employees within the development of the educational program of the secondary general education, educational programs of secondary vocational education, as well as in other cases provided for by federal laws, is provided free of charge.

6. Vocational training is carried out in organizations that carry out educational activities, including in training centers for professional qualifications and in production, as well as in the form of self-education. Training centers for professional qualifications can be created in various organizational and legal forms legal entities provided for by civil law, or as structural divisions legal entities.

7. The list of professions of workers, positions of employees for which vocational training is carried out, indicating the qualifications assigned for the corresponding professions of workers, positions of employees, is approved federal body executive power, performing the functions of developing and implementing state policy and legal regulation in the field of general education.

(see text in previous edition)

Professional training is aimed at acquiring by a person the skills and abilities to perform work intended for working professions. This training is not an increase in the educational level and can be obtained both in educational institutions of primary vocational education and in other educational institutions: interschool educational complexes, training and production workshops, educational sites (workshops), etc. Large enterprises such as JSC Torkovsky Automobile Plant and JSC Zavolzhsky Motor Plant have training centers that train schoolchildren in working professions at their production base; training center JSC "ZMZ" several thousand workers undergo vocational training every year.

Professional education at any level provides a person with a profession and appropriate qualifications.

Initial vocational education provides an employee with the opportunity to have the qualification of a worker, an employee in all the main areas of socially useful activity on the basis of basic general education. Such education can be obtained in vocational and other schools of the appropriate level.

The duration of education in vocational schools, lyceums is 2-3 years and provides for the possibility of obtaining, along with professional, secondary (complete) general education.

Secondary vocational education is focused on the training of mid-level specialists (technicians, economists, builders, etc.). Secondary vocational education programs are implemented in secondary vocational educational institutions (secondary specialized educational institutions).

The national economy is experiencing a significant need for mid-level specialists, such as accountants, economists, programmers, lawyers, cultural workers. The economic costs of training a technician are approximately 1.5-2 times lower than those of training a bachelor or a specialist with a higher education.

Higher professional education aims to train and retrain specialists of the appropriate level, meet the need for deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general vocational education. In Russia, long-term educational programs include bachelor's, master's, and specialist degrees in accordance with the List of directions and specialties of the HPE.

Bachelor- (lat. baccalaureus) in most countries, the first academic degree received by graduates after mastering the level II program higher education; in France, a person who has passed the exams for a course high school and qualified for university admission. In Russia, the qualification "Bachelor" was approved in 1994 with the introduction of the State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 940 of 12.08.1994).

master- (lat. magisters) the second academic degree awarded to persons with a bachelor's degree who have mastered a professional educational program (at least 2 years), including research and (or) scientific and pedagogical activities, who defended a master's thesis. In Russia, the qualification "master" was introduced by the same decree as the "bachelor" (see above).

Specialist- a qualification awarded to a university graduate who has mastered the relevant basic professional program, successfully passed the final certification and defended thesis(project).

The main periods for the implementation of educational programs of higher professional education (Fig. 2.4):

preparatory - development of curricula, selection of teaching staff, training
educational and methodological support, organization of student admission;

main - effective organization educational process in accordance with model provision about the higher educational institution;

· final - organization of undergraduate practice, conducting final certification, preparation and defense of the final qualifying work.

Short review some areas and specialties of SES VPO in the field of economics and management, which are in high demand in the market of educational services.

Undergraduate programs

521500 "Management". The activity of the bachelor in the direction 521500 "Management" is focused on ensuring the functioning of organizational units of management systems for state, scientific, design and design organizations, organs government controlled for the rational management of the economy, production and social development.

A bachelor in the direction 521500 "Management" is prepared for professional management, planning and economic, design and analytical and specific research activities in the field of management in accordance with fundamental and special training.

The bachelor can work in educational institutions in accordance with the established procedure. The educational program is developed taking into account the requirements that meet the criteria of professionalism. Block of professional disciplines curriculum includes: organization theory, economic theory, enterprise financial management, management, entrepreneurial psychology and other disciplines of the direction. Graduates who have mastered the educational and professional program 521500 "Management" receive the necessary skills to work in market economy.

521600 "Economics". The activity of the bachelor in the direction 521600 "Economics" is aimed at analyzing the functioning of the organizational units of the management systems of state, joint-stock and private firms, scientific and production associations, scientific, design and design organizations, government bodies in order to rationally manage the economy, production and social development.

The bachelor is prepared for professional organizational and managerial, planning and economic, design and analytical activities in the field of management in accordance with fundamental and special training.

The block of professional and special disciplines of the curriculum includes all fundamental economic, financial and legal disciplines: marketing, management, personnel management, analysis economic activity, strategic planning, computer science and other disciplines that provide specialist training general profile in the field of economics.

End of work -

This topic belongs to:

Economics of education

Introduction The subject and objectives of the course Economics of education Educational institutions in the transition to market.. Introduction .. The subject and objectives of the course Economics of education..

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