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The so-called tertiary sector (services) includes transport and communications, rapidly developing business services (information, accounting, legal), science, education and healthcare. This industry also includes finance, credit and insurance, the entertainment industry and tourism, trade and catering, personal services, and public administration. The rapid increase in the share of the service sector in the GDP of developed countries has been called "servicing the economy."

The development of the service sector in Asian countries in the second half of the 20th century is closely related to the process of industrialization: it contributed to the strengthening of a number of old and the emergence of new industries in the tertiary sector. The evolution of the service sector, in turn, changed the face of industry and its structure. During the years of independence, there have been fundamental changes in the professional level of those employed in the industry, a dynamic growth in the number of engineering and technical personnel has been observed, research centers have been created almost from scratch in many Asian countries.

Recall that in 1950 in Asia (without Japan) about 80% of the economically active population was employed in agriculture (where more than half of GDP was created), 8% - in industry (15% of GDP). At that time, 12% of the active population worked in the service sector and about 1/3 of GDP was created.

By 2000, Asia's share of agricultural employment had fallen to about 42%, and the agricultural sector's contribution to GDP had fallen to 15%. About 17% of the employed worked in industry, which created over 40% of GDP, and in the service sector - more than 40% (slightly less than 45% of GDP). In contrast to the developed countries, in Asian countries there was a further increase in the absolute number of people employed in industry, and in the largest states - their share in the economically active population.

Thus, the most productive subdivision of the economy at the beginning of this century was industry. However, industrial enterprises have been able to make only a very limited contribution to solving the employment problem in Asia. As can be seen from the above figures, the main sphere of absorption of the labor force released in agriculture has become services, in which labor productivity is now significantly lower than in industry. At the same time, this sector is ahead of other units in terms of total value added (table "Share of services in GDP of countries and territories in Asia in 1950-2005"), and employment in it often looks much more attractive than work in agriculture .

Averages hide significant differences between individual countries, both in terms of the share of services in total employment and GDP, and in terms of labor productivity.

The service sector is developing at the fastest pace in Hong Kong (accounting for more than 85% of GDP). In Singapore, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan, this growth was the highest in the last decade and a half and now exceeds 65%. In fact, the listed countries and territories have reproduced the economic structure that has long been characteristic of developed countries, including Japan.

More than 50% of GDP is created in the service sector of countries such as India, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. However, such a high specific gravity the tertiary sector is not always indicative of economic success. In these and many other countries in the second half of the 20th century, services increasingly acted as an industry - a social shock absorber, a refuge for unskilled labor. First of all, this concerned trade (especially retail) and personal services. Oversaturation of this area labor force in large cities of Asia is especially striking.

Separate sectors of the service sector in Asia have not developed as dynamically. In particular, this provision has long concerned transport. The low initial level affected: in the middle of XX. century, Asia (including Japan) accounted for only 8% of the world's railways(by the end of the century this figure had tripled), only four ports were among the large ones - Hong Kong, Shanghai, Kobe and Singapore. The automotive industry and highways were in their infancy, and there was almost no civil aviation.

The weakness of the transport link hindered the progress of the economy. The domestic market remained insufficiently integrated, which did not allow to fully develop the specialization of individual regions, to reveal the economies of scale.

In the first decades of independence, railways were of particular importance for the largest Asian countries. However, as motor transport developed, their share in transportation decreased. The situation in India is typical: at the end of the 1990s, less than 40% of the freight turnover of modern transport was accounted for by railways, compared to almost 90% in 1951.

Railway construction in China is being carried out on a grand scale. By the beginning of the 21st century, the PRC accounted for more than a quarter of the world's railway cargo turnover. High-speed highways are being built, in 2006 the highest mountain railway in the world was put into operation, linking Qinghai province with Tibet. But even in this country, the share of railways in the transportation of goods and passengers is gradually decreasing (over the past 25 years it has decreased from 57 to 32%). This type of transportation is gradually giving way to road, water and air transport.

Maritime shipping in Asia plays the role of the main cargo carrier, and three Asian countries (Republic of Korea, Japan and China) top the list of the world's leading shipbuilding powers. Major shipowners include Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Iran and Malaysia. Between 2001 and 2005, Iran and Saudi Arabia more than doubled their tanker tonnage.

Major programs for expanding port infrastructure, deepening harbors, and building specialized berths were carried out during the reform years in China. Eight Chinese ports (not counting Hong Kong) are among the 50 largest container berths in the world, and in 2003 China ranked first in the world in terms of the number of containerized cargo handled.

At the same time, the relative weakness of infrastructure can result in significant foreign exchange losses. Thus, less than 35% of foreign trade cargo was transported on ships owned by Indian owners in the late 1990s. However, at present, foreign trade flows have increased significantly, and the Indian navy in 2000 had about 400 large vessels against 110 twenty years ago. China also has a negative balance in the transportation of foreign trade cargo, which widely uses the services of Hong Kong shipowners.

Inland river transport does not play a significant role in most Asian countries. One of the exceptions is the PRC, where r. The Yangtze is the most important transport artery of the country.

The countries of Asia (including Japan), although they account for only a quarter of the cargo and passenger turnover of the world air transport, this industry has been developing very rapidly over the past decade and a half. In the PRC alone, it is planned to build 45 large airports in the next five years. The airlines of this state, as well as Singapore, Hong Kong and Arab countries, became the largest customers of aircraft and ground navigation equipment at the turn of the century.

The state of urban transport (and partly the well-being of the population) in the largest cities in Asia can be judged from the table "Indicators of urban transport development in Asia in 2005".

Noteworthy is the low level of motorization in Hong Kong - one of the richest cities in the world. This indicator is also low in Singapore, as well as in the cities of China, which makes them quite safe for pedestrians, cyclists and drivers.

The information and communication revolution that unfolded at the end of the 20th century had a beneficial effect on the service sector in Asian countries, although at first it seemed to many that the so-called digital divide would sharply increase the distance between developed and developing countries. This did not happen, on the contrary, the countries of Asia (especially East) in a fairly short historical period have dramatically improved the provision of the economy and the population with modern means of communication, and have also become active participants in the information revolution. The development of its fruits was facilitated by the achievements in the development of electronics, education and training of personnel obtained during industrialization. A positive role in the countries of South Asia was also played by the fact that a significant part of the population owns English language. New technologies - satellite communications, fiber-optic cables have made it possible to save huge amounts of money and, most importantly, time in the implementation of the integration of Asian spaces. In countries with hieroglyphic writing, the computer made it possible to significantly speed up office work, publishing, and so on.

The pioneers in the development of ICT (information and communication technology) in Asia are Japan and (NIS), including Singapore. Informatization of society was carried out quickly and on a large scale. The Republic of Korea, for example, already in 2003 outstripped the United States in terms of the share of citizens using the Internet. The PRC is becoming a recognized leader in the production of semiconductors: in 2006 alone, five factories for the production of 300 mm wafers were put into operation, by 2008 it is planned to open 20 factories for the production of microcircuits.

The increasing availability of modern means of communication makes them truly massive. The beginning of the 21st century saw a colossal expansion of Asian markets cellular communication by the largest countries. In China, the number of connections mobile phones increased by 50-100 million per year and reached 400 million in 2005. In India, 48 million units were sold in 2004, and 75 million in 2005.

The ICT revolution has opened up new, very large niches for expanding the economic specialization of developing countries. Characteristic is the activity of one of the current leaders of the Indian economy - the information technology sector. At first, in the 80s of the XX century, it became known about the success of Indian programmers working abroad. In the early 1990s, Canadian and American firms working in the information and communication sphere launched active work in India. With the laying of additional lines of communication between India, Europe and North America, and also after the decline of the "new economy" in countries with high prices and wages, the obvious benefits companies operating in India. It is noteworthy that this country was able to increase exports software from $4.0 billion in 2000 to $7.7 billion in 2002, that is, during a period of sharp deterioration in the "new economy" in the United States. The city of Bangalore (Karnataka) has gained worldwide fame as an information technology center, not much inferior to the "Silicon Valley" in California.

Currently, the sector is rapidly developing, working on foreign orders with international business process outsourcing (BRO - business process outsourcing). Such orders come to India for accounting, legal, information and other services. In 2003 alone, 170,000 new jobs were created in this sector, and 220 of the world's largest companies out of 500 use its services. business processes in 2006 reached $12 billion, almost four times more than in 2004. Removal of part of the office work alone American company General Electric saves her $350 million a year. The company employs 18,000 people in India.

India's comparative advantage is clear. The average salary for a call center operator in South Asia is around $6,000. Similar work in the US means a base rate of $40,000 (annualized).

The range of services is constantly expanding, the provision of which, thanks to modern means of communication, is profitable to transfer to the developing countries of Asia or create there. Thus, using electronic communications, doctors from China, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh diagnose patients from developed countries (for example, according to computed tomography) and carry out routine work on their maintenance, Indian engineers perform design and design work for European companies. Chinese programmers serve users in Japan, and artists fulfill orders from US animation studios.

Given the significant gap in wealth between developed and developing countries, the expansion of the service sector and the information revolution do not remove the task of modernization from the agenda Agriculture and industry. Describing this problem in relation to China, the well-known economist Li Jingwen (Director of the Institute of Economic and Mathematical Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences) noted in 2000: “Informatization can only accelerate the process of industrialization, but cannot replace it. raising the standard of living of the population."

The noted circumstance does not prevent the rapid informatization of China. The production of software for the domestic market is growing at an exceptionally high rate. From $5.5 billion in 2000, its value increased to $50 billion in 2005.

In India, the achievements of the communications industry are being introduced by the state into the rural economy. With the help of "simputera" (cheap PC), farmers in special points have the opportunity to follow the movement of market prices for agricultural products, which weakens the position of resellers.

During the years of independence, the financial and credit systems of Asian countries had to decide challenging tasks. During the colonial period, foreign and local banks tended to refrain from financing new facilities in the manufacturing industry, concentrating on foreign trade or the sale and purchase of securities. The need to lend to industrialization and infrastructure construction, as well as the concentration of money capital for this, forced the governments of independent states to nationalize banks. Legislative assignment to credit institutions of priority (directive) sectors and proportions of lending, mandatory requirements for the purchase of government bonds, etc., have become widespread.

There was some variation in the development banking system China. The first English bank opened its branch in China in 1856. The formation of national banking capital in the modern sense began much later. Only at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, banking institutions owned by the Chinese appeared, mainly in large port cities - Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Guangzhou. In 1928, the Central Bank of China was founded. In the 1930s, the Kuomintang government managed to achieve high degree centralization of the banking system at a high level state participation in her. In 1945-1946, banks (including Japanese banks in Taiwan) were nationalized by the Kuomintang government. Shortly before the CPC came to power, in 1948, credit institutions were consolidated in the liberated regions and the People's Bank of China (PBOC) was established. In the first three decades of the existence of the People's Republic of China, the People's Bank of China, practically combining emission and credit functions, financed industrialization in a monopoly manner, mainly in a planned manner. Outside the country, in Hong Kong and Singapore, some financial institutions China. In the 1980s, commercial credit was restored, with the four largest state-owned banks (Industrial and Commercial Bank, Agricultural Bank, People's Construction Bank and Bank of China) now playing a leading role in the country's economy. The functions of the central bank are carried out by two organizations: the PBOC and the China Banking Management Committee, established in 2003.

In India, state-owned banks also control the bulk of the credit market (two nationalizations of banking and insurance institutions took place in 1969 and 1980). The first national bank in this country appeared in 1881. The largest commercial banks in India are the State Bank of India (established in 1955), Kanara Bank, Punjab National Bank (established in 1894). The functions of the central bank are carried out by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), formed in 1934.

In addition to the usual functions of a central bank (regulating money circulation, maintaining the exchange rate of the rupee, etc.), the RBI is involved in regulating the sectoral and territorial application of the directions of credit flows. The refinancing parameters depend on the compliance of commercial banks with the assignments for lending to priority sectors of the economy. In addition, banks are required to invest in low-yielding government securities; the proceeds from these investments are used to finance public investment.

In Iran, private and foreign banks, as well as insurance companies, were nationalized and consolidated after the Islamic Revolution of 1979, and only at the beginning of this century did private credit organizations reappear. As in many other Muslim countries, banking in this country is conducted in compliance with the principle of non-charge of riba (bank interest). Payment for the services and loans of banks is usually made using various schemes for sharing with the bank the profits of industrialists and merchants received as a result of financing their projects. The forms of encouraging depositors are also varied: a bank, for example, can pay for individuals the costs of the Hajj.

State commercial banks dominate in Syria (90%), Taiwan, and still control a significant part of the credit market in the Republic of Korea (58%). Their soft loans, over a third of which were covered by central bank loans, played an important role in the development of the country's export sector in the 1960s. Thus, in 1967, loans to exporters were provided in the Republic of Korea at 6% per annum with an average interest rate of 26%. The Central Bank was then transformed from an autonomous structure into an organ of the Ministry of Finance.

In Singapore, Hong Kong and Malaysia, private banks are the market leaders. An important role in industrialization was also played by state (mixed) structures - the Development Bank of Singapore, the Temasek investment company, export credit insurance corporations, etc.

In most Asian developing countries, in addition to commercial banks, there are development banks (corporations, funds). Them main task is the financing of important national projects with long periods payback.

In 1947-1949, Japan received significant trade aid from the United States to stabilize the situation in the domestic consumer market. Deliveries of fuel, medicines, cotton and food amounted to 2.2 billion dollars. These goods were not distributed free of charge, the proceeds from their sale were credited to a special account of the budget. In the early 1950s, the funds from the account were used for targeted financing National economy through the State Development Bank.

Investment trust companies and other non-banking financial institutions have grown rapidly in recent decades. Rural banks and credit cooperatives are widespread in Asian countries. However, usury also persists (mainly in South Asia) - both in the countryside and in the city.

The monetary and financial crisis of 1997-1998 forced many Asian states to pay special attention to the state of their national credit systems. Compared with the end of the last century, by 2005 Asian banks had significantly increased the concentration of resources, equity capital adequacy, profitability, decreased the share of so-called bad assets (or non-performing debts, that is, loans on which borrowers do not pay interest or do not return the principal - non performing loans, NPL). The supervisory and regulatory role of central banks has been significantly strengthened. Measures are being taken to limit risky investments, primarily in real estate and securities.

The finances of most Asian states, in contrast to the Anglo-American system, in which the stock market (market based) plays the leading role in financing the economy, are based on bank credit (credit based). Nevertheless, Asian stock markets are playing an increasing role in financing economic development(table "Capitalization of share markets in countries and territories of Asia in 1980-2005").

The choice of your business is largely determined by the economic prospects of a particular activity. A novice entrepreneur should pay attention to the rapidly developing sector of the Russian economy - the service sector.

The service sector is a set of activities aimed at the production and sale of services to the population.

Since the end of the 1990s, the attitude of the state towards the production and supply of services to the population has changed. Over the past years, the share of the services sector in GDP has noticeably increased, but nevertheless, Russia lags behind the countries of Europe and the United States in these parameters. Thus, the US economy is sometimes called a service economy, since the share after-sales service in is 77%.

In addition, the service sector plays an important role in the employment of the population. The production of services in some cases does not require large investments and guarantees the creation of jobs and economic stability. In other cases, it ensures the improvement and development of industry.

Today, the service sector is improving significantly, new technologies and modern forms of service and interaction with customers are being introduced, and competition among service companies is also increasing.

The classifications are different according to the chosen criteria. However, there are some that give general idea about this kind entrepreneurial activity as a service industry.

According to the criterion of "population's needs": services by goods (consumer services, transport, communications), by goods (education, science, Physical Culture and sports, art), production in social sphere(housing, health, trade).

According to the criterion of "tangibility - intangibility" Lovelock distinguishes:

a) services that are tangible actions that are aimed at the human body (health care, sports and tourism, catering, transport, beauty and hairdressing salons, etc.);

b) services that are tangible actions that are directed to other physical objects (freight transport, veterinary services, repair and maintenance of equipment, household services);

c) services that are intangible actions aimed at (media, information, education, cultural institutions);

d) services representing intangible actions with intangible assets (insurance, banks, legal services other)

According to the criterion of "economically significant prices" are divided into market (transport, trade, education, healthcare, household, financial intermediation and others) and non-market (science, free education and medicine, defense, management)

According to the criterion “object of service provision”, the European Union distinguishes three types: a) for the consumer (auto repair, beauty salons, catering, hotel business etc.); b) for business (legal, audit, consulting, information, computer, wholesale, other); c) for the consumer and business.

It is necessary to pay attention to such a factor in the development of the service sector as territorial location. Each region, due to its natural and ethnic characteristics, forms a certain set of consumer services. It should be noted that the volume paid services in Russia has increased markedly in recent years.

So, if the service sector is the final choice of a novice businessman, then it is necessary to bear in mind some features of the services. Services are produced and consumed at the same time, so their sale depends on the skills of the staff. They are intangible, so an important factor economic growth of the enterprise is consumer confidence. There are difficulties in identifying and accounting for services.

The service sector has been gaining more and more stable positions in the world economy in recent decades. Many countries are characterized by an increase in the volume of production of services, an increase in income from service activities, an increase in employment in this area, and an increase in exports and imports of services. The changes taking place in the service sector are so significant on a global scale that the modern economy has been awarded the definition of "service" or "service economy".

The trend towards an increase in the share of income from the service sector in GDP emerged in developed countries in the 1960s and 1970s. The service sector currently accounts for about 70% of global GDP, according to World Bank estimates.

The leading countries, whose share of income from the service sector exceeded 3/4 of GDP, include, in particular, Luxembourg (85%), France (77%), USA (76%), Belgium (75%), Great Britain (75% ). The service industry accounts for more than 50% of GDP in almost all countries Western Europe and North America, as well as in some countries in Southeast Asia, such as Hong Kong (90%) and Singapore (69%). For such countries high level development of the service sector, as a rule, is harmoniously provided by a wide variety of service activities: financial and credit and educational, household and tourism, medical, telecommunications and other services.

At the same time, it should be noted a significant increase in the share of employment in the service sector compared to the corresponding value for industrial production. The highest employment in the service sector in the United States (79% employed population), the Netherlands (78%), the UK (76%), Sweden (76%), Luxembourg (76%), Canada (76%), Australia (75%), France (74%), Belgium (74%), Denmark (74%) and some other countries.

A high level of development of the service sector is also characteristic of a significant number of states that do not belong to the highly developed group. For example, the share of services in GDP in 2007 was 65% in Jordan, 62% in Tunisia, 60% in Jamaica, and 54% in Paraguay. It is noteworthy that the service sector of such countries is often dominated by individual service industries. These are mainly countries with unique natural resources, and (or) countries in whose territory samples of the world cultural heritage are located. The predominant role in their economy is played, as a rule, by the tourism sector, the financial and credit system, transport and some other branches of the service industry.

Such an active development of the service sector in the world is due to the influence of a number of factors, among which K. Lovelock, one of the world-renowned authorities in the field of managing service organizations, identifies five main ones [Lovelock, 2005, p. 59]:

State policy;

Business trends;

Development of information technologies;

social change;

Internationalization of the service sector.

State policy may have an impact on the service sector by easing state regulation, privatizing service organizations, reducing restrictions on trade in services, tightening laws aimed at protecting consumers and employees, and protecting the environment.

business trends, most significant for the development of the service sector, K. Lovelock considers the expansion of service activities industrial enterprises, the spread of franchising, the orientation of organizations to improve the quality of services, focusing on consumer needs, tightening requirements for hiring staff.

Development of information technologies is manifested in the integration of computer and telecommunication technologies, the increasingly intensive use of computer technology and the Internet, in the emergence of new and improvement of traditional types of services.

social change, favorable to the development of the service sector, are in the growth of incomes of the population, the transformation of lifestyle, the improvement of the cultural and educational level, which is accompanied by an absolute and relative increase in the cost of consuming services.

Internationalization of the service industry is reflected in the intensification of mergers and acquisitions at the international level, the entry of service organizations into new markets, the emergence of a significant number of strategic alliances, the expansion of the activities of transnational service companies, an increase in the number of foreign trips of service consumers, etc.

The scientific and technological revolution and structural and technological restructuring are also considered to be the determining factors in the development of the service sector. material production[Demidova, 1999]. The scientific and technological revolution leads to the entry into the market of a wide range of innovative services related to information technology, computerization, new ways of communication. In addition, scientific and technological progress significantly reduces barriers to the transmission of services at a distance, thereby stimulating the strengthening of the international market for services. During the structural and technological restructuring of material production in developed countries in the 1980s. The demand for business services has grown significantly, and as a result, many non-core divisions of large organizations specializing in services have switched to an independent path of business development. The growth of the service sector in recent years is also facilitated by the processes of privatization and deregulation of various industries (transport, telecommunications, insurance, etc.) carried out in many countries, as well as the liberalization of foreign economic relations.

Structure of Russia's GDP

The modern Russian economy is characterized by its transitional state, as well as the presence of state ownership in some of the most important and strategically significant areas of life. During the period of gaining full independence, some market reforms took place, which helped to implement the privatization processes of most of both industrial and agricultural enterprises. The exception was the energy and military sectors of Russia. The modern GDP of the Russian Federation is directly dependent on income from the hydrocarbon industry, which includes oil and gas products. They make up approximately 10% of the gross domestic product, 50% federal budget and just over 70% of all exports. Russia's share in the world's GDP is approximately 3%.

As of 2017, Russia's GDP is approximately 7975.8 billion rubles. This is only 0.6% more than the previous year. According to the State Statistics Committee, Russia's GDP per capita is 485.8 thousand rubles. According to the main sectors of the economy, the structure of Russia's GDP is as follows:

1. Agricultural structure - 4%;
2. Industry - 36.3%
3. Services - 59.7%.

Remark 1

Also, the activities of the State Statistics Committee are related to the study of the percentage of primary income in the gross domestic product. For example, wages for wage earners are approximately 52%, net taxes are 15.7%, and the overall profit of the economy is 32%.

As for the contribution of other categories to Russia's GDP, it looks like this: 15.6% falls on the manufacturing industry, 12.3% falls on rent and services government controlled and ensuring military security. Mining is 10.1%. Other categories also include the following:

1. Transport and communication services - 8.7%;
2. Social insurance of the population - 6.6%;
3. Construction services - 6.5%;
4. Financial activities of economic personnel - 5.4%;
5. Social services (primarily health insurance and health care) - 4.2%;
6. Agriculture and forestry, hunting in specially permitted areas - 4%;
7. Production of electricity, its subsequent distribution, distribution of gas and water in the structure of the population - 3.4%;
8. Educational services - 3%;
9. Other services of a communal, social and personal nature - 1.8%;
10. Restaurant business and hotel services - 1%;
11. Fishing (permitted in specially designated areas, as an officially fixed activity) - 0.2%.

The specifics of Russia's GDP

Definition 1

The GDP of any country is the total market value all goods and services produced domestically in a given period of time.

Most often, the value of the gross product is used to determine the potential of the economy of a particular country, as well as to predict its future. However, the defining value for this analysis is not the size of GDP, but its structure in accordance with the industries operating in the state. That is, it is necessary to know from which sources the total income of the state is formed.

Most often, economists note that Russia's GDP is most dependent on the supply of oil and gas products. But Rosstat data on the structure of the GDP of the Russian Federation for the period 2016-2017. indicate that this statement is not entirely true. According to statistics, the main areas that form the gross product of Russia are the following:

• Real estate transactions at various levels - 15.39%;
• Wholesale and retail trade - 14.18%;
• Manufacturing production in several areas - 12.73%.

As for the share of oil, in Russia's GDP it is even less than 9%. Thus, the Russian Federation, despite the obvious difficulties and contradictions that have developed in the economic sphere in recent years (the economic crisis, conflicts in Syria and Ukraine, sanctions from the United States of America and Europe), has a fairly good potential for growth. Experts' forecasts indicate that industry and services will continue to develop, which will allow the economy to remain stable.

However, there are also areas that cannot be called successful. For example, in complete stagnation is the hotel and catering business, whose share is less than one percent. Concerning the contribution higher education, then it is also very modest - only 2.5% (according to the data at the beginning of 2017, this figure also decreased). The share of SMEs (small and medium-sized businesses) in the structure of Russia's GDP is approximately 20%. However, it should be noted that this figure could be much higher. The influence of wholesale and retail trade on the gross product decreased significantly – by 10.1%. The same applies to the manufacturing industry - by 5.5%.

Remark 2

Thus, we can conclude that, despite the focus of the Russian economy on the extraction and further export and sale of minerals, their contribution to Russia's GDP has noticeably decreased.

Over the past 4 years, researchers have noted a decrease in the share of mineral processing by almost four percentage points. First of all, this is due to a surge in activity in the services market. According to Rosstat, this type of activity brought the GDP of the Russian Federation almost 9.4 trillion rubles in 9 months. rubles. This is a significant increase in volume compared to 2012 (by 3.1 trillion rubles).

The industry that is engaged in import substitution - agriculture is also growing. In connection with the sanctions that were imposed on Russia by many European countries, as well as the United States of America, our country was forced to switch to its own production in order to get rid of dependence on the above-mentioned countries. Today, the share of agriculture in Russia's GDP is 4.4% (for comparison, but in 2012 this figure was 3.8%). In absolute terms, this number exceeds 400 billion rubles.

AT modern conditions successful development the national economy and its inclusion in the system of international division of labor is impossible without the development of the service sector. The structure of the GDP of all developed countries is characterized by a high share of the tertiary sector (65-70% and above). In Russia, the share of services in total GDP increased from 34.9% in 1990 to 60.4% in 2003 (i.e. 1.7 times), subsequently declining slightly to 57.9% in 2007 (Table 1).

Table 1

Share of gross value added of service industries in GDP (at current basic prices, as a percentage of the total), OKVED classification*

As a result, “nominally”, in terms of the share of the service sector in GDP, Russia is at the level of developed countries with a post-industrial economy. However, it would be premature to talk about the final transition of the Russian economic system to post-industrialism. In particular, on international markets Russia still acts primarily as a supplier of raw materials. Nevertheless, the dynamics of the country's economy after the transition from administrative planning to market principles of management is increasingly determined by the dynamics of the service sector. Under these conditions, it appears topical research the role of the non-material sector in the modern reproduction process within the national economy of Russia 1 .

The most noticeable growth in the share of gross value added in the structure of GDP at current prices was observed in the period from 1990 to 2007 in the following sectors: in communications, by about 1.7 times; in wholesale and retail trade - approximately 3.4 times (the largest growth was observed in 1991-1992 - from 12.2 to 29.1%); in financial activities- about 5.8 times (the largest increase was observed in 1992-1994 - from 2.2 to 5.2%); in real estate transactions (in the OKONKh nomenclature) - approximately 37 times - from 0.1% in 1991 to 3.7% in 2003 (the most rapid development occurred in 1998-2002).

An analysis of the real dynamics of GDP and its components shows that GVA in constant prices in service industries, it fell more slowly than in the real sector of the economy, and in some industries, even in the most difficult periods for the Russian economy, the volume of GVA in constant prices not only did not decrease, but also increased at a high rate (Table 2).

table 2

Dynamics of GVA in service industries and GDP, % (at constant prices in 1995, 1995 = 100), OKONKh classification*

* According to .

In particular, such sectors of the service sector include real estate transactions, finance, credit, insurance, health care, physical culture and social security, education, culture and art (their physical volume of production increased throughout the period 1991-2003), and also communications, trade and procurement, information and computing services (in these industries, despite the fact that the final dynamics turned out to be positive, in the period up to 1999, a decrease in the physical volumes of GVA was observed).

In general, in the entire service sector, the physical volume of output reached the level of 1995 in 1997, while in the branches of the real sector this happened only two years later (in 1999). in some sectors providing services, the physical volume of GVA decreased more than in the real sector of the economy (for example, geology and exploration of mineral resources, science and scientific services).

Thus, if we consider the structure of GDP in constant 1995 prices, then the share of all sectors of the service sector in GDP by 2003 was 11.4 percent. p. less than the same indicator in current prices (Fig. 1). This indicates that the share of service industries in GDP grew not only because the physical volume of production in the services sector fell more slowly than in the real sector, but also largely because the rise in prices for services outstripped the rise in prices for goods, thereby creating a large added value in the service industries (this was especially pronounced in 1991-1994 and 2001-2003).

Speaking about the role of the service sector in the functioning of the domestic economy, one cannot fail to say about the quality and quantity of production factors used in it. The main production resource of this sphere is labor. Therefore, an increase in the output of many branches of the service sector, of course, could not occur without an increase in the number of people employed in these sectors and, accordingly, the cost of paying them.

All sectors of the service sector are characterized by the presence in wages of an element associated with inflation. The decline in wages after 1998 led to the fact that inflation lost its decisive importance for its dynamics, and as a result of this, the growth rate of labor costs has sharply decreased since 1995, when the period of hyperinflation was over.

It can be argued that in most sectors of the service sector that provide predominantly non-market services (education, health care, science and scientific services, culture and art), wages played a compensating role (the growth in incomes of people employed in these industries partially offset the increase in prices for goods and services for the population), i.e., the increase in wages in this sector of the economy was determined mainly by the level of inflation. But, since this measure was clearly insufficient, there was a significant reduction in the number of people employed in these industries.

At the same time, in wholesale and retail trade, in transport and communications, financial activities, the growth rates of wages were determined not only by the level of inflation, but also by the fact that wages played a stimulating role, attracting specialists from other sectors of the economy and raising the prestige of these booming activities. Nevertheless, it is worth noting the fact that officially the wage growth rate, for example, in the “financial activities” sector, exceeded that in the “education”, “culture and art” sectors by only 1.5 times, which clearly did not correspond to the prevailing the situation on the labor market and was indirect evidence of an increase in the share of informal wages in the most dynamically developing sectors of the service sector (Table 3).

Table 3

Number of employees and wage fund in service industries (in actual prices, as a percentage of the total), OKVED classification*

The requirements for the level of education of personnel formed in the service sector were, for the most part, very low (work as a salesperson, courier, etc. did not imply higher or secondary specialized education), and the level of wages, however, was higher than in real sector (for example, engineers). This discrepancy between vocational training and the level of wages, of course, attracted to the service sector not only specialists who had already received education in other specialties and previously worked in the sectors of the real sector, but also young people who had just decided on the choice of their future profession. As a result, a significant part of young people in that period either generally refused higher or secondary specialized education, or chose professions related to activities in the service sector. As a result, a structure of specialists has developed that does not correspond to the current situation of industrial growth.

At the same time, labor productivity (the ratio of output at current prices to the number of people employed in the corresponding type of activity) in the service sector over the entire period from 1991 to 2006 was lower than the average for the economy (Table 4). At the same time, since 1995, the level of labor productivity in the non-material sector in relation to the average for the economy has been constantly decreasing (with the exception of 2003). The lowest rates were observed for the types of activity "education" and "health", which is quite understandable given the fact that many of the relevant organizations provide non-market services to the population.

Table 4

Correlation between the level of labor productivity in the service sector and in the economy, %, OKVED classification*

It is noteworthy that labor productivity is lower than in the real sector in trade organizations, despite the fact that the output of the “trade” industry grew at the most significant pace. A similar situation was observed for almost the entire analyzed period for the types of activity “transport and communications”, “operations with real estate, rent and provision of services”, “public administration”. Thus, it can be argued that at present labor resources in the domestic economy are distributed inefficiently: according to the results of 2006, labor productivity was lower than in the real sector for almost 65% of those employed in the service sector (excluding those employed in education and healthcare) .

In the context of economic growth, provided mainly by the sectors of the real sector, one of the important limiting factors is the shortage of labor resources. In addition to demographic problems, the reason for this deficit, in our opinion, is the inefficient distribution of labor resources between the real sector and the non-material sphere, when the share of the service sector in GDP production has been declining (since 2003, see Table 1).

A significant problem in a number of industries providing services is also the lack of own fixed assets and significant investments to increase fixed capital. Such “capital-intensive” areas of activity include, first of all, transport and communications; public administration and military security; housing(as part of the section "operations with real estate") and public utilities(in the section "other communal, social and personal services"), to a lesser extent - health care; education; trade, hotels and restaurants.

Thus, transport and communications account for about 30% of the fixed assets of the economy, real estate operations - about 25%, healthcare - 5%, public administration - 3%. The share of the service sector in fixed assets in the economy as a whole increased from 49.7% in 1995 to 70% in 2006. prices, and from 100.6 to 101.5% in constant. At the same time, the dynamics of the volume of fixed assets in the real sector until 2000 was negative even at current prices, and only since 2005 has exceeded the dynamics of fixed assets in the services sector.

These structural changes in fixed assets were accompanied by a change in the structure of investments in fixed assets: if in 1990 the share of service industries in total investment amounted to 30.7%, then by 1998 it increased to 58.2%, having slightly decreased by 2006 up to 54.3%. However, it should be noted that the disproportion in the structure of fixed assets turned out to be much stronger than in the structure of investments: the share of the service sector in total investment remained more or less stable in 1998-2006. (at the level of 50-55%), while its share in the total volume of fixed assets increased by 16% over the same period. In our opinion, this discrepancy can be explained by several reasons. First, a more stable financial position allowed service enterprises to realize their investment projects with a smaller share of construction in progress than was possible in the real sector. Secondly, the very nature of investments in the non-material sector is different from that in industry: the objects of investment are usually not so large-scale, respectively, the investment cycle and risks are much smaller, and this is an important factor in conditions of high inflation, which depreciates investments in the form of Money temporarily not involved in the process of creating material fixed assets.

Higher financial stability enterprises of the non-material sphere was provided by the redistribution of the profits of the economy in favor of this sphere. If in 1991 the share of the service sector in total value gross profit and gross mixed income of the economy was 36.6%, then already in 1995 it exceeded 53%, and in 2002 it reached its historical maximum - 67.5%. The data for 2006 show that this share has decreased by 10%. n., nevertheless remaining quite high - approximately 57%. Moreover, more than 90% of the profits received by service sector enterprises fell on enterprises of four types of activity (in descending order): trade, real estate transactions, transport and communications, and financial activities. The outsiders turned out to be economic entities that provide services in the field of healthcare, education and public administration, which, however, is natural, since most of them do not pursue the goal of maximizing profits, but operate on a budgetary basis to ensure the rights of citizens to free education, medical care etc.

In our opinion, such a radical change in the structure of the distribution of national profits is caused primarily by disproportions in the dynamics of prices for goods and services during the period of transformation of the Russian economy and consolidation of this price imbalance during the period of economic growth.

The service sector was one of the factors that aggravated inflation in the Russian economy of the post-Soviet period. The dynamics of price indices in its branches shows that in the non-material sphere prices during the entire period of 1991-2003. rose faster than commodity prices. So, in 1991-1992. in the service sector, prices increased 21 times (in industry - 18 times), and in 1992-1995. - 96 times (in industry - 91 times), and only in 2000-2003. this growth decreased to 15-30% per year (in industry - 5-14%).

The crisis of 1998 had a positive effect on the ratio of price dynamics in the service sector and in the real sector, somewhat smoothing out the price situation that had developed in 1990-1997, which was negative for the sectors of the real sector. in favor of the service industries. However, after 2000, service industries again began to overtake the real sector of the economy in terms of price growth, and by 2003, price indices for services exceeded price indices for goods by almost 1.5 times (i.e., by about the same how many in 1995). Thus, the "positive effect" of the 1998 crisis was exhausted. In 2004-2005 the rise in prices for goods (primarily due to the rapidly rising prices for energy resources) for the first time exceeded the price dynamics in the service sector by an average of 10-14%. n. for the period. But by 2006, this difference was reduced to 0.9 percent. P.

Generally speaking, the ratio of price dynamics for services and goods under the conditions of price liberalization was primarily influenced by pricing factors. When forming prices for goods, the manufacturer focuses on the cost price and on the ratio of supply and demand. In the economic conditions that prevailed in the country in 1990-1998, aggregate demand was limited by the low solvency of the population and industries of the real sector. At the same time, the formation of prices for most services has its own specifics due to the peculiar nature of the demand for this type of “goods”, primarily because services are produced directly at the time of consumption, i.e. only when the consumer already “agrees” with the price . It should also be noted that in many cases (this primarily concerns transport, communications, trade intermediation and housing and communal services), service enterprises operate in a local monopoly market, which also allows them to set prices, focusing primarily not on demand, but on its own level of profitability.

Thus, in the market, primarily of “production” services, the following pricing system operated: in conditions of high inflation and the collapse of the material and technical supply system, enterprises in the real sector were forced to turn to services resellers in order to sell as many products as possible in the shortest period. Resellers, due to objective reasons (high wage costs, high rent, rising tariffs for transportation and electricity), as well as often taking advantage of the position of a local monopolist and relying on their own ideas about profitability, set high prices for their services. In turn, deprived working capital enterprises of the real sector were forced to turn to the services financial intermediation.

Prices for financial intermediation services were determined, among other things, by the level of return on government securities such as GKO-OFZ. When deciding whether to issue a loan, banks and investors choose from two alternatives: either invest in government bonds, which, according to the terms of circulation, are risk-free and highly profitable even with high inflation, or issue a loan to an enterprise, risking not getting it back. As a result, in conditions of hyperinflation, the prices for services of financial intermediaries also grew at a very high rate. Enterprises in the real sector found themselves "cornered", and they had to pay for services at prices that rose faster than the prices of goods.

The level and dynamics of prices for services, along with prices for raw materials, redistributed national profits in favor of the service sector and extractive industries, thereby narrowing the opportunities for the development of high-tech manufacturing industries, which in turn hampered the development of the entire Russian economy.

During the period under review, not only the role of the service sector as a whole in the formation of GDP and in the functioning of the economy changed, but also the structure of the service sector itself (Fig. 2) 2 , which was caused by the transition to market principles of management. Such traditional activities as transport or housing and communal services have reduced their output (and, accordingly, their share in the output of the services sector). The output of the “communications” industry has increased, which, in particular, is a consequence of the emergence and rapid development of mobile telephone communications in the country.

The most significant changes are related to the changing role of trade. If in 1990 the output of this industry was only about 17.5% of the output of the entire service sector, then in 2000 its share was already 39%, and in 2007 - 35%. This is due to several key factors. First, there was a need to expand this industry in the transition from planned to market economy when all enterprises of the real sector needed the services of resellers to establish new inter-production relations. Secondly, most of the short-term investments (and in Russia, the vast majority of investments before 1998 were short-term) were directed precisely to the sphere of trade, since here the payback period is the shortest, which attracted investors in conditions of high inflation. At the same time, there was also such a phenomenon as holding gain, i.e., a change in the value of goods as a result of an increase in prices while they were in stocks. Thus, trade enterprises were able to attract financial resources to increase the volume of services in order to meet the growing demand from the economy.