LIST OF DESTROYED ENTERPRISES

AZLK (1930–2010) Moskvich (AZLK) is a now defunct Moscow automobile plant. He produced cars of the KIM and Moskvich brands.
Founded in 1945, actually stopped car production in 2001, formally liquidated in 2010.

A significant part of the territory of OAO Moskvich (the former unfinished engine plant) in 1998 became part of the JV CJSC Avtoframos (about 94 percent of the shares belong to Renault, 6 percent to the Bank of Moscow), which is currently engaged in full-scale (welding, painting, stamping) (from foreign metal) bodies) assembly of Renault Logan and Renault Sandero cars.In 2009, the final transfer to Avtoframos of the territory of the former OJSC Moskvich took place in order to expand the production of Logan and Sandero cars to 160 thousand per year.

In September 2010, the bankruptcy procedure was completed. A significant part of the vast territory of AZLK is now used by tenants for various purposes.

FACTORY "RED PROLETARIUM" (1857 - 2010)

Moscow machine tool plant"Red Proletarian" A.I. Efremov is one of the oldest and leading enterprises in the machine tool industry of the USSR. He played a significant role in the development of machine tool building in the USSR. Produced universal screw-cutting and special lathes.

It was founded on March 26, 1857 by the Bromley brothers, English entrepreneurs who took Russian citizenship. In 1922, at the request of the workers, he received the name "Red Proletarian", began to specialize in the production of machine tools and engines internal combustion. In 1944, for the first time in the world practice of machine tool building, a conveyor assembly of machine tools was introduced at the plant.

Now the production of machine tools on it has actually been suspended.

P.S. In general, the production of metal-cutting machine tools in Russia is approximately 2-3 percent of the 1990 level (about 3.5 thousand pieces against 75 thousand pieces in 1990).

IZHEVSK MOTORCYCLE PLANT (1928 - 2009)

The production of motorcycles in Izhevsk appeared thanks to Pyotr Vladimirovich Mozharov. A talented engineer and an avid motorcyclist, Mozharov actually became the organizer of the mass production of motorcycles in the USSR. In the spring of 1928, Mozharov submitted an official proposal to organize the production of motorcycles at Izhstalzavod. Soon, a motorcycle design bureau was created at Izhstalzavod, headed by P.V. Mozharov. Under his leadership, the first Izhevsk motorcycles were designed, manufactured and tested.

In 1933, they began to produce the IZH-7 motorcycle, a modified and improved version of the German L-300 by Mozharov, some of which have survived to this day.Mass production of motorcycles began at the Izhevsk Machine-Building Plant in 1946.

In the early 80s, the construction of a new complex for the production of motorcycles was completed. Highly automated, equipped with overhead assembly lines, it was designed to produce 450,000 motorcycles per year.

In January 2008, almost the entire workforce of the Izhevsk Motorcycle Plant (OOO IzhMoto), which is about 480 people, received notices of the upcoming dismissal. One of the most famous brands of the republican industry - Izh motorcycles, produced since 1929, ceased to exist.

IRBIT MOTORCYCLE PLANT (1941)

Before the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945 the scale of motorcycle production in the USSR was modest (6800 units were produced in 1940). The production of motorcycle equipment was carried out by non-specialized enterprises. The first plant, initially focused on the production of only motorcycles, was the Irbit one.

Motorcycles of the brand "Ural" are well known in the world market. There are several Ural owner clubs in Europe and the USA. Several Urals are owned by the King of Jordan. In 2010, about 800 Urals were produced (in the best years - up to 30-50 thousand cars a year). Now the plant employs 155 people

P.S. At present, the production of motorcycles in Russia has practically ceased, due to the enthusiasm of individual production units, about 2-3 thousand motorcycles are produced per year (up to 800 thousand units per year were produced in the RSFSR).

Why do we need "Urals"?

OJSC SCCHETMASH (1948–2009)

In 2009, one of the largest enterprises of the Central Administrative District, the Kursk plant "Schetmash", went bankrupt.Since the end of last year, AvtoVAZ began to "sink", for which the Kursk plant produced autoelectronics. The number of orders has decreased several times. The situation became critical when, in an effort to make life easier for small businesses, cash registers were canceled as an optional attribute of "tray" trade.Part of the production capacity of "Schetmash" was bought by the St. Petersburg "Electrosila", however, as an independent production unit, the enterprise ceased to exist. The new owners created, instead of one large production, several small ones, most of workers of the ex-giant of Soviet electronics was forced to quit.

VORONEZH EXCAVATOR PLANT

P.S.The production of excavators in Russia is now a few percent of the level of 1990 (2,000 units against 25,000 in 1990).

So, here are three sub-sectors in which production has fallen, including as a result of the efforts of the three presidents of Russia, to virtually zero - these are metal-cutting machines, motorcycles and excavators.

PAVLOVSK TOOL PLANT (1820–2011)

Tool factory in the city of Pavlovo ( Nizhny Novgorod Region) was founded in 1820 by industrialist Terebin. Due to its location in the center of a vast metalworking area, favorable conditions The plant expanded rapidly. The knives that the factory produced at that time were sent to Poland, Turkey, Persia, and Bukhara.

By the end of the Soviet era, Pavlovsky tool factory was one of the largest manufacturers of metalwork and assembly tools in the USSR, which are equipped with cars of most car factories in the country. In addition, the plant produced tools for metalwork when servicing various types of equipment, when working under voltage, a tool for working at home, necessary for every family.In February 2011, PIZ was mercilessly bankrupt (strictly speaking, the story of the plant's bankruptcy had been dragging on since 2004).

P.S. In general, the production of the machine tool industry in Russia is about 2-3 percent of the 1990 level.

MTZ "RUBIN" (1932–2003)

The Rubin plant was founded in 1932 as the 2nd State Automobile Repair Plant. In December 1951, plant No. 597 of the Ministry of the Radio Engineering Industry was formed on the basis of the 2nd MARZ, later renamed the Moscow Television Plant (MTZ) of the USSR Ministry of the Radio Industry. In 1952, serial production of industrial radio equipment began, and in October 1953, the production of the first Sever TV set was mastered.In 1956, the production of Rubin TV sets began, which until the end of the 80s of the last century were considered the best in the USSR.

In 1999, on the territory of the Rubin plant in Moscow, television production, as well as the rest, was discontinued, the plant's territory was finally handed over for trading purposes. PThe production of televisions at OJSC MTZ Rubin was completely discontinued.

P.S. All of the above gives us the right to declare that Rubin, as an enterprise producing TV sets (despite the continued existence of a company with a similar name), has been completely destroyed.

"RECORD" (1957-1996)

Before the war, the Alexander Plant (Vladimir region) produced the first Soviet TV set, which surpassed American RCA in quality. It was called ATP-1. But KVN-49 is considered to be the truly first Soviet television, even Stalin watched it. The name of the TV came from the first letters of the names of its developers: Kenigson V.K., Varshavsky N.M., Nikolaevsky I.A., and "49" - the year of development. Alexandrovsky Radio Plant ("Record") began producing televisions in 1957.In the best years, up to 500 thousand "Records" were produced per year.

In 1996, the Vladimir Arbitration Court decided to declare AOZT Record bankrupt. The enterprise produced only 16.7 thousand units in 1995 (which is 14% of the 1994 level)

P.S. The production of the Records itself in Russia was not restored.Therefore, it is simply ridiculous to talk about some kind of modernization in this area. An objective and honest politician must admit that in this segment of social production, as a result of the activities of the last three presidents of Russia and the current ruling United Russia party, the country has lost its technological independence and is not able to build a chain of a complete technological production cycle. In place of a full-fledged domestic industry, assembly appendages of transnational corporations appeared.

LIPETSK TRACTOR PLANT (1943–2009)

Is Lipetsk Tractor (former Lipetsk Tractor Plant) one of the main enterprises in the city of Lipetsk?was established in 1943 for production facilities plant "Stankostroy". At the same time, the residential settlement Traktorny was created around. June 1, 1944 assembled the first sample of the Lipetsk tracked tractor "Kirovets-35" with a gasoline engine. Since then, more than 1.5 million tractors have rolled off the main assembly line.The plant produced caterpillar row-crop tractors KD-35, KDP-35, T-38M and wheeled tractors T-40.

In autumn 2004, the plant was declared bankrupt.Thus, today there are several small private industries operating on the territory of LTZ. For example, blacksmith.

ALTAI TRACTOR PLANT (Rubtsovsk) (1942–2010)

Altai Tractor Plant until 1991 was one of the largest machine-building enterprises in the east of the country. It was born in the harsh military year of 1942 on the basis of the evacuated equipment of the Kharkov and Stalingrad tractor plants.

August 24, 1942 - the date of birth of the plant, when the first Altai kerosene tractor of the ASKhTZ-NATI brand was assembled. So in a short time, in the most difficult wartime conditions, the Altai Tractor Plant was built. It was the only plant in the country that produced tractors for the needs of the front and rear.

In 1956, a decision was made to organize the production of skidders for the timber industry at the Altai Tractor Plant. In September 1957, the first tractor TDT-60 was assembled for logging operations without stopping the production of an agricultural tractor. At the World Exhibition in Brussels in 1958, the car was awarded the highest award - a diploma of the 1st degree and a gold Grand Prix prize.Under Soviet rule, ATZ produced up to 30,000 tractors a year.

In 2006–2009, the plant went through bankruptcy proceedings.From 2009 to the present, the production of tractors at the Altai plant has not been restored.

P.S. The production of tractors in Russia, if not completely destroyed, then fell tenfold. In 2009–2010 on average, about 3-4 thousand tractors were produced per year. In Soviet times, the production of tractors of all types in Russia was approaching 230 thousand units per year.

SHIPBUILDING PLANT "AVANGARD" (Petrozavodsk) (1939–2010)

“Today it is already possible to state the fact that the famous plant, known not only in Karelia, but also abroad, included in the list strategic enterprises Russia practically does not exist. Only the name and 17 employees remained, five of which are workers fulfilling the last defense obligations to the customer - the country's Ministry of Defense. IN better times more than two thousand professionals worked at Avangard, which produced minesweepers, the plant was known for its reliable labor dynasties.

FROM In 2010, the plant was declared bankrupt, the buildings were sold for debts.

JSC "HK DALZAVOD" (VLADIVOSTOK) (1895–2009)

JSC "HK Dalzavod" is the largest ship repair company in the Far East, has three dry docks with an area of ​​more than 7 thousand square meters. meters each. A 20% stake in Dalzavod has been contributed to the charter capital of OAO Far Eastern Center for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair, which is a subsidiary of OAO United Shipbuilding Corporation.

Dalzavod is the largest repair base of the Russian Pacific Fleet, one of two Russian shipyards located near ice-free harbors.

“At the very end of 2009, the largest ship repair enterprise in Primorye, Dalzavod, OJSC KhK Dalzavod, completely ceased its activities.

P.S. Isn't it surprising? In Medvedev-Putin's Russia, it turns out that those enterprises that are recognized as strategic (both described above) famously go bankrupt. shipbuilding enterprises included in the list of strategic). And all this happens not in the dashing 90s, but at the turn of the change of the "fat" zero, when the country was choking on oil and gas money , for the upcoming 10th under bravura and pathos speeches and no less plentiful toasts and toasts in honor of modernization.

The cynicism of the tandememocrats is simply intimidating. After all, for example, in order to save Dalzavod, an amount that was generally ridiculous by the standards of the Russian oil industry was needed - about 0.5 billion rubles (for comparison: in 2010, the foreign exchange earnings of the Russian oil industry amounted to at least $ 200 billion, that is, about 6 trillion rubles). rubles).In general, the shipbuilding industry in Russia, in particular its civil part, is in a state of disrepair. The total production of ships is unlikely to reach 10-15 percent of the 1990 level.

PO "VEGA" (BERDSK, NOVOSIBIRSK REGION) (1946–1999)

In the most difficult conditions of the post-war period, on October 14, 1946, the Berd Radio Plant was created. In September 1947, the plant produced the first batch of Record-46 radios. Due to the talent of managers and specialists, the creative and selfless work of the entire BRZ team, in a short time, it developed and mastered a wide range (more than 20 items) of the latest radio engineering, overtaking the advanced radio factories of the USSR. In 1985, the BRZ was transformed into the Vega Production Association, and in the same year, for the development of new equipment and advanced technology, the plant became the leading enterprise of the Soviet radio industry and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. BRZ products won at many exhibitions abroad, were sold in Europe, Africa, Turkey, England, Iran, Vietnam. Production cooperated with hundreds of enterprises of the USSR and the CMEA countries.

From 1979 to 1985, the BRZ produced the Vega-115 music centers and the Vega-117 combined device. They used power supply units (EPS) of Polish production, a tape drive mechanism (LPM) - Hungarian, an amplifier, a VHF unit, acoustic systems of our own production.

The number of products produced was in the millions. For example, only products of the "Record" brand by September 1979 had produced 15 million copies.

Soviet tape recorders, of course, were somewhat inferior to Japanese ones in terms of the reliability of the tape drive mechanism, but in the period from 1985 to 1990, a real breakthrough was made in the USSR in consumer radio electronics. Appeared images of the brands "Olympus", "Mayak", "Electronics", "Ilet", "Spring", "Saturn", "Jupiter", "Soyuz", "Orbita" ("Jupiters", "Mayaks" and "Olymps" were produced in Kyiv, Vesna in Zaporizhia, Saturn in Omsk, Elektronika in Zelenograd at dual-use enterprises, now those of these enterprises that managed to survive do not produce recording and listening or viewing devices. .) could even today give odds to the existing laser reading systems in terms of the quality of the reproduced sound.

In 1999, the enterprise ceased to exist - it was excluded from the register. In place of the BRZ, the territory and buildings remained, but nothing from science-intensive, high-tech production.

P.S. As you can easily see, a high-tech, advanced in all respects, rushing into the future, ready to master new types of products, the enterprise was literally crushed by erroneous, more precisely, criminal macroeconomic decisions. Naturally, neither Yeltsin nor his prime ministers were held responsible for this. The blame was placed on the enterprise itself, which, as usual, was declared a failure, unable to withstand market competition.

As a result, for the Russian radio-electronic industry, which by the mid-80s of the last century had reached a technological level comparable to Western competitors and which, with minimal support, could well start producing its own dvd, mp3 and mobile phones almost simultaneously (perhaps 1-2 years later ) with foreign competitors, the post-reform fifteen years (1992–2007) with the macroeconomic decisions made at that time turned out to be fatal.

C illiterate presidents in the field of economy and no less illiterate prime ministers and vice-premiers who changed each other in the frenzy of the market did not even try to support domestic radio electronics. As a result, this industry in Russia in the segment of the production of recording and listening or viewing devices (this is the most significant segment of the industry in terms of mass consumption) has practically died.

Currently, Russia does not produce any significant quantities of any completely domestic brand tape recorders, laser players, d vd or mp 3 players and other recording and listening (viewing) devices, mobile and landline phones are not produced, and the mass consumer electronics industry is again represented by assembly divisions of transnational corporations.

SARATOV AIRCRAFT PLANT (SAZ) (1931–2010)

Saratov Aviation Plant (SAZ) is an aircraft manufacturing enterprise located in Saratov, until the actual liquidation of the plant in 2010. Yakovlev Design Bureau planes were produced here - the legendary fighters of the Great Patriotic War Yak-1 and Yak-3, passenger Yak-40, Yak-42, carrier-based aircraft with vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) Yakovlev, planes and helicopters of other design bureaus.

In 1929, a decision was made to establish a plant for the production of agricultural machinery in Saratov. On the basis of this production, an aircraft factory was subsequently created. Official year of birth Saratov plant combines, and then the Saratov Aviation Plant is considered 1931.

In June 1940, the plant was instructed to master the serial production of the aircraft created by the young aircraft designer A.S. Yakovlev fighter Yak-1. In October 1940, the first three Yak aircraft took to the air.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, Saratov aircraft builders worked hard, supplying fighters to the front. In total, during the war, the plant produced over 13 thousand Yak-1 and Yak-3 fighters.

On May 28, 1952, the Mi-4 helicopter designed by Mikhail Mil's design bureau passed control factory tests, and in December of the same year, the plant began mass production of this helicopter. Mi-4 was widely used in the national economy of the USSR as a passenger, sanitary, to extinguish forest fires, to work in the Arctic and Antarctic. At the world exhibition in Brussels, this helicopter was awarded a gold medal.

Since 1967, the enterprise began to produce the Yak-40 passenger aircraft, and since 1978 - the Yak-42. During the period 1967-1981, 1011 Yak-40 aircraft were produced, 115 of them were delivered to 19 countries of the world. In the late 1970s, the plant annually produced about 100 Yak-40 aircraft, in the early 1980s - more than 15 Yak-42s. In total, as of 2003, the plant produced 172 Yak-42 and Yak-42D aircraft.

Between 1974 and 1989 the plant produced more than 200 ship-based attack aircraft Yak-38 (the first serial VTOL aircraft in the USSR - an aircraft vertical takeoff and landings).

Since the 1990s, the plant has been in crisis, the number of employees has decreased several times. The last Yak-42D aircraft was delivered to the customer in 2003. Then aircraft production was actually stopped, the plant was mainly engaged in repairs and maintenance previously manufactured aircraft, production of spare parts, repair of units.

In 2009–2010, more than half of the plant's territory, including buildings and equipment, was sold. The equipment is sold or rented for scrap. The fuselages of unfinished aircraft were cut and scrapped. In the assembly shop there is one mothballed Yak-38 aircraft, one Yak-42D (they will never take off again), an EKIP apparatus.

In 2010, the plant practically ceased to exist, the bankruptcy procedure was resumed. The Saratov-Yuzhny airfield is closed, its territory is put up for sale. Almost all the hangars and the runway were dismantled, the guards were practically removed, as a result of which almost all the factory property was looted.

Commentary: Things are not much better at other Russian major aircraft manufacturers: the Voronezh Aviation Aircraft Building Society (which produced ILs in Soviet times) and at the Kazan Aviation Plant. S.P. Gorbunov and Samara "Aviakor" (specialized in the production of aircraft under the brand name "Tu"), which collected two or three civilian aircraft last year. For example, Aviakor (formerly Kuibyshev numbered factory No. 18), which assembled more than 1000 Tu-154s during the last 20 Soviet years, which formed the basis of Soviet civil aviation, produced only 5 aircraft in 1999-2006.In the late 80s of the last century, more than 100 civil aircraft were produced in the RSFSR annually.

FSUE "OMSK PLANT OF TRANSPORT ENGINEERING" (1896–2009)

The State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Transport Engineering Plant" was a specialized tank enterprise with a closed technological cycle of tank production.It was formed in 1896 as railway workshops. In 2000, it was transformed into State Unitary Enterprise "Omsktransmash".The enterprise is located on the territory of Western Siberia, which has its advantages, as it is located at the intersection of main highways and railways (Far East, Ural region, Central region, etc.)The main activity: the production and repair of T-80 tanks.

In addition, the enterprise carried out the production of civilian products and consumer goods: wheeled tractors with a capacity of 60 and 80 hp. with rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive and more than 30 types of engineering equipment based on wheeled tractors (excavators with a bucket of 0.28 cubic meters, PEF-1B backhoe loaders, PF-1 front loaders, snowplows, trenchers, drilling rigs, etc.) . The created capacities can provide an annual output of up to 3000 units. specified technique; small-sized washing machines Om-1.5 and Om-2.0 with a possible annual production of up to 200,000 units. in year;

Omsktransmash was one of the main tank manufacturers in the USSR and Russia and one of the largest machine-building enterprises in Siberia. In its best years, it employed up to 25,000 people

Theoretically, de jure, FSUE Omsktransmash exists to this day. However, it is now part of two other enterprises, which allows us to talk about the destruction of the giant of the defense industry as a whole. De facto, production at Omsktransmash has decreased significantly and is currently barely glimmering, supported by the efforts of factory enthusiasts.

CHELYABINSK WATCH FACTORY "LIGHTNING" (1947–2009)

The Chelyabinsk Watch Factory produced watches of the Molniya brand, widely known in the USSR, as well as some special items for the army (watches for airplanes and helicopters).

In the early 2000s, the plant was in a situation of bankruptcy for a long time. In 2010, the production of almost all types of watches in Chelyabinsk was discontinued. The legal entity ChChZ, which remained from the plant, is going to launch the production of denim and clothing.

UGLICH WATCH FACTORY "CHAYKA" (1938–2009)

Preparations for the construction of a plant for precision technical stones began in 1937. Construction began in 1938. The installation of the plant was completed in 1942. Initially, the plant produced watch stones from corundum and ruby. In 1950, a conveyor for assembling Zvezda watches from the parts of the Penza Watch Factory was mounted. Since 1954, the plant has been called the Uglich watch factory. He specialized in the production of watches, stones for the watch industry and corundum needles for players. Until 1959, Zvezda watches were produced, and since 1959, Volga women's watches were produced.

Later, men's and women's watches were produced under the Chaika brand. Since the spring of 2006, the factory has suspended the mass production of watches. Currently specializes in the production of gold and silver women's and men's watches. In 2009, the owners of the enterprise, burdened with multimillion-dollar debts, expressed their readiness to sell it for a symbolic price of one kopeck.

PENZA WATCH FACTORY (Zarya LLC) (1935–1999)

The Penza Watch Factory (LLC Zarya) was founded in 1935 by a decree of the Government of the USSR on the production of women's watches in the city of Penza on the basis of the Frunze Factory. The plant was built in record time, and candidates for new watchmakers were gaining production experience from Moscow masters. The leaders were trained in the French factory LIP. In the 1980s, the one hundred millionth watch of the Penza Watch Factory was produced, among which the export volume was half. In 1999, the plant was declared bankrupt and could no longer "rise".

SECOND MOSCOW WATCH FACTORY "SLAVA" (1924–2006)

The production of Slava watches began in 1924 by the Moscow Second Watch Factory. Slava watch is a classic design watch brand, initially focused on accessibility to the majority. In the second half of the 1950s, a line of women's watches appeared. Later, mechanical and quartz watches, alarm clocks, pocket and wall clocks were produced under this name.

In 2005, the plant and the trademark "Slava" were acquired by a private company.In 2006, most of the premises of the Slava plant (Moscow, Leningradskoye Shosse, were given by the owner for the construction of an office center.

CHISTOPOL WATCH FACTORY "VOSTOK" (1941–2010)

Chistopol watch factory "Vostok" is located in the city of Chistopol, Republic of Tatarstan. It has been leading its history since the autumn of 1941. In November, the first barges with equipment and 500 workers of the 2nd Moscow Watch Factory arrived there, evacuated to Chistopol. In the spring of 1942, ChChZ began serial production of watch instruments for military purposes, and by July 1, it was operating at full capacity. The enterprise was created as a numbered plant, working for the needs of the front. But since February 1943, following the order of the People's Commissariat of Mortar Weapons, the plant began to produce civilian products. It was the country's first men's wrist watch "Kirov".

Since 1965, ChChZ has become the official supplier of watches for the USSR Ministry of Defense. At this time, the famous "Commander's" watches were created, which are distinguished by increased durability and have a waterproof case. The experience of developing these watches made it possible in 1967 to release the Amphibia watch, which has an increased water resistance of 200 meters /Declared bankrupt in September 2010

“NOT EVERY state can afford its own watch industry. For example, the United States, Canada, Italy, Spain and Great Britain do not have it among the G8 countries. 15 years ago, our country was one of the top three leaders in the world watch market, controlling a tenth of it. The USSR produced 50 million watches a year, a third of the production was exported.

Soviet chronometers had the best price-quality ratio in the world. In 1965, the Vostok 2809 watch won a big gold medal at the prestigious Leipzig International Exhibition. Foreigners were deeply struck by the fact that an "elite" device by Western standards was produced in the USSR in mass editions and cost several dollars.

The low cost of the devices was combined with reliability. In preparation for Operation Desert Storm, the Pentagon, choosing from dozens of suppliers, purchased 50,000 Commander's watches from the Barnaul Vostok factory for American soldiers. Tests have shown that, unlike the "gentle" Swiss and Japanese movements, they perfectly tolerate extreme desert conditions.

“Once upon a time, the USSR produced 50 million watches a year, a third was exported.

EFG comment: It would not be an exaggeration to say that under Presidents Yeltsin, Putin and Medvedev, the watch industry in Russia (by the way, it has always been one of the most high-tech industries) was completely destroyed. At the same time, neither the pretentious Medvedev, nor the heartfelt and brutal Putin in 1999-2011 considered it necessary to take at least minimal steps in order to keep thousands of enterprises of the most important industry afloat. On the other hand, they have talked a lot and continue to talk tastefully, sensibly, breathlessly about modernization and various agencies of strategic initiatives.
In 1990, according to the State Statistics Committee of the RSFSR, about 60 million watches were produced in Russia. Currently, watch production in Russia has decreased by 100 times; some types of special and representative (very expensive watches, mainly made of precious metals and stones) are produced in small batches of up to 3-5 thousand pieces, some are no longer de facto existing enterprises the efforts of enthusiasts also support piece and small-scale production once famous brands, the impressive watch market in Russia is 98 percent occupied by imports from China and Switzerland.

Moscow Machine-Tool Plant named after V.I. Sergo Ordzhonikidze (1932–2007)

Moscow Machine-Tool Plant named after V.I. Sergo Ordzhonikidze is a large enterprise in the machine tool industry of the USSR. Released automatic lines, on which parts were processed with an accuracy of several microns. One of the pioneers of machine tool building in the USSR. Entered service in 1932. During the first 10 years, he mastered the production of 48 standard sizes of machine tools.
In October 1941 he was evacuated to the Urals, the rest of the workers produced products for the front. In 1942, upon returning from evacuation, he was restored; Continuing to work for the needs of defense, he was preparing for the production of machine tools. Since 1946, the plant began to produce modular machine tools, and then to the creation of automatic lines on their basis. In 1947, he produced the first multi-spindle automatic lathes of the original design, model 1A225-6, for bars up to 25 mm in diameter.
For 1966–1973 the production of large systems of automatic lines for the processing of cylinder blocks and block heads of automobile and tractor engines has been mastered. The plant's products are highly rated international exhibitions and fairs. So, in 1958, the MP107 automatic shaft processing section received the Grand Prix medal at the World Exhibition in Brussels.
In 1967, at the Leipzig Fair, the 1L191 automatic line for processing tractor brackets of the Volgograd Tractor Plant was awarded a medal. Machine tools with the brand of the plant were exported to socialist and capitalist countries. The plant was one of the leading in the country in the production of advanced equipment - a range of machine tools with numerical control, automatic control system, adaptive control

Machine Tool Plant "Sverdlov" (1868–2005)

The Sverdlov Machine-Tool Plant (Y.M. Sverdlov Machine-Tool Production Association, Phoenix Machine-Building Plant) was previously one of the largest enterprises in St. Petersburg with a long history. The plant was founded in 1868 by the Englishman J. Myurged (until 1878 it was located on Vasilyevsky Island), in 1886 it passed to his sons, who formed the Phoenix Engineering Plant Partnership. In the 1860s-1880s. the plant was refurbished industrial equipment, produced machine parts for textile, stationery, sugar enterprises, later assembled imported machines and machine tools, then set up its own production of steam engines, cranes, cutting presses, metalworking machines, in 1914–1917. issued ammunition.
In 1919 the plant was nationalized, in 1922 it was named after Ya.M. Sverdlov, was mothballed during the Civil War. After 1925, the production of machine tools of previously mastered types was resumed and the development of new ones began. Many machines created at the plant were transferred for mass production to other enterprises. In the autumn and winter of 1941, the plant produced shells, then production was discontinued until 1944. In the post-war years, the production of metal-cutting machine tools of their own designs (horizontal boring, jig boring, copy-milling, "machining center", etc.) was launched. In 1962, the Machine Tool Association was established on the basis of the plant.
In 2003, bankruptcy proceedings were initiated against the enterprise.
In 2005, the business center "Phoenix" was opened in the administrative building of the bankrupt plant.

STANKOMASH,Chelyabinsk(1935–2009)

Chelyabinsk "Stankomash" - in the past the largest machine-tool enterprise in the Urals.
The decision to build the plant was made back in 1930. One of the shock construction projects of that time was a special mechanical plant No. 78 in Chelyabinsk, created in the structure of the shell trust of the Supreme Council National economy(VSNKh) USSR. The development of industry also required a significant increase in the machine park. The main purpose of the future Chelyabinsk enterprise was to provide the Red Army with modern weapons, as well as to equip the country's military factories with new machine tools.
After the end of World War II, the production of military products did not stop. The production of civilian products and consumer goods was restored and further developed.
By order of the Government of the Russian Federation in 1999, the enterprise was awarded the status of a federal research and production center. OAO FNPC Stankomash is the lead developer and the only manufacturer in the country of minefield crossing equipment.
Armored vehicles of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the armies of the CIS countries are equipped with the means of overcoming minefields created by JSC Federal Research and Production Center Stankomash. They are exported to the armies of over 10 countries of the world. They were successfully used in combat operations in Afghanistan, the Chechen Republic, during peacekeeping operations in Transnistria, Abkhazia, Bosnia and other areas of local military conflicts.
The long-term cooperation with the Tula Federal State Unitary Enterprise GNPP Splav in the manufacture and supply of hulls for the Smerch multiple launch rocket systems deserves special attention. During the Great Patriotic War, the BM-Katyusha was the first-born weapon of multiple rocket launchers. Factory No. 78 produced shell casings and guide rails.
Over the past few months since the introduction of external management, the situation at Stanokmash has not improved, production is barely glimmering.

Ryazan Machine Tool Plant (1949–2008)

The Ryazan Machine Tool Plant was founded in 1949 and covers an area of ​​52 hectares.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the plant's product range consisted mainly of general-purpose machine tools - universal screw-cutting lathes with manual control and CNC lathes with a processing diameter of 630 to 1000 mm. A small share was made up of special machines of original design - roll lathes for the metallurgical industry, machines for deep drilling and honing, automatic lines for processing graphite parts for electrometallurgy, as well as special machines for various purposes, developed on the basis of serial machines.
Since the founding of the RSZ, more than 150 thousand machine tools weighing up to 130 tons have been produced, which are used in 80 countries around the world.
"Decision Arbitration Court Ryazan region dated November 7, 2008 in case No. А54-1392/2008 JSC "Ryazan Machine Tool Plant" was declared bankrupt, bankruptcy proceedings were opened.
In 2008, the plant initiated bankruptcy proceedings, which have been going on for almost three years now. The property of the plant, including land and buildings, is largely sold out, although the plant still continues to exist and produce products.

Comment "EFG": As we already wrote, as a result of the economic policy pursued by the current Russian authorities, the machine-tool industry in Russia, if not completely destroyed, then suffered losses that are hardly compatible with further existence. The output of machine tools in Russia now does not exceed 7-10 percent of the 1990 level.
And probably, there is no need to explain that the true sovereignty of the country without its own machine tool industry is a sham. A country that is unable to produce means of production, especially modern machines, very soon turns out to be completely dependent on the world centers of high technologies. And no matter how much you shout about the “greatness of Russia” after that, this very greatness will not increase even a penny.

Kronstadt Marine Plant (1858–2005)

Kronstadt Marine Plant is the largest ship repair enterprise of the Russian Navy. Founded in Kronstadt in 1858 as a Steamship Plant, in 1922 it was renamed the Kronstadt Marine Plant, since 1997 - the Federal State Unitary Enterprise (FSUE) "Kronstadt Marine Plant" of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation.
He was subordinated to the Navy Shipyards Administration. He had a license to repair weapons and military equipment, performs complex repairs ships and vessels of the Navy and civilians. In the best years, up to 8 thousand people worked at the enterprise.
“At the Kronstadt Marine Plant on Wednesday, August 20, the last working day. An enterprise with a 150-year history turned out to be bankrupt.

ZAO Kuzbasselement (1942–2008)

CJSC Kuzbasselement was the largest manufacturer of chemical current sources in Russia and was the only enterprise beyond the Urals for the industrial production of these products.The enterprise was founded in 1942 on the basis of the Moselement Moscow plant evacuated to Leninsk-Kuznetsky.
Working machines for the production of batteries were uprooted from their platforms and taken out of the plant. Thus, the fixed assets of the eighth and ninth workshops were actually liquidated, which were key at the enterprise and provided employment for 350 workers of the plant (in fact, its main staff). According to rumors, all the machines that were taken out were sold as scrap metal through shell companies.
In 2010 and in the first half of 2011, the plant did not work, despite all the attempts of the federal and regional authorities. It currently houses offices and retail space. In the nine months of this year, the production of batteries in Russia fell by 44.5 percent.

Irkutsk plant of radio receivers (1945–2007)

It is known that the plant was founded in 1945 as a car assembly plant. In 1952, the plant was redeveloped into the Irkutsk Radio Receiver Plant, post box A-3321. The plant mainly produced radio control equipment for army units and also the so-called REPs, electronic countermeasures designed to jam radio frequencies.
Radio equipment for the population was produced by several workshops of the radio factory, there were 20 workshops in total. These were mainly radio receivers and radio sets "Record" and "Ilga", radio tape recorders "Skif" and "Friend". In order not to confuse the name of the radio equipment with the products of the Berd Radio Plant, which also produced Records, the letter I was often added to the name.In the best years, the number of employees reached 11-12 thousand people.
In 2007, the radio market reigned on the territory of the plant, in 2008 a shopping and entertainment complex appeared on its territory.

Precision casting plant "TSENTROLIT" (1963–2009)

Centrolite is one of the largest metallurgical plants in Lipetsk.
The construction of a specialized iron foundry "Centrolit" began on the southwestern outskirts of Lipetsk in March 1963. At the end of 1968, the new plant gave its first production after the commissioning of the operating complex of the first stage of the enterprise - the small casting shop. In 1970, the second stage of this shop was built, and then a number of auxiliary and main shops - large and medium castings. The plant supplied machine-building enterprises in the central regions of the country with iron and non-ferrous castings weighing from a few grams to tens of tons.
In 1975, a new metal casting method was developed at the plant - the continuous casting method, a hospital was opened near the plant. In 1978 he received the status of profitable. He supplied products to many enterprises of the USSR, as well as to Germany, Japan, the USA, Italy, Great Britain, and Switzerland.
On September 30, 2009, the plant stopped the production of iron products and dismissed the workers. Production workshops are now used as warehouses for household appliances

Khorsky BIOCHEM (Khabarovsk Territory) (1982–1997)

Khorsky "Biochem" was one of the ten largest and most modern factories in the world of this profile. Built by the whole Union. In the era of its dawn, 7,500 people worked here. Nearby is a whole town of panel five-story buildings built for workers (the locals called this place "the steppe"). They built a club with two swimming pools and a gym.
The plant was engaged in deep processing of wood, produced fodder yeast, furfural, microbiological products, as well as some special types of products.
Theoretically, it was enterprises of this direction that were completely ready for the production of biofuels.
After the shutdown and complete looting of the plant's equipment, plans arose repeatedly to create joint Russian-Chinese joint ventures for the production of pulp and paper products on its premises,

Tomsk Instrument Plant (1961–2007)

Tomsk Instrument Plant (TPZ) is a defense enterprise in Tomsk. The plant was established in the early 1960s by a joint decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR, adopted in March 1959.
The plant was secret, the director was a general. The plant produced control systems for missiles, spacecraft (in more modern terms, on-board computers).
In many ways, it was here that the unique Buran control system was created, which allowed this last masterpiece of the Soviet era to make a unique flight into space and return to Earth in a fully automatic mode.
was well developed social sphere(recreation center in Kireevsk, Kid `s camp"Jubilee" in Zavarzino (now not operating, but guarded), the Kedr sports complex, household plots, medical unit No. 2), housing construction was carried out at a high pace (more than 250 thousand square meters of housing were commissioned over 30 years, 6 kindergartens, 3 secondary schools).

CJSC "Tomsk Instrument Plant" owns about 25 percent of the former territory of the TPZ, the rest of the territory is occupied by trading enterprises and offices. Profile production is not carried out.

Sivinit (Krasnoyarsk) (197?–2004)

The plant produced viscose textile and high-strength threads needed for the production of fabrics, tires and rubber products.In 1999, the electricity supply was suspended for debts, and the supply of raw materials for production was stopped. The plant was declared bankrupt and passed under external management.
In 2004, the property of the plant was sold as scrap metal and part of the area was bought up for warehouses and shopping malls.

Krasnoyarsk TV Factory (1952–2003)

September 1, 1952 is considered the beginning of the plant's biography. This date also coincides with the release of the first batch of Avangard tube TV. For the plant and the residents of Krasnoyarsk, this was a major event, the birthday of the Siberian television. Over the years, the plant has been intensively growing and developing, several generations of televisions have changed.
Naturally, the plant also dealt with military issues, producing some types of special products. The former actually defense enterprise was already paralyzed by the arrival of his team, production practically stopped, there were no government orders, attempts to do something else, for example, to assemble TVs from imported components, ended in nothing. The rest of the equipment was looted.

Plant "Dynamo" (Moscow) (1897–2009)

Plant them. CM. Kirov "Dynamo", located in the south-east of the capital, near the metro station "Avtozavodskaya", was one of the largest electrical engineering enterprises in the USSR, and, perhaps, the whole world.
It produced electric motors and equipment for electric urban transport, crane-lifting devices, excavators, rolling mills, marine vessels, etc. A very significant part of the production was exported.
The plant was founded in 1897 and belonged to Western European firms. Produced semi-handicraft electrical equipment according to foreign technical documentation. In 1903, a Bolshevik party organization (one of the oldest in Russia) arose at the plant. The workers actively participated in the Revolution of 1905–1907. And October revolution 1917.
In 1932, the plant produced the first Soviet mainline electric locomotive "Vladimir Lenin". During the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) he produced weapons and repaired tanks. The main technological processes are mechanized and automated: there were more than 100 conveyor and production lines with a total length of over 3.5 km. In 1973 output increased 2.5 times compared to 1960.

At the present time, the Dynamo Moscow plant is being tritely dismantled for scrap. Production at the Moscow site of the plant is actually not carried out.

Oryol Plant of Control Computers named after V.I. K.N. Rudneva (1968–2006)

When creating the plant UVM them. Rudnev, it was assumed that together with the Leningrad and Kiev Electronmash, the Zelenograd Angstrem, the Minsk Integral, the Smolensk software Iskra, and the now deceased Kursk Schetmash and the Kazan Computer Plant, this enterprise would become the basis for the Soviet computer industry or , as it was then called, produced by computers or UVM.
Indeed, the plant UVM them. Rudnev managed to quickly establish the production of electronic computers and by the end of the 80s began mass production of domestic computers "Spectrum" and "Rainbow", developed in Kyiv and Chernivtsi. Production volumes began to amount to tens of thousands of pieces.
The last of their computers plant them. Rudnev collected in the mid-90s. Then followed a long agony. The plant finally ceased to exist in 2006.

Orenburg Hardware Plant (1943–2009)

The Orenburg hardware plant was one of the largest enterprises in Orenburg. It produced special radio electronics for defense needs, as well as consumer electronics, for example, the Kolos radio receiver (beginning of production - 1977), which had advanced technical characteristics for its time.
The plant tried to keep up with the times and by the beginning of the 90s mastered the production of completely domestic computers "Sura", the development and production of which was initially mastered in Penza, at the then plant of electronic computers. It is noteworthy that it was created on a completely domestic element base. Just like, by the way, the Iskra computers, produced at the factory of the same name in Smolensk.
On the whole, in Russia modern production personal computers of a full cycle are practically destroyed by various "reformers" and "modernizers". Although back in 1993, about 200 thousand pieces of genuinely domestic computers of various brands were produced.
Theoretically, the chances of saving and developing a truly Russian computer industry existed even at the beginning of this century. However, the leadership of the Russian Federation did not lift a finger to save this most important domestic industry, which determines the direction of development of modern civilization.

Khabarovsk plant "EVGO" (2000–2009)

One of the very few Russian factories built in the post-Soviet era. The company itself was founded in 1992. It specialized in the production (assembly) of washing machines and televisions from foreign and domestic components, but under its own logo. The EVGO plant ceased production in 2009.

Ulyanovsk Radiotube Plant (1959–2003)

Produced high-tech products for defense needs, including military, medical and civilian lasers. Of the civilian products - radios "Reef" and "Utes". The workshops of the destroyed enterprise were turned into trading pavilions and given to merchants.

Plant them. Kozitsky, St. Petersburg (1853)

Plant them. Kozitsky is one of the oldest in Russia. Founded in 1853 as the main telegraph workshops of the German company Siemens and Halske, since 1881 - a plant joint-stock company Siemens and Halske. The plant began from a small workshop on Vasilyevsky Island in St. Petersburg.
Since 1960, the plant has been declassified and again became known as the Kozitsky Leningrad Plant. In the spring of 1966, a new workshop was built to assemble the first domestic serial tube-transistor televisions "Evening" and "Waltz", the pilot production of which has been established since 1965. In 1966, the plant built workshops for the production of the first domestic color TV sets of the famous Raduga brand in the future, the first brands, Raduga-4 and Raduga-5, appeared on sale in the fall of 1967.
But the 90s came, the USSR collapsed, and, like most industrial enterprises, the plant experienced the same problems, chaos, impoverishment, bankruptcy, disintegration into smaller enterprises.

Sibelektrostal,Krasnoyarsk(1952–2008)

In the past, it was one of the most modern and high-tech metallurgical plants in the country.
The design capacity of the enterprise was 60 thousand tons of steel and 70 thousand tons of rolled metal per year. In 2003, the plant's revenue amounted to 188.8 million rubles, net loss - 99.2 million rubles. Production at Sibelektrostal has been stopped since December 2003. It specialized in the production of specialized and especially rare grades of rolled steel.
In 2004-2005, he went through a long and painful bankruptcy procedure. In 2008, it was destroyed de facto; by that time, 18 employees remained at the enterprise.

Usolye-Siberian Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant (USHFZ), Irkutsk region (1970–20??)

Once bore the unofficial, but proud name "Main Pharmacy of Siberia". In 1970–1980 produced substances for factories throughout the USSR - raw materials for pharmaceuticals, pharmaceuticals.
The plant was on the verge of bankruptcy more than once, changed owners, completely stopped the production of finished medicines. At the moment, only a few operating workshops remain from the huge production. Most of the production lines and workshops are in disrepair

ORENBURG SILK FABRIC FACTORY "ORENBURG TEXTILE" (1972–2004)

One of the mega-projects of the Soviet period in light industry. The plant was put into operation in 1972. It had a spinning, twisting, weaving and two dyeing and finishing industries. It specializes in the production of fabrics from complex acetate and viscose yarns, viscose and lavsan staple fiber, synthetic lavsan and nylon tow and natural cotton fiber. The art workshop of the plant developed and introduced into production furniture, decorative and curtain fabrics on eccentric looms and Verdel jacquard machines. The company receives raw materials from Uzbekistan (cotton), the Volga region (viscose fiber), Belarus (lavsan), Krasnoyarsk Territory (silk), Ukraine (yarn). The plant annually produced more than 70 million linear meters of fabric, which was supplied to the domestic market, to the CIS countries and 30% to non-CIS countries. In the best years, the staff of the enterprise consisted of 7400 workers, employees, engineers.
in 2002, production was stopped again, in 2004, Orentex OJSC entered bankruptcy proceedings. The shareholders decided to diversify the business, allocate 120 thousand sq. m. m of production space for the construction of a shopping center

BARYSH FACTORY them. GLADYSHEVA, Ulyanovsk region (1825–2005)

Baryshskaya factory is one of oldest enterprises in the region - the cloth factory named after Gladyshev (the former Guryev cloth factory). Founded in 1825 by landowner D.S. Krotkov.
On the eve of the abolition of serfdom, the factory passed into the hands of the merchant K. Akchurin, who instead of manual spinning and weaving machines began to use mechanical machines, a steam engine and the labor of hired workers.
In the 80s of the XX century, the Gladyshev Barysh Cloth Factory was a leading enterprise. Modern equipment, advanced forms of work organization, good living conditions- all this allowed the team to produce fabrics for more than 100 million rubles a year.
“To say that during the years of market reforms the textile industry of the region suffered losses is to say nothing. Almost a dozen cloth factories ceased to exist. For example, only human memory and a dilapidated pipe remained from the largest OJSC Tekstilshchik of the Volga Region in the working village of Yazykovo, Karsunsky District. Directly in Barysh, the Gladyshev weaving factory was famous throughout the region and far beyond its borders. By the way, she recently turned 180 years old.

FLOW ASSOCIATION them. I.D. ZVORYKINA, Kostroma (1939–2011)

One of the largest linen enterprises in Russia. In 1930, the Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the construction of a flax mill in the city of Kostroma. In 1939, the plant produced its first product - household fabrics.
During the war, production was completely reorganized for the needs of defense. In 1958, the reconstruction of the plant began. In the late 80s - early 90s, the products of the Kostroma flax mill named after. Zworykin is purchased by sixteen countries of the world.
“In June 2011, the Zvorykin Flax Association was officially declared bankrupt in Kostroma. The reason is the lack of orders and huge debts.

KAMYSHINSKY COTTON MILL NAMED AFTER KOSYGIN, Volgograd Region (1955–201?)

Kamyshinsky cotton mill them. Alexei Kosygin is the pride of the Soviet light industry, which became the largest textile enterprise in Europe in the middle of the 20th century.
The first meter of gray fabric was released on September 19, 1955. From that moment on, the construction of a whole residential area with a developed infrastructure began: the Tekstilshchik Palace of Culture, the Tekstilshchik football club, which trained at the stadium of the same name. Not to mention the sanatorium-dispensary, hostels, kindergartens, schools, shops. For the children of the workers of the cotton mill, on the picturesque bank of the Ilovlya River, the Solnechny pioneer camp was created. During its heyday, Kamyshinsky KhBK produced up to 1 million 200 thousand square meters. meters of various fabrics that were snapped up not only in the USSR, but also abroad.
In the current century, the plant has repeatedly gone through the procedure of bankruptcy and the sale of property, by the beginning of the century, production fell significantly, then several owners appeared on its territory.In general, whether the once largest textile enterprise in Europe will survive, now territorially and in terms of output has decreased significantly, even if it is divided into two, God knows.

TREKHGORNY MANUFACTURE, Moscow (1799–201?)

OAO Tryokhgornaya Manufactory (until 1936 - the Partnership of Prokhorovskaya Tryokhgornaya Manufactory, from 1936 to 1992 - Trekhgornaya Manufactory named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky) is the oldest Moscow textile enterprise founded at the end of the 18th century. It was located between the streets Rodchelskaya, 1905 and Krasnopresnenskaya embankment.
In 1799, the merchant Vasily Prokhorov and the dyeing master Fyodor Rezanov founded a cotton-printing manufactory in Moscow, which was called Tryokhgornaya after the name of the area. Later, Vasily Prokhorov bought out his partner's share and became the sole owner of the factory.
From the end of the 1830s, the Prokhorovs were granted hereditary honorary citizenship, and the last owner of the factory, Nikolai Ivanovich Prokhorov, was elevated to hereditary noble dignity in 1912.
After the October Revolution, the factory was nationalized, but it was able to start normal work only in 1920. In 1936, she was named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky. During the years of Soviet power, the enterprise became a leader in its field: it was repeatedly re-equipped the latest technology. Peak productivity was reached in the 1980s with 200 million meters of various fabrics.
Just under the whining about salvation Russian production in 2008, Deripaska's structures received huge state assistance, which saved Oleg margin call Vladimirovich from well-deserved bankruptcy.
In general, the volume of production in the textile industry in Russia in 2010 barely reaches 35 percent of the 1990 level. But Russian market light industry products is about 3 trillion. rubles. This is the largest market after food. And thanks to its fast turnover, it could become a financial engine for the economy.
And once again - alas! Thanks to the "wise" economic policy of the government, only 20-25 percent of this market is occupied by domestic producers. Everything else is legal and illegal imports.

Far East Radio Plant, Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1993–2009)

DRZ "Avest" - was one of the most modern enterprises of the radio-electronic industry in Russia. Created in 1993 at the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Building production association(KnAAPO), on the basis of the workshop for the production of sighting radar systems as part of the conversion program. Since 1996, the plant has been producing household appliances under the Avest brand.In 2005, Avesta products accounted for 5.6% of the Khabarovsk Territory market in TV sales, 15.9% for DVD equipment, and 7.86% for washing machines.In 2007, the plant changed its owner, and in 2009 it entered bankruptcy proceedings.

Bicycle plant, Yoshkar-Ola (1950–2006)

Originated as subsidiary a large defense enterprise - the Yoshkar-Ola Mechanical Plant. He produced bicycles popular in the USSR under the brands "Salyut" and "Altair". In the best years, the output reached 800-900 thousand per year.
It was declared bankrupt back in 2001–2002 and ceased to exist in 2005–2006, although it may de jure continue to exist in the form of some kind of OJSC or CJSC.

Bicycle plant, Nizhny Novgorod (1940–2007)

“The history of the Nizhny Novgorod bicycle plant is quite indicative. It was built in 1940 as a workshop of the Gorky Automobile Plant for the production of consumer goods, in particular pedal children's cars. But the war began, and the plant began to produce mines. Then the company changed its profile more than once. From 1956 to 1996, the only product of the plant was the Shkolnik bicycle, which underwent only one modernization in 40 years - in 1979.Until 2002, the bicycle factory in Nizhny Novgorod produced Shkolnik bicycles

The monitoring procedure at OAO "Velozavod" was introduced on June 22, 2005. During the period of temporary management, property was sold in the amount of 2 million rubles, which were used to pay severance pay and wages. OJSC "Velozavod" since October 2004 does not actually carry out production activities. Now the company employs 35 people.
The company actually ceased to exist in 2007.

Perm "Velozavod" (1939–2006)

In any gift edition dedicated to the Western Urals, you can find the phrase that Perm is the cycling capital of Russia. Bicycle "Kama" produced in Perm has long been one of the most popular and favorite modes of transport in the expanses of the former USSR. And the bike factory itself, founded in 1939 on the basis of the Vladimir Gramophone Factory, is one of the main symbols of Perm. Since 1956, the plant has been specializing in the production of bicycles, the production of which was transferred to it by the Gorky Automobile Plant.
In the best years, the company produced up to 400 thousand bicycles a year, and this was a full-cycle production - all components were domestic.
Nobody wanted to buy the whole bike factory, the property went to retail, the workshops were separate, the boiler room was separate, the equipment was separate. The fate of the enterprise was sealed, and in 2005-2006. The Perm bicycle factory, which by this time bore the name “JSC Velta”, ceased to exist.

The economy of our country is currently not in best condition. The most vulnerable during this period is small business, and, in particular, individual entrepreneurs. Due to these circumstances, the question of how many individual entrepreneurs were closed as of 2018 is of interest to many.

2017 and the beginning of 2018 were marked by a continuing downturn in the country's financial and economic markets. This was due to many reasons. The political conflicts in which our country somehow became involved gave rise to additional economic sanctions, which led to a new round of recession. As a result, the first to suffer industrial production. In turn, low oil prices hit the ruble against the dollar, which exacerbated inflation and, accordingly, led to a decrease in the purchasing power of the population.

For these reasons, the first economic market the weakest - micro-enterprises and individual entrepreneurs - fell. However, economic crisis periods are often a means of accumulating capital, therefore, simultaneously with the closure of many individual entrepreneurs, requests for their opening do not decrease.

Be that as it may, but still, as of the beginning of 2018, the number of bankrupt and closed micro-enterprises prevails.

In accordance with the statistics of Rosstat, since 1993 for the period of the end of 2017 - the beginning of 2018, about 600,000 individual enterprises. Comparing the statistical figures for 2017, it can be established that the number of closed enterprises is much higher than the number of open ones for the same period.

From this we can conclude that in 2017-2018 the trend associated with the opening and closing of individual entrepreneurs was depressing. In numbers, this trend looks like this:

• individual entrepreneurs closed an average of 9.1 thousand;
• IP opened on average 7 thousand.

Unfortunately, the share of small entities economic activity accounts for only about 20 percent of the gross domestic product. This is an insignificant part against the background of what industrial giants bring. But the loss of such a large number of individual entrepreneurs also hurts the economy, since it is small businesses that determine the welfare of the country.

Therefore, answering the question of how many citizens of entrepreneurs have decided to stop their activities, we can answer that this figure is significant, and for 2017-2018 it is about 9.1 thousand entities.

It is important to know that most closed micro-enterprises and individual entrepreneurs are the result of an independent decision of the entrepreneur to stop his activity. However, according to the same Rosstat, about 30 percent of closed micro-enterprises and individual entrepreneurs ceased to exist due to bankruptcy. Basically, the reason for bankruptcy was the inability of individual entrepreneurs to cope with the complicated economic conditions in the country, the inability to fulfill their obligations to creditors and state tax authorities in conditions of inflation.

Video: Why IPs are closed

Reasons for closing small businesses in 2017-2018

An analysis of the reasons why small businesses cease to exist is important for start-up entrepreneurs, as they provide an opportunity to analyze other people's mistakes and prevent them later in their own business.

In order to answer the question why there are more closed IPs than open ones, three main factors need to be analyzed:

• legal;
• economic;
• state.

The legal factor refers to the legislative regulation of the activities of individual entrepreneurs.

In the conditions of an unstable economy and not fully developed legislation, frequent changes and additions to the legislative framework, the publication of a large number of regulations and provisions that cancel the previous ones become natural.

Of course, an individual entrepreneur, if he does not have legal knowledge and does not have a full-time lawyer, cannot keep up with legal innovations. Moreover, regional regulations often contradict federal ones, and vice versa. But ignorance of the law does not exempt from liability, and individual entrepreneurs, without knowing it themselves, often become subjects of offenses for which they are punished in the form of fines, penalties and other sanctions. Often a fine can ruin an individual entrepreneur and, as a result, the entrepreneur closes his business.

Therefore, the legal factor, although not the main one, occupies a leading position in the ranking of factors that force people to wind down their business.

1. First of all, this is the general stagnation of the economy caused by the imposed sanctions, the outflow of capital from the country, as well as a sharp jump in the exchange rate of the ruble against the dollar and other foreign currencies.
2. The low cost of oil and other resources, which forces the state to reduce its spending on raising pensions and other social payments, which in turn washes away cash from vulnerable segments of the population.
3. Loss of purchasing power of the population. This is one of the main reasons. The population begins to lose jobs as manufacturing and other sectors of the economy begin to perform poorly. The bulk of raw materials are bought for foreign currency, naturally, the price of goods begins to increase, and salaries and pensions do not keep up with exchange rate fluctuations. All this leads to the fact that the population has less money supply, and it cannot buy the volumes of goods that it could have purchased in 2013 or 2012.

It follows from this that small business, which is primarily focused on the population, automatically begins to incur losses and curtail its activities.

The next factor is the activity of the state. Most experts in the field of economics believe that it is possible to increase the number of entrepreneurs who decide to stop their activities even with the stagnation of the economy, but the state should be directly involved in this.

If we draw analogies with European states, then the share of small enterprises in the GDP there is about 40, or even 50 percent. Therefore, the priority of the states is to support small businesses. The government of the Russian Federation also began to think about this and some shifts have already begun.

State small business support programs in 2018

According to changes in tax legislation, individual entrepreneurs who register and start working in certain sectors of the economy in 2018 are guaranteed tax holidays.

In addition, the mandatory contribution to the pension fund has been reduced, as well as the amount of some taxes. Large concessions for small businesses are provided for in the simplified taxation system, in the possibility of manipulating income.

noteworthy government programs cooperation with commercial banks in terms of lending and refinancing of small businesses.

Of the measures to improve the situation with individual entrepreneurs and micro-enterprises that developed in 2017-2018, a number of additional measures are being taken. In particular, several federal small business support programs have been launched.

1. Regional Employment Centers are entrusted with the organization of free business training courses.
2. In pursuance of Federal Law No. 209 of 2007, in 2018 it is planned to increase the number of state grants to small businesses. For 2018, the maximum grant amount is set at 300,000 rubles.
3. State guarantee funds began to operate on the basis of state and regional budgets, acting as guarantors in obtaining loans for small businesses.
4. Venture centers in 2018 will evaluate business projects submitted by IP. Based on the evaluation of the project, a decision will be made on subsidizing the activities of the IP at the expense of the federal budget.
5. The government of Moscow and the Moscow Region has developed plans to support small businesses in 2018. At the same time, subsidies are provided for opening an individual entrepreneur in the amount of 60,000 rubles, and for opening a SPD - 25,000 rubles.
6. In the regions in 2018, subsidies are provided only for opening an IP in the amount of 60,000 rubles.

Another problem that the state should take up is the reduction of interest on loans for small businesses. Today's offers of banks, to put it mildly, are not affected by the dynamics of the general recession of the economy, and remain at the level of 2010-2013, when it was more profitable for private entrepreneurs to work.

But in 2017-2018, the Government of the Russian Federation began to create programs to raise business in some regions, and many citizens believed in them and began to take on the creation of their own business more actively.

In general, the state factor is one of the main indicators that influence the decision of entrepreneurs to curtail their activities. If we analyze the sectors of the economy where the money of small businesses is most of all, then the first place belongs to the wholesale and retail. In second place is production, and in third is Agriculture. That is, those areas where profits will directly depend on the favorable economic situation in the country, and good purchasing power population.

It's important to know that modern programs Governments are designed primarily for such areas of activity as agriculture, science and social areas.

After analyzing how many small businesses were closed in 2017-2018, we can come to the conclusion that individual entrepreneurship is experiencing a crisis, and only a thoughtful approach can help it survive it. public policy

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Massive layoffs, plant closures and wage delays – the crisis in Russia is gradually starting to gain momentum. Experts warn that the current difficulties are still flowers, the crisis will reach its peak in a few months.

Last week, the Ministry of Labor said that the number of unemployed in Russia exceeded the psychological mark of 1 million people. According to the head of the department, Maxim Topilin, this figure is “not encouraging”, although, as the official noted, he does not yet see serious negative trends in the domestic labor market.

It is noteworthy that these statements were made immediately after the closure of its factories in Russia announced the automotive giant General Motors. And if only he! Others are vying with each other about upcoming mass layoffs today large companies- in early April, it became known that the PSMA Rus concern (a joint venture between Peugeot Citroen and Mitsubishi Motors) intends to suspend the production of a number of its models at the plant in Kaluga. Moreover, it is possible that in the end the matter will not be limited to the closure of production facilities with foreign capital (see reference). And then already the current level of unemployment may seem like a triumph of peace and economic stability.

They will cut everyone

If the Minister of Labor turned out to be right about something, it is that there are no negative trends in the market yet. Especially if you try to see these trends in statistical indicators. Judge for yourself: in the prosperous pre-crisis year of 2013, the unemployment rate in the country was 5.5%, in the past 2014 it was 5.2%. As of February 1 of the current year - 5.8%. For comparison: in Europe, the average unemployment rate exceeds 11%, and in Greece, which is preparing for a default, it reaches 20%.

“The problem is not so much that unemployment as such will grow, it is already quite high in our country, despite the official figures,” said Dmitry Nesvetov, a member of the Council of the Moscow branch of Opora Rossii. - The problem is that in connection with the crisis, the shadow sector of the economy will grow. And this danger is much more significant.”

The government warned about this long before the crisis. In particular, Deputy Prime Minister Olga Golodets publicly stated about a year ago: according to her, more than 20% of the able-bodied population in the country works "in the shadows." “Therefore, all the figures on the dynamics of unemployment and the unemployment rate, even in non-crisis times, are a very big slyness. And the government understands this,” says Dmitry Nesvetov.

However, apparently, in the near future it will not be possible to avoid growth and official indicators. Today, almost all major Russian companies are announcing future cuts. In particular, on

KamAZ is preparing to “optimize” personnel for 3,850 people in the near future. The reductions in Aeroflot have already begun. “We have an anti-crisis program, there are three packages. Unfortunately, we had to open the first package. This is a package that requires headcount optimization, and such optimization is taking place at Donavia, in Orenburg, at Rossiya Airlines and at Aeroflot, it is starting,” said Vitaly Savelyev, CEO of the air carrier.

A personnel optimization program has also been launched at Rusal, where up to 5,000 people may lose their jobs in the near future. True, the company's management stipulates that only office employees will be laid off. But that doesn't make it any easier.

Pikalevo again?

Meanwhile, the words of company executives that “office plankton”, which no one needs, will fall under the reduction, are less and less believed. “Due to the geopolitical situation, the country found itself in economic isolation. And it hits production the hardest. Therefore, there is no doubt that a significant part of them will either reduce their volumes or curtail production as a whole,” predicts Dmitry Nesvetov.

If the experts' worst fears are justified, then the problem of production closures may hit single-industry towns the most. As it was in 2009, when there was a crisis in Pikalevo, associated with the closure of three enterprises there at once.

So far, the government assures that they keep the situation in single-industry towns under control. In the anti-crisis plan of the government, single-industry towns are even dedicated separate item. A specially created Fund for the Development of Monotowns is called upon to solve their problems, to which 8 billion rubles should be allocated from the budget this year. However, so far the Foundation has not shown any active activity. Meanwhile, in Russia there are 313 cities with a single city-forming enterprise, 75 of which even the officials themselves singled out as a separate category with difficult socio-economic conditions. In total, 15 million people live in Russian single-industry towns.

At the same time, some experts believe that it is still premature to wait for new "pikalyovs". “The situation in the economy is really problematic, but it’s too early to talk about the emergence of new “pikal” ones. We are in a state of recession, from which only deep structural changes can help,” Anton Stepanov, a member of the General Council of Delovaya Rossiya, believes. According to him, there is no problem of mass closure of production today. At the same time, the expert believes that the main problem of the current crisis is the decrease in effective demand created as individuals as well as enterprises. “Such a decrease in purchasing activity leads to a decrease in the volume of production, and, consequently, to an increase in the costs of enterprises and a deterioration in financial results. But there are also positive aspects: due to the sharp increase in exchange rates, import substitution is really taking place,” says Anton Stepanov.

Closed or suspended factories

On March 2, the Coca-Cola plant was closed in Nizhny Novgorod. The company explained this decision not at all by a crisis, but by the need to transfer production from an outdated production site to modern ones (Coca-Cola has 12 plants in Russia in total). However, the closure of the plant in Nizhny Novgorod resulted in an 11% reduction in staff.

In Kaluga, from April 27 to July 10, it is planned to suspend the PSMA Rus automobile plant (produces Citroen C4, Peugeot 408 and Mitsubishi models. The production of the latter is stopped until May 12). The company's management promises all employees to compensate for the downtime of the enterprise.

On March 18, General Motors announced the closure of its plant in St. Petersburg, as well as the suspension of assembly at the facilities of Avtotor Kaliningrad and Nizhny Novgorod GAZ. The Tver Carriage Works (TVZ), which is part of Transmashholding, announced the suspension of work on February 9 .

In early January, the Korean company LG Hausys announced the closure of factories in Elektrostal and Novokuznetsk for the production of plastic windows and doors. The reason for the closure is low profitability. The business is up for sale.

Last autumn, the SUN InBev brewing concern stopped the work of its plant in Angarsk. The enterprise remains in the ownership of the company for the time being, its future fate will depend on the economic situation. Meanwhile, the plant in Angarsk has already become the fourth production facility that SUN InBev closed in our country. In March 2014, the plant was closed in Perm, in the middle of 2013 - in Novocheboksarsk, in 2012 - in Kursk.

Since April 30, Baltika Brewing Company has ceased operation of two of its plants at once - in Chelyabinsk and Krasnoyarsk.

INFORMATION FOR THINKING

It is often said that our industry was “ruined” by Yeltsin, Gaidar and Chubais. Yes, of course, they made their “indisputable contribution” to the cause of its destruction. But the BASIC enterprises were destroyed UNDER PUTIN. Here is the list:

Plant "Moskvich" (AZLK) (born 1930 - killed in 2002)
Plant "Red Proletarian" (genus 1857 - killed 2010)
Izhevsk Motorcycle Plant (born 1928 - killed in 2009)
Irbit Motorcycle Plant (Ural) (born 1941 - present in a coma after being wounded)
Pavlovsk tool factory (born 1820 - killed in 2011)
Plant "Record" (genus 1957 - killed 1996)
Lipetsk Tractor Plant (born 1943 - killed in 2009)
Altai Tractor Plant (Rubtsovsk) (genus 1942 - killed 2010)
Avangard Shipbuilding Plant (Petrozavodsk) (born 1939 - killed in 2010)
Ship-repair plant JSC "HK Dalzavod" (Vladivostok) (born 1895 - killed in 2009)
Radio plant PO "Vega" (Berdsk, Novosibirsk region) (genus 1946 - killed 1999)
Saratov Aviation Plant (genus 1931 - killed 2010)
Omsk Transport Engineering Plant (born 1896 - killed in 2009)
Chelyabinsk watch factory "Lightning" (born 1947 - killed in 2009)
Uglich watch factory "Chaika" (born 1938 - killed in 2009)
Penza watch factory "Zarya" (genus 1935 - killed 1999)
The second Moscow watch factory "Slava" (born 1924 - killed in 2006)
Chistopol watch factory "Vostok" (born 1941 - killed in 2010)
Moscow Machine-Tool Plant named after V.I. Sergo Ordzhonikidze (b. 1932 - killed in 2007)
Plant "Stankomash" (Chelyabinsk) (born 1935 - killed in 2009)
Ryazan Machine Tool Plant (born 1949 - killed in 2008)
Kronstadt Marine Plant (born 1858 - killed in 2005)
Plant "Kuzbasselement" (born 1942 - killed in 2008)
Irkutsk plant of radio receivers (genus 1945 - killed 2007)
Precision casting plant "Centrolit" (Lipetsk) (born 1963 - killed in 2009)
Horsky plant "Biohim" (Khabarovsk Territory) (genus 1982 - killed 1997)
Tomsk Instrument Plant (born 1961 - killed in 2007)
Plant "Sivinit" (Krasnoyarsk) (genus 1970 - killed 2004)
Krasnoyarsk TV Factory (genus 1952 - killed 2003)
Plant "Dynamo" (Moscow) (born 1897 - killed in 2009)
Oryol Plant of Control Computers named after V.I. K.N. Rudneva (born 1968 - killed in 2006)
Orenburg hardware plant (born 1943 - killed in 2009)
Khabarovsk plant "EVGO" (genus 2000 - killed 2009)
Ulyanovsk Radiotube Plant (genus 1959 - killed 2003)
Plant them. Kozitsky (St. Petersburg) (born 1853 - present in a coma after being wounded)
Plant Sibelektrostal (Krasnoyarsk) (genus 1952 - killed 2008)
Oorenburg factory of silk fabrics "Orenburg Textile" (born 1972 - killed in 2004)
Baryshskaya factory them. Gladysheva (Ulyanovsk region) (born 1825 - killed in 2005)
Flax association them. I.D. Zvorykina (Kostroma) (born 1939 - killed in 2011)
Kamyshinsky cotton mill them. Kosygin (Volgograd region) (born 1955 - present in a coma after being wounded)
Trekhgornaya manufactory (Moscow) (born 1799 - present in a coma after being wounded)
Far Eastern Radio Plant (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) (genus 1993 - killed 2009)
Bicycle plant (Yoshkar-Ola) (born 1950 - killed in 2006)
Bicycle plant (Nizhny Novgorod) (born 1940 - killed in 2007)
Perm Bicycle Plant (born 1939 - killed in 2006)
Proletarian Plant (St. Petersburg) (born 1826 - present in a coma after being wounded)
Baltic Shipyard (born 1856 - killed in 2011)
Plant "Sibtyazhmash" (Krasnoyarsk) (genus 1941 - killed 2011)
Plant "Khimprom" (Volgograd) (genus 1931 - killed 2010)
Irkutsk Cardan Shaft Plant (born 1974 - killed in 2004)
Tchaikovsky Plant of Precision Engineering (Perm Territory) (genus 1978 - killed 1998)
Plant "Izhmash" (Izhevsk) (born 1807 - killed in 2012)
The Ural heavy engineering plant UZTM Uralmash is being finished off ...
and about 78,000 more plants and factories that perished in an unequal battle with market occupiers.
p.s. There is also, in addition to mechanical engineering, education, science, medicine, and so on. There are “achievements” of the same scale and character.

About enterprises supposedly NOT destroyed under Putin

Fritzmorgen, a full-time security guard, broke out with another cheerful fake, designed to disguise and embellish the fact of Putin's de-industrialization of Russia. Here is what he writes:

You, of course, have come across the propaganda sheet “ List of enterprises destroyed under Putin". It is spread with the same zeal by both open pro-Western oppositionists and that part of them that pretends to be communists.

The campaign technique is simple - a long list of factories falls on the reader, which allegedly worked perfectly until 2000, and which were allegedly "destroyed" with the tacit approval of our president.

* - by the way, he deservedly wins the contest "I'm a dumb anti-Soviet".

Fritzmorgen is blatantly lying: this can be seen by looking at a sample of such an "agitation". There, in addition to a long list of destroyed and bankrupt factories under Putin, there are statistical data from Rosstat confirming the fact of the closure of factories. If anyone is too lazy to follow the links, then here is the data converted into a graph:

All the same data in digital form (the last column is the difference for 10 years):

As can be seen from the figures of Rosstat, since 2005, the manufacturing industry has decreased by 5.7 thousand large and medium-sized plants, i.e. every year under Putin, 570 factories disappeared, or 1.5 factories a day. This does not include other industries. Together with them, in 10 years we have lost about 35 thousand large and medium enterprises.

Further, the patient writes apparently about himself:
Because the general public does not like to work with large amounts of data, and since the general public prefers to take the word of those who say things pleasant to it, this list is perceived by disgruntled citizens as weighty evidence of the "anti-people" policy of destroying our industry ..

And for refutation, he refers to his resource “Reference book of a patriot (Ruekspert)”, where he dumps footcloths of enterprises built under Putin on people. That is, instead of figures and facts, he refutes one "footcloth" by another - supposedly longer.

Well, in order to seem completely smart, Fritz shakes the dynamics of industrial production in the Russian Federation in front of gullible readers:

Along the way, he does not forget to shit on the USSR, explaining:

Why do I write “full” when by 2015 the industry had formally grown only to about 90% by 1991?

Because in the USSR they planned, alas, quite badly - for a number of reasons. Because of this a significant part of the factories produced unclaimed products, in fact they simply spoiled the raw materials.

I will not refute this typical liberal nonsense. Just to clarify, his graph is given as a percentage of money terms, where the main increase was in the production of hydrocarbons:

The manufacturing industries, especially when viewed in physical terms, are in a deep anus:

I guess that's enough for smart people.

In a discussion of Putin's fishing on Conte, one lady wrote: " that's when we get off the oil and gas needle, stop being a raw material appendage of the West, when we start reviving our own industry, when we stop throwing dust in our eyes by exporting grain, while we bake bread for our own people from feed grain, when the authorities stop adopting anti-people laws etc. etc. (you can list indefinitely) Then let him descend with scuba gear, catch huge pikes, which they diligently cling to him from the bottom, and further down the list«.

So I thought that I could answer her, looked for statistics, and came across an interesting selection

In the 2000s, despite the clear rise of the Russian economy, the absurd the myth that nothing is being built in Russia- no new factories, no transport infrastructure, nothing good at all, and the country allegedly lives only on the Soviet heritage, which is falling apart and plundered. This myth was widely replicated by both non-systemic oppositionists and some representatives of the parliamentary opposition - for example, the communists:

In recent years, the number of supporters of this myth has noticeably decreased - firstly, specialized resources have appeared on the net, the materials of which clearly refute the assertion that nothing is being built; Secondly, federal media began to pay much more attention to news about new construction and economic development.

A visual refutation of the myth

Of course, factories and other infrastructure facilities, including the most modern ones, have been built and are being built in Russia. For a long time, in network disputes, it was necessary to refute the myth that nothing is being built, with the help of individual examples of this or that new plant, bridge, etc., which the opponents dismissed, saying that this was an accidental exception, which is not visible system work for the development of the country's economy, etc.

In addition to this, many hundreds and thousands of transport and other infrastructure facilities were built. In 2014, 357 new plants, factories, workshops and other industries were opened, which created 37.8 thousand jobs. 836.4 billion rubles were invested in these productions. For comparison, here are these three indicators for 2013 and 2012:

• • 2013: enterprises opened - 307, invested - 754 billion rubles; jobs created - 38.7 thousand

• • 2012: 487 enterprises, 652 billion rubles. and 32.7 thousand new jobs.

And how much is closed and destroyed?

So, a lot of large enterprises and infrastructure facilities are indeed being built and opened in Russia. But, even resigned to this fact, opponents in discussions often point out that supposedly many enterprises are closed and destroyed. However, for some reason, no one can give a convincing list of such closed enterprises, comparable in size to what was newly built, expanded or modernized.

Some attempt to compile a list of factories closed in the modern era (late 1990s - 2013) was made in 2011-2013. on the resource "EFG". In total, there are 62 enterprises on the list, both large and small. However, if you look at this list more carefully, then it turns out the following:

• • More than half of the enterprises from the list (37 out of 62) as of 2016 continued to operate in one form or another, having experienced difficulties, and sometimes bankruptcy, followed by a change of owners and legal entity. At the same time, many enterprises lost a lot in scale, but some successfully underwent rehabilitation and reorganization procedures, or received new orders. Thus, the Marine Plant in Kronstadt, the Baltic Shipyard in St. Petersburg and Izhmash in Izhevsk continue to operate successfully (Morzavod and Baltzavod received new orders, Izhmash underwent financial recovery and became part of the Kalashnikov concern).

• • A small part of these enterprises (2 out of 62) was closed already in the 1990s, but even more (20 out of 62) catastrophically reduced their production already in the 1990s, as a result of which they approached the 2000s in a very deplorable state, with which it was already extremely difficult to do something at that time.

• • Sometimes they talk about the destruction of production on the basis of a sharp reduction in the number of workers on it or on the basis of the elimination of some long-used equipment, but this is not necessarily true. Using modern equipment and modern technological processes that amount work force, which was typical for Soviet-era factories, often becomes extremely redundant. In addition, in Soviet times, large enterprises often represented not just full-cycle production, but also had a large staff of employees who were engaged in cooking, cleaning, organizing recreation, construction, etc. - now, to solve such problems not directly related to production tasks, it is often more profitable to involve third-party contractors, and instead of full-cycle production, it is sometimes more profitable to purchase some components and materials from other manufacturers.

In general, according to available data, the scale of closure and bankruptcy of industrial enterprises, especially large ones, after 2000 is small - they are more than covered by new enterprises put into operation, or compensated by the expansion of production and modernization of old ones. At the moment, there are only a few relatively large industries where the decline in production that occurred in the 1990s was not fully or almost completely offset by growth in the 2000s and early 2010s - these are, for example, machine tool building, the textile industry, and partly instrument making.

Z.Y. The scale is impressive... Isn't it?