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Market relations give rise in many citizens to a natural desire to have "their own business", with the help of which they increase their property. Ultimately, this leads to the emergence of a special type of activity - entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurship is the initiative activity of business entities associated with the innovative use of property, money and other resources in order to achieve commercial and other success based on a combination of personal benefit with the public good. Entrepreneurship is characterized by a focus on making a profit, a combination of factors of activity, independence, subject to risk. The main function of entrepreneurship in Russia is to "bring" goods, services, works to specific consumers and receive material and moral rewards for this. Entrepreneurship is a kind of economic activity.

Economic activity is all energy processes associated with the production and exchange of certain goods (spiritual or material).

As a phenomenon, entrepreneurship reflects:

· A set of relationships (personal, economic, organizational, social, etc.) associated with the organization of entrepreneurs in their business. Production of goods (services) and obtaining the desired result;

Commodity nature of relations between entrepreneurs and other business entities based on the operation of economic laws market economy(supply and demand, money circulation, cost and competition), as well as all instruments of circulation and commodity production;

· The whole system of relations that entrepreneurs objectively have among themselves, with consumers, banks, suppliers and other market participants and entities, with employees and the state;

As a process, entrepreneurship is a complex chain of actions, starting with the search for an idea for a business and ending with its implementation in a specific enterprise (project), allowing the production of goods necessary for consumers, the provision of services with subsequent profit.

Entrepreneurship as a process is an expedient activity aimed at meeting the needs of market participants and obtaining a certain profit, otherwise the goal set by the entrepreneur will not be fulfilled. As a process, entrepreneurship includes the search for new ideas, the formation of goals, their evaluation and implementation in a new enterprise, the transformation of an idea into a concrete result. This process is continuous, since the needs that are satisfied by entrepreneurs change all the time.

The implementation of the idea of ​​an entrepreneur is impossible without innovation:

Production of a new (unknown to the consumer) good;

· Obtaining a new source of raw materials;

· Implementation of a new (in this industry unknown) method (method) of production;

· Development of a new sales market (a market where this industry is not yet represented);

· Implementation of the relevant organization;

The constant search for new ways to combine resources distinguishes an entrepreneur from an ordinary business executive.

Entrepreneurial activity is an independent activity carried out at one's own risk and aimed at the systematic receipt of profit from the use of property, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. In Russian, the word "entrepreneurship" is used in two general values: 1) characterizing certain kind activities; 2) designating a certain social group engaged in this activity.

Role entrepreneurial activity:

· Only the formation and development of entrepreneurship, the transition of the economy to market relations is possible. Entrepreneurship is component economic activity;

· Allows you to balance the economy, saturating the market with goods and services (especially their new types). Weeds out effective equipment and technologies from inefficient ones;

· Small enterprises are accelerating the introduction of scientific and technological advances.

· Small enterprises make it possible to involve in the production of workers released during the transition to a regulated market economy;

· Reduction of unemployment;

· Thanks to active entrepreneurship in the country, the quality of products and services is improving, and the sales market is expanding.

· Helps the formation of large international corporations (many large international corporations appeared in an evolutionary way on the basis of initially created small enterprises);

· During the transition of the economy to the market, the bankruptcy of low-profit and operating inefficient enterprises is inevitable. The creation of private small enterprises on their basis makes it possible to find owners for the property of factories, factories, etc. and give places for hundreds of thousands of people;

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In the economy, many phenomena and events are incomprehensible to the vast majority, who do not know why business is needed and how it develops. But more importantly, most citizens of the country do not want to know how the monetary system itself is regulated. In part, this can be understood by defining the role of entrepreneurship in the development of the economy. First, it lies in the ability to provide certain scarce services or goods. Secondly, it simplifies access to them, improving the living conditions of citizens. Thirdly, it directly participates in the regulation of the state economy, providing a contribution to GDP and balancing the level of inflation.

But when a crisis occurs in the economy, it is entrepreneurship that tightens the noose on it, especially if the market economy in a certain country has not been fully built. It is impossible to judge the role of entrepreneurship in the development of the economy, but we can say that it forms a balanced market. And it is precisely such extremes, when pricing destroys the monetary system, that are a sign of an unformed market where subjects can take advantage of these imperfections.

Flexibility of Entrepreneurship

Assessing the role of small business in the economy, we should consider its main characteristics. This is an opportunity to fill a scarce service or offer a niche product in certain time. This means that the entrepreneur monetizes his services at the moment when the need arises. The entire commodity sector of the state economy is unable to respond so quickly to emerging market niches. Because they quickly become entrepreneurs. Of course with them state system quite capable of competing. However, he will not do this, as he will not be able to respond faster than small businesses.

Often, the state can successfully delegate part of the economic concerns to him. In addition, the economy cannot quickly respond to changing trends, as it requires careful analysis and guidance. different levels. Because of this, precious time is lost, which is usually effectively used by entrepreneurs. By generating income in the form of a tax, the state regulatory system also feels a significant benefit. IN monetary terms it is approximately equal to the income that the state would receive from the independent implementation of any business idea. But in the case of delegating it to entrepreneurship, the economy receives profit regardless of whether it does anything.

Compensation for the deficiency and assistance in cash circulation

Assistance in the circulation of funds is the answer to the question of what role entrepreneurship plays in the development of the economy. This is achieved by making up for the lack of goods or services that the population of the state needs. If they weren't on the market, if they weren't essentials, they wouldn't be purchased. That's why cash on hand will not return to the economy, which will become a factor for a significant increase in inflation. In the face of a lack of goods and services on the market to deal with the negative public opinion very difficult, which undermines the power itself.

But entrepreneurship, finding the opportunity to offer niche scarce goods and services, partly solves this problem. It becomes an entity that helps the economy return money to banking system. This means that national banks are less dependent on the lack working capital commercial financial institutions. This allows them to keep interest rates at stable levels.

The role of entrepreneurship in inflation

When thinking about the role entrepreneurship plays in economic development, one should also consider its contribution to GDP growth. The growth of the state economy and the stability of the exchange rate depend on this indicator. GDP growth in the absence of inflation is practically impossible, because the latter is a kind of driver for the development of the economy. Of course, within reasonable limits, when this figure does not exceed 3-5%. And entrepreneurship helps to maintain it at the achieved levels. Moreover, it does this by resorting to the tactics of least resistance, since in order to increase inflation, it is enough to increase the cost of services and goods.

With the latter, entrepreneurship is just fine. It is the services and goods of entrepreneurs that grow in price faster than others. But since the money still returns to the banking system of the state, this is considered by the authorities as a factor stimulating the country's economy. The government practically cannot regulate the cost of services provided by entrepreneurs, since this is a place where two fundamentally different areas of economic activity collide: a market economy and a regulated planned economy.

The contribution of small business to GDP

Analyzing the role of entrepreneurship in the development of the economy, it should be said that it forms a market economy. The regulation of prices for services and goods of entrepreneurs is more subject to such phenomena as competition and the balance of supply and demand. These attributes characterize the market economic model, that is, more flexible, although it has an important drawback. It requires logarithmic growth, which is impossible under constant conditions with limited resources and production forces. It is entrepreneurship that makes GDP growth possible, since this indicator can take into account the repeated involvement of capital, adding them to the growth already achieved.

For example, the resale of one car 3 times within 1 year affects GDP in exactly the same way as the sale of 3 cars over the same period of time. In the business environment, resale is a very common occurrence. This means that, although fictitious, it increases GDP, in which the state deceives its population every time. It is not so important whether it is bad or positive in the short term. In the long run, this constantly weighs down the future growth of the economy, therefore the most successful and safest business model for the economy is the production one.

But for an entrepreneur, it is the most difficult, unlike trading. Profitability of sales is always easy to raise by increasing the cost, which attracts many businessmen who do not want to burden themselves with building a production business model. And arguing about the role of entrepreneurship in the development of the economy, one cannot say that it is exclusively positive. It is twofold, but without it, the population expects an inflationary crisis if the country's economy cannot provide the goods and services for which the population is in demand.

Role in the commercialization of innovations

Small business can become a kind of fast bridge between science and its commercialization. It is this type of business organization that is the most efficient and least costly, and therefore, with economic inconsistencies, failure will entail small losses. But this will unambiguously prove the failure of the commercial idea itself or show the lack of its implementation.

For the economy, obtaining as little losses as possible is the basis of development. The problem is only the fact that in case of failure, the entrepreneur himself will lose the funds, while the economy will not feel the detrimental effect. The success of the undertaking will provide fruits for society, the entrepreneur himself and for the economy. These risks are not balanced, but such is the price of failure or success, and such is the role of entrepreneurship in a market economy.

The economic success of the state is the result of the activities of entrepreneurs. It is entrepreneurs who create jobs, provide prosperity and income to the state, so they need to provide optimal conditions for work.

Entrepreneurship, as the experience of developed countries shows, is indeed an indispensable force for economic dynamics, competitiveness and social prosperity. After all, an entrepreneur is always an innovator, introducing new technologies on a commercial basis, new forms of business organization; the initiator of the combination of factors of production in a single process of production of goods and services for the purpose of making a profit; the organizer of production, who sets the tone for the company's activities, determines the strategy and tactics of the company's behavior and assumes the burden of responsibility for the success of their behavior; a person who is not afraid of risk and consciously takes it in order to achieve his goal.

A modern entrepreneur must be well versed in the essence of economic processes, navigate in a changing environment, predict, calculate the probability of certain losses, i.e. take risks consciously. Combining the factors of production, the entrepreneur must choose the most optimal option in order to obtain the maximum possible profit at minimum cost.

All these properties of an entrepreneur constitute the essence of entrepreneurial business, ultimately aimed at increasing the public good, the prosperity of a market economy.

The transition to market relations confronts our society with many challenging tasks among which entrepreneurship occupies an important place.

Lack of own practical experience Entrepreneurship makes you borrow Western. It is natural. But at the same time, one should remember the remark of a prominent representative of Russian scientific thought, the historian

V. O. Klyuchevsky. In 1911, he wrote in his diary: "The law of the life of backward states or peoples among those ahead of them: the need for reforms is brewing before the people are ripe for reform. The need for accelerated movement in pursuit of adopting someone else hastily." Indeed, attempts to blindly copy the West in everything that is necessary for the development of the market will not lead to a positive result. Adaptation, adaptation of known market structures and institutions to peculiar Russian conditions. Most likely, we should expect the onset of a long period during which the new generation Russian entrepreneurs by trial and error will master the practical philosophy of business. It will be a long time before we can talk about the established culture of entrepreneurship, about the entrepreneurial ethic that rejects any way of dishonest profit.

Entrepreneurial development requires special program which should include:

1) creation of stable economic legislation;

2) formation of state-public investment, insurance and information funds to assist entrepreneurs;

3) building a regional market infrastructure (training, consulting, certification centers);

4) the introduction of appropriate tax, currency, price and antimonopoly regulation, which would make it unprofitable to deceive partners.

4. Subjects of small and medium business

Small businesses include:

individual entrepreneurs registered in the Republic of Belarus;

microorganizations - registered in the Republic of Belarus commercial organizations with an average number of employees per calendar year up to 15 people inclusive;

small organizations - commercial organizations registered in the Republic of Belarus with an average number of employees per calendar year from 16 to 100 people inclusive.

Medium-sized business entities include commercial organizations registered in the Republic of Belarus with an average number of employees per calendar year from 101 to 250 people inclusive.

The average number of employees of small businesses - legal entities and medium-sized businesses for a calendar year is determined in accordance with the established procedure as: the average number of employees per year (except for employees on maternity leave in connection with the adoption of a child under the age of three months, to care for child until they reach the age of three years); average population working part-time with the main place of work for other employers; the average number of persons performing work on civil law contracts(including those concluded with legal entities, if the subject of the contract is the provision of services for the provision, hiring of employees).

This number of employees is determined as a whole for the legal entity, including branches, representative offices and its other separate divisions.

Special Registration individual entrepreneurs and legal entities as small and medium-sized businesses or other confirmation of this status by government agencies not required.

Entrepreneurship as a form of socio-economic activity plays an indispensable role both in social development and in economic dynamics. At the same time, interactions between the business sector (which is understood as the totality of entrepreneurs as individuals, as well as legal entities - enterprises headed by entrepreneurs and owners), the economy as a whole and society are quite complex. In essence, we can talk about the special mission of the business sector in the economy and society and about the factors that slow down or accelerate its implementation in a particular period. Let us consider the functional components of this mission and the problems associated with the implementation of the mission of entrepreneurship during the formation and development of the Russian market economy.

Let us consider the main components of the functional role of entrepreneurship in the economy.

1. The main function of entrepreneurship in the economy is that entrepreneurs form a kind of "vanguard" of the economy: they consciously accept, and sometimes even provoke, the risk that arises in connection with the creation of a new local economic situation. This situation is created by the entrepreneur himself, acquiring and at his own risk combining and organizing resources with the expectation of receiving income in the future from the sale of goods or the provision of services. The success of an entrepreneur, therefore, depends on his personal insight and enterprise. If an unsatisfied demand is discovered, or at least the possibility of its formation, then the entrepreneur must be the first to be on the site of this socio-economic "incident" and take all measures to ensure that this demand is created, and then satisfied. Therefore, entrepreneurial activity allows you to constantly relieve the tension that arises due to local imbalances in supply and demand in the economy. Briefly, this part of the mission of entrepreneurship can be expressed as follows: the entrepreneur is the scout of the future.

2. An entrepreneur is easier than anyone else to catch not only emerging demand, but also emerging supply, especially new technologies, products, ways of organizing production and distribution of products. The main part of the innovation economy in the developed countries of the world is based on the business sector. Large corporations that produce mass products, as a rule, cannot afford to react to "weak innovation signals" and rebuild the existing structure of production. This function of entrepreneurship can be briefly expressed as follows: an entrepreneur is an innovative leader.

3. Large enterprises specializing in the production of mass products operate, as a rule, within the same market sector. The intersectoral space should be filled with entrepreneurs who can quickly concentrate resources on the "white spots" of the market map. With a low level of entrepreneurship development in the country, intersectoral gaps will either remain sources of deficit or will be filled imported goods. Therefore, the functioning of entrepreneurship ensures the integrity of the economy and counteracts its fragmentation. Thus, the business sector is a structure that links various subject sectors of the market.

4. Large enterprises are poorly adapted for the production of goods for individual and "small-scale" demand. Only mobile entrepreneurial firms can generally solve the problem of developing the market for individual products, taking into account the demographic, national, regional, sociocultural and other characteristics of consumers. Entrepreneurship is the only economic force that can ensure the stable creation of individualized goods and the satisfaction of individual demand.

5. The fight against the power of the oligarchs in Russia is complicated by the fact that, in fact, the oligarch does not depend on anyone or anything. At the other pole - the pole of hired labor - are employees of private enterprises and civil servants, who depend mainly on their immediate superiors, the employer. And only an entrepreneur is directly dependent on the market, on consumers, whom he cannot force to use his products or services, but can only convince. Therefore, it is through entrepreneurship that true economic democracy is realized. Consequently, the entrepreneur is the bearer of the foundations of economic democracy.

6. Firms led by entrepreneurs, as a rule, implement low-cost technologies, have the opportunity, due to the foreseeable size of production, to reduce unproductive costs. Entrepreneurs voluntarily take on high load and ready to work in heavy

conditions to which other workers would not agree. Therefore, labor productivity in the most efficient parts of the business sector can significantly exceed this indicator in the most efficient large enterprises. The entrepreneur is a potential leader in reducing costs and increasing productivity.

7. Financing of the business sector is based on own capital or equivalent capital. Sometimes an entrepreneur, when creating his own business, uses his personal savings, the money of friends and acquaintances, and directly, bypassing financial and credit intermediaries, transforms them into investments in the sector of production of goods and provision of services. Thus, the business sector can potentially become a source of mutual trust, which is so lacking in our country. If, however, it is possible to achieve mutual trust in the business sector, trust between the state and the population will ultimately be ensured. Entrepreneurship - effective method involvement of personal savings in the investment process and creation of a favorable business climate.

8. Entrepreneurs, as the most mobile and motivated part of economic agents, have proven themselves as pioneers of the most effective directions. foreign economic activity. The paths to foreign markets, laid at the beginning of economic reforms by entrepreneurs, over time, they are trying to master large enterprises, albeit with apparently less success. An entrepreneur is a leader in the development of foreign markets.

9. Flexibility, adaptability and mobility in small and many medium-sized enterprises remain elusive for large enterprises in both industry and agriculture. Business enterprises in the city, farms in rural areas should serve as models of market behavior in the economy. At the same time, the joint and sometimes competitive functioning of large and small enterprises also has the opposite effect - large enterprises are more successful in mastering market ways behavior. Entrepreneurial enterprises can and should become models of market behavior for large companies.

10. Entrepreneurship should play an important role in solving the problem of the rise of Russian science. There are two key points here. The first is the commercialization of R&D, giving market qualities to the processes of disseminating the results of scientific and applied research. This role could be performed by specialized small entrepreneurial enterprises. The second point is the use R&D results for the needs of small businesses. Low-energy production technologies, effective marketing solutions, methods of managing small and dispersed teams, and much more could be the subject of cooperation between the business sector and research teams. Entrepreneurial potential is a means and stimulus for the revival of Russian science.

As a result, it can be concluded that modern economy cannot maintain integrity and competitiveness without effective development entrepreneurship. It should be expected that in the XXI century. "entrepreneurial economy" will replace the "managerial economy".