Dentistry, perhaps, is one of those areas of medicine that will always be in demand, because every person has had dental problems in his life. To solve these problems, there is a dentist, but he needs to work somewhere. An analogue of the state polyclinic is a private dental office.

For successful work a dental office, you need to know and have a well-thought-out business plan.

This article contains a comprehensive answer to the question that worries many aspiring entrepreneurs: “How to open a dental office?”.

Dentistry, for quite probable reasons, is one of the most, not inferior to other medical areas. As you know, demand creates supply.

Patients are more likely to use dentists than general practitioners, although the cost of dental care is much higher. That is why the development of the dental business can be successful and promising, despite the tough competitive environment.

The activities of private dentistry can be conditionally divided into three branches:

• First direction is the work of a single dental office with two or three units. This direction occupies about 60 percent of the dental services market. Most often, such offices are located on the first floors of residential buildings.

Despite the demand for such a direction, this format of the dental office is extremely undesirable due to its instability. Usually, such dental offices will face bankruptcy.

• Second direction activities of the dental office is a network of dental clinics. The level of financial stability of such cabinets is several times higher than single ones.
• third direction is the work of big medical centers, providing a wide range of not only dental services, but a number of other medical services.

The dental business can be classified according to different approaches to customer service:

1. You can organize the work of the clinic, for which the main guideline will be customer flow service. A distinctive feature of the work of such a dental office is satisfactory quality and inexpensive prices. Such an office uses a lot of dental chairs and works around the clock.
2. You can bet on service corporate clients or create small dental clinics oriented to VIP clients with one to three units.

Dental office business plan

To start the work of the dental office, you need to calculate all the costs:

1. Room: renting or purchasing premises affects financial expenses. The choice of a locality or even a district of one city significantly affects the price of real estate per square meter. Therefore, it is very difficult to name any specific amount. For rented premises monthly rent of 100 sq. m. will be about 300 thousand rubles.
2. Equipment: according to data for 2015, the purchase of equipment will go at least 600 thousand rubles.
3. Repair cost at least 100 thousand rubles. and depends on the parameters of the room, as well as on your imagination.
4. For clearance licenses need 50 thousand rubles.
5. personnel usually includes the rate and interest. Naturally, at the start wage will not be as big as we would like, but with growth it will gain momentum.
6. Current expenses behind public utilities, advertising, etc.

Calculation of the final amount of expenses requires individual approach. Usually, an amount of 1–2.5 million rubles is required, excluding expenses for the purchase of premises. As for profit, if the forecast is successful, it will be about 600 thousand rubles.

To start the work of the dental office, you will need to draw up a number of documents:

• or (depending on independent work or hiring employees);
• a document confirming the place of residence;
• license for the type of medical activity;
• permission from the fire department.

Obtaining a dental license

Scroll required documents for issuing a medical license:

• application to Rospotrebnadzor;
• sanitary and epidemiological conclusion (Rospotrebnadzor);
• documentation of the lease of premises or ownership;
• certificates for installed equipment, availability of medical books for personnel, copies of diplomas of specialized education and qualifications, etc.

The term for consideration of documents for issuing a dental license usually ranges from 30 to 45 days.

The term for issuing a sanitary-epidemiological conclusion is 30 days.

You can apply for a license yourself or pay for the services of a specialized company, while adding an amount of 60–80 thousand rubles to the main expenses.

Choosing a room for a dental office

After analyzing the plan of the office, and the possible location of the equipment, it will be possible to proceed with the choice of premises. The arrangement in the office is carried out according to the BTI plan.

The office space must be a minimum of 14 square meters for one installation, plus 7 meters for each additional one.

So, for an office with one workplace, there are 30 square meters of area. This area includes a hall of 10 and a bathroom of 5 square meters.

In the future, if there is a question about, it will be necessary to take into account the following data:

• sterilization room (with three or more units) - 6 sq. m;
• x-ray room - additional 11 sq. m. and 6 sq. m. for the processing room;
• orthodontics office - 15 sq. m;
• children's office - 15 sq. m;
• implantology room - 15 sq.m;
• premises for administration, pantry, bathroom, etc. - 30 sq. m.

The height of the cabinet should be from three or more meters, the depth - a maximum of six meters. Each office should be equipped with one-way daylight.

Dentistry offices are opened both in central and in residential areas. It is desirable that the location of the office is adjacent to a bus stop or metro station.

If the selected premises do not meet the required standards, then it will not be possible to avoid redevelopment, which will affect costs.

It is necessary to take into account the fact that a license is issued for a specific premises, and if the tenant refuses to extend the lease, you risk starting all over again, but in a different place. And the cost of the rented premises for 2 years is equal to the cost of the apartment.

The best option would be to purchase a room with subsequent redevelopment for a dentistry office. When purchasing an apartment, you will need to register it as a non-residential premises.

Why would you need to order architectural and technological project, replace communication systems, coordinate project documents with the expert and fire services, Rospotrebnadzor and the architectural and planning department.

Procurement of equipment and recruitment

The choice of dental equipment is carried out on the basis of SANPINA standards.

Mandatory equipment of the dental office:

• complete dental chair;
• hygiene products, medicines, filling materials;
• medical instruments with cabinets for him, furniture;
• gel reflecting lamps, apex locators, radiovisiograph;
• autoclave sterilizer.

Specialists of the dental office must have an education in accordance with the profile of work. The dentist must have a certificate and diploma of completion of the internship, and practice experience professional activity at least five years.

The presence of one such employee in the state provides medical license.

According to the norms of the work of the dentist and nurses should not exceed six hours a day.

When planning the staff, it is necessary to take into account the work in two shifts. Therefore, staffing will consist of two dentists, two nurses, an orderly and an administrator.

Profitability of the dental office

One chair monthly makes a profit about 500 thousand rubles. If the work is carried out on its own area, then the figure will be higher.

Nuances of the dental business

Opening a dental office is fraught with some nuances:

• With a negligent approach to - penalties.
• Attracting clientele and raising prestige is the cost of an advertising campaign.
• Few patients - unqualified staff and unfortunate location of the office.
• The price does not match the quality of work - strict control over the work of employees and communication only with trusted suppliers.
• Lack of initiative and rude staff - insufficient financial and other incentives for employees.

Obtaining a license is not an easy process. Therefore, conscientious conduct of business will only strengthen your business, but negligent conduct may lead to its loss. You can lose your license if, for example, you find that the autoclave sterilization log is filled out incorrectly.

How much does the equipment cost? How to write a business plan and avoid failure? You will get answers to these and other questions in this article.

A private dental clinic can bring a decent profit only with a competent approach to the organization and development strategy. Tips from experienced entrepreneurs will help you avoid the most common mistakes.

Before we start

The desire of a good and experienced dentist to open his own clinic or office is natural and logical. Freedom of action, decent payment for the services provided are worthy arguments. But, the organization of a prosperous business requires a sober assessment of the initial data: competition, demand for services, necessary start-up capital, the timing of the project, payback and a host of other issues.

A business plan should be compiled by a competent manager with experience in organizing dental clinics. A novice entrepreneur is obliged to think over the prospects for development, expanding the number of services, formulate success criteria and strategic goals for his offspring.

Main risks

According to statistics, about 60% of new dental clinics close within 1.5 years of operation.

If the business plan contains only outlines from the doctor's point of view, does not include analysis professional manager regarding the risks, the real costs of the organization, marketing plan and pricing features, the new clinic will not be able to survive and achieve stable growth.

Any business is aimed at making a profit. But, in rendering medical services it should not become the main, much less the only goal. Employees and partners who are united only by the idea of ​​enrichment will leave for more successful competitors at the slightest difficulty. On the other hand, the mission to do good should not compete with the natural desire to receive decent payment for the services provided. Wise approach and balance in personnel policy, a common vision of strategic goals and a reasonable distribution of profits will help to avoid the collapse of the team.

Losing reputation is very easy. A medical error can ruin a business and revoke a dentist's license. Strict adherence to sanitary standards and adherence to the established treatment procedure in a private clinic are the most important tasks.

“Step-by-step instructions on how to open a dental office”

Location

The business or residential area you choose for the dental clinic does not play a special role. Look for a room close to metro and car stops. Both an administrative office and an apartment on the ground floor of a residential building will do.

Rent or buy? When answering this question, keep the following points in mind:

1. Not all premises meet sanitary standards and comply with fire safety rules.
2. The landlord may allow redevelopment of the premises. How much will be spent on overhaul?
3. A license to provide medical services is issued for the premises. If the lease term is insignificant, and the probability of refusal to renew it exists, in the new premises you will start all over again.

Perhaps the purchase and redevelopment of your own property will cost less as a result?

Requirements for the premises

The premises, which belong to the housing stock, can be re-registered as non-residential. Savings in redevelopment and repair is unacceptable. Order an architectural and technological project from a company with an impeccable reputation. All project documentation must be agreed:

• with an expert service;
• consumer supervision;
• architectural and planning department;
• fire supervision.

To comply with the standards, it will be necessary to replace the sewerage and water supply, wiring and ventilation. All communications are laid under the floor and connected to the dental chair.

There are strict rules regarding the area of ​​the dental office. Before searching for a room, it is necessary to clearly present the layout of the room, consider the location of equipment and utility rooms. Also, there are additional regulations in individual regions.

The general norms established by consumer supervision are as follows:

• For one dental unit, the cabinet area must be at least 14 m².
• For each subsequent dental unit, 7 m² is added in meters.
• Hall - up to 10 m².
• Bathroom - up to 5 m².

When planning further expansion, take into account in advance and enter into the project the standards for other types of premises:

• Sterilization room for the operation of three or more dental units - 6 m².
• X-ray room - 11 m².
• X-ray processing room - 6 m².
• Cabinets: children's, orthopedist, orthodontist, implantology - 15 m² each.
• Auxiliary premises– 30 m².

For the comfort of patients, it is desirable to provide a separate room for each chair.

Equipment

Equipment for a private dental office is the most expensive item of initial investment. The kit is formed according to sanitary rules:

1. Complete chair - about $ 10,000, service maintenance- about 100 dollars a month.
2. Radiovisiograph - about $ 8,000.
3. A set of additional replacement tips is about $1,500.
4. Tools - $1,000.
5. Solar-reflecting lamps - over $300.
6. Apex locators - $1,000.
7. Autoclave for antibacterial treatment of instruments - $ 2,000.
8. Sterilizer - over $1,000.
9. Furniture and cabinets for drugs and instruments - about $ 5,000.
10. Filling composition, hygiene products and other chemicals - about $ 1,500 (with monthly replenishment).

The total amount is $31,400.

Personnel

At least one employee is required for each area of ​​dental services in the state. To be eligible to provide therapeutic services, your employees must have a certificate, diplomas of an intern and a resident. Also, a minimum work experience of 5 years is required. If there is at least one employee in the state who meets these requirements, a license to provide services will be issued.

For full-fledged work health professionals needed vocational education. Holders of the certificate "Preventive Dentistry" have the right to assist doctors and provide hygiene services.

During the day, the shift of a dentist should not exceed 6 hours, similar standards apply to the work of an average medical personnel. When opening a clinic, immediately plan the number of employees to work in two shifts. Also, in a full-fledged state, nurses and an administrator are needed.

Documents and licenses

If you have the necessary education and experience, you plan to provide services on your own, you can register an individual entrepreneur. A license to provide medical services is issued only to a specific person.

If other licensed specialists will work in your office, it is advisable to register an LLC.

Registration with a pension fund is required, order a seal, open a bank account and start a ledger.

Also, to issue checks, you should purchase a cash register, register it with the tax office. At the time of buying cash register a service contract is concluded.

After putting the premises into operation, obtaining a certificate of the entrepreneur, TIN and USRN, permission should be obtained from consumer supervision, fire inspection and health supervision.

Marketing

A doctor with certain experience can obtain a license to provide dental services. Over the years, the dentist has formed a circle of regular customers. Ask grateful customers to recommend you by offering Additional services or reasonable discounts.

Advertising, seasonal discounts and other methods in dentistry do not work or give the expected effect. The client will not come because of the action if he does not have a toothache. A strong and financially sound demonstration of the feasibility of regular preventive visits to the doctor can work. Show sincere concern for the health of the client - this always gives a positive result and contributes to the popularity of the doctor.

The patient is not always able to realistically assess the professionalism and cost of the doctor's services. Too high, according to the patient, the price will force him to look for a cheap clinic. The cost of services should be clearly articulated and described in a language understandable to the layperson.

Summary

Private dental practice will bring a decent income with proper management, the desire to provide services the best way and continuous improvement of the service.

You can expect a return on investment in a few years. With stable operation, the yield is about 20%.

In this article, we will talk about how to open a dental office and what you need for this. We will also consider what difficulties await the future owner of dentistry and what is taken into account when drawing up a business plan.

Today non-state dentistry is presented in three formats. The most common of them, which occupies 60 percent of the market, are cabinets equipped with two or three installations. Most often they are located on the first floors of residential buildings. According to experts, this format is “unstable”: such offices leave the market as bankrupt or are reorganized into a dental clinic. There is a third type of such institutions. It's about o that provide an extensive list of services and non-dental focus.

The classification is also carried out in terms of the approach to doing business. Some clinics are focused on the in-line implementation of patient care (services of low quality are offered at appropriate prices). These centers have many dental units (work around the clock).

Such clinics are targeted at corporate clients who have a voluntary insurance contract. The third group is small institutions with one or two dental units, mainly VIP clients turn to them.

The amount of initial investment (without current costs) for opening your own office depends on the premises you are going to work in - rented or your own.

Rent

To operate an office with one installation, you will need 2-2.5 million rubles. Clinic for three chairs 7.5 million. Repair work about 500 thousand (without x-ray equipment). With an X-ray unit, repairs cost 700,000 rubles. The rent for a room of 100 square meters (per month) will be about 300 thousand rubles (we are talking about major cities, in small amounts less). When renting, a security deposit is made.

Own area

The area of ​​the city affects the price of the premises. The price is 80 thousand rubles per square meter.

Buying a ready-made business

The price is affected by:

• the market value of the property (if you wish to purchase);
• investments in repair work;
• carrying value of dental equipment;
• the price of materials and tool kits (with the constant use of highly specialized tools, it will be possible to keep a warehouse);
• customer base, business reputation, the duration of the institution's activity in the market. This factor directly affects the payback period.

How to open a dental clinic: about pitfalls

For the successful operation of an office or clinic, knowledge of all the nuances is necessary.

How to open a dentistry: required documents

You will need a certain set of official papers. Register as individual entrepreneur(submit to the relevant authority a passport and a document confirming the payment of the fee) or organizations. Read about the procedure the federal law on registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs.

Obtain a certificate of tax registration at the place of residence or location. The clinic operates on the basis of a license, which allows the practice of medicine. To obtain permission, the following papers are submitted to the licensing and certification body:

1. A completed application form;
2. Certificates for dental equipment, medical books personnel, a copy of documentation on education and qualifications.

All equipment in the dental office is arranged as indicated in the BTI plan.

Business Profitability

One dental chair brings 400 thousand rubles per month. Based on a profitability of thirty percent, one installation earns 120 thousand rubles ( net profit). Figures are higher when services are provided on-premises.

Taxation

More often, clinics operate under a simplified taxation system. You will pay the state 1 percent of your income. Optimization occurs in terms of reducing the official salary and increasing the prices of materials. Business in the field of dentistry is profitable with qualified medical personnel.

Private medical practice is divided into three classes: higher (multiprofile centers), middle (clinics), economy (dental offices). They differ in the scale of the premises, the range of services, cost, equipment and financial capabilities of customers.

For information! As practice shows, the average monthly profit in a small clinic is $40,000 - $50,000. A dental office can have revenue for the same period of at least $15-20,000. But these financial opportunities are not available to all private institutions, but only to those who conduct thoughtful and correct financial activities, focusing on the needs of clients.

During the implementation of the project to open a dental office, the main thing is to take into account all the details and pay attention to important nuances.

Which is better: open or buy a dental office

Starting from scratch is much more difficult, because you have to think through everything to the smallest detail in order to avoid serious problems in the future.

You can buy a ready-made business, where the dental office is already “promoted”, with a client base, dental equipment, and possibly staff. But it is worth considering why it is for sale? Not profitable or problems with regulatory government agencies, or insufficient client flow. In this case, it is better to first weigh the pros and cons, and make a purchase decision.

Buying a ready-made project is not as difficult as opening it yourself. It is enough to have a certain amount, to be able to understand the constituent and financial documents, to give a correct assessment of the profitability of the project.

It is important to know! Ready business will cost more than opening from scratch. This is due to the fact that the seller sets the price, trying not to miscalculate and get the maximum profit from the sale. And by opening a dental office on your own, you can save on repairs (using linoleum, not floor tiles), dental equipment (preferring a domestic manufacturer), and furniture. Starting a project on your own, you do everything “for yourself” and additionally get indisputable experience, which will be the basis for further financial activities and proper conduct of business.

How to open a dental office and what to look for

When thinking about starting a business, answer three main questions:

1. What kind of services will be provided (list, assessment of opportunities).
2. How the business will be carried out (premises, location, office equipment, etc.).
3. For whom the services are intended (customers with what financial capabilities will be served).

After a clear understanding of your goals and desires, you can begin to implement them, guided by your own knowledge and intuition.

To begin with, it is necessary to determine the financial possibilities (investments), on the basis of which the project will be built and proceed with its phased implementation.

• Market prospects
• Description of products and services
• Production plan
• Recruitment
• Financial plan
• • • • Similar business ideas:

Business plan for organizing a dental office for one workplace in a rented premises with a total area of ​​35 sq. m.

How much money do you need to open a dental office

According to our calculations, the opening of a dental office will require investments in the amount of at least 2,100,000 rubles:

• Cosmetic repairs - 150,000 rubles.
• Equipment for treatment (patient chair, lamp, drill, etc.) - 900,000 rubles.
• Equipment for the disinfection of instruments (a table for sorting objects, a dry-air cabinet, sterilizers, etc.) - 300,000 rubles.
• Furniture (cabinets, cabinets for tools, a safe for strong substances) - 250,000 rubles.
• Medicines and materials - 150,000 rubles.
• Business registration, license, permits- 100,000 rubles.
• Advertising budget (signboard, outdoor advertising) - 50,000 rubles.
• Reserve fund - 200,000 rubles.

Market prospects

Dental services have always been, are and will be relevant. Caries is the most common human disease. The need for modern dental offices is very high today. High prices for dental treatment this business extremely cost effective. We can say that a well-organized dental business cannot but be profitable. And this despite the presence of competition among other private clinics and free municipal institutions.

Description of products and services

Our organization plans to provide a wide range of services for therapy and orthopedics of the oral cavity:

• Treatment of superficial caries - 1300 rubles.
• Treatment of medium caries - 1500 rubles.
• Treatment of deep caries - 1700 rubles.
• Treatment of pulpitis - 2200 - 4200 rubles.
• Treatment of periodontitis - 2200 - 4200 rubles.
• Crown stamped with spraying - 1500 rubles.
• Crown cast on pearls - 3500 rubles.
• Facet - 2000 rubles.
• One-piece metal stump tab - 1500 rubles.
• Partial removable prosthesis material polyamide - 16000 rubles.
• Clasp prosthesis - 9000 rubles.
• Complete removable prosthesis material polyamide - 19000 rubles.
• Silicone cast - 600 rubles.
• Polyester cast - 1000 rubles.
• Removable prosthesis repair - 800 rubles.

The working hours of the dental office will be set from 9:00 to 18:00. Day off - Sunday. It is assumed that the daily flow of customers will average 7 people. Average check services will be equal to 2500 rubles. Thus, the potential daily revenue will be 17,500 rubles, monthly - 507,500 rubles, annual - 6,090,000 rubles.

Download dental office business plan

Production plan

To accommodate a dental office, it is planned to rent a room with an area of ​​35 sq. m., located in a residential area of ​​the city. The rent will be 25 thousand rubles per month. The lease agreement is concluded for 11 months with the possibility of extension. Investments in additional repairs and redevelopment are not required. The rented premises meet the sanitary and engineering requirements, including:

• The area of ​​​​the room for one dental chair is 15 square meters. m. (the norm is not less than 14 sq. m.);
• The illumination level is at least 5000 lux;
• The walls and floor are painted in neutral pastel colors with a reflectance of at least 400/0. The ceiling is painted with oil paint;
• The floor is covered with linoleum with welded seams;
• The office is connected to all utilities: hot and cold water supply, sewerage, heating, electricity and ventilation.
• Radiators with a smooth surface are used as heating devices.

According to the plan, the premises will be divided into several zones: a treatment room, a utility room, a wardrobe, a toilet, a room for sterilizing devices and a waiting room for visitors.

What equipment to choose for opening a dental office

From the equipment directly intended for the treatment of patients, the organization will purchase: a controlled patient chair, a lamp for local lighting, a drill with a set of tips, a water and air supply system, saliva aspirators and dust absorbers, an ultrasonic scaler for removing dental plaque, a spittoon, an irrigation system oral cavity, terminator for handpiece disinfection. To disinfect instruments, you will need to purchase: a table for sorting objects before sterilization, a dry-air cabinet, an ultrasonic cleaner, sterilizers for processing instruments, an apparatus for sanitizing tips, an ultraviolet camera for cleaned instruments, bactericidal irradiators for treating the room. Also, at the start of the business, cabinets and cabinets for tools, medicines and materials, a safe for potent substances will be purchased. Estimated cost of equipping the office will be 1.6 million rubles.

Recruitment

Two dentists will be hired as staff of the organization general practice, an orthopedic dentist and two medical assistants. The mode of operation will be in shifts (2/2). The duties of the assistants will include auxiliary work, such as: working with a rubber dam, mixing fixatives, disinfecting impressions, working with an air jet gun and a saliva ejector, etc. The salary of assistants will be fixed, in the form of a salary (16 thousand rubles), bonuses are possible, in case of overfulfillment of the plan. The salary of dentists will be motivating, as a percentage of the proceeds. The doctor will be paid 25% of the cost of services rendered. The accountant and cleaning lady are planned to be hired part-time (under an outsourcing agreement).

What taxation system to choose for opening a dental office

A legal entity will be registered as an organizational form - a limited liability company consisting of one founder. As a taxation system, the organization will use the simplified system (STS), 15% of the organization's profit.

What documents are needed to open a dental office

After registration legal entity planned to receive a special medical license(required by law). To do this, the following documents will be submitted to the Ministry of Health of the region:

• SES conclusions;
• constituent documents (charter, certificate of registration, etc.)
• certificate confirming the right to rent the premises;
• copies of diplomas and certificates of dental office employees confirming their qualifications.

The cost of obtaining a license for the dental business will amount to 20 thousand rubles. The license is valid for 5 years.

Financial plan

The fixed monthly costs of the dental office under the plan will include:

• Rent - 25,000 rubles.
• Salary + insurance deductions (assistant) - 40,000 rubles.
• Costs under service contracts (accounting, cleaning) - 14,000 rubles.
• Advertising - 20,000 rubles.
• Utility expenses - 30,000 rubles.
• Equipment depreciation - 10,000 rubles.
• Materials and medicines - 60,000 rubles.
• Other expenses - 30,000 rubles.

Total - 229,000 rubles. Variable costs:

• Remuneration of doctors (30% of revenue) - 152,250 rubles. (at average revenue 507 500 rub. per month)

How much can you earn by opening a dental office

According to the calculations of the business plan, the net profit of the organization will be 107,313 rubles. per month. The profitability of the dental office is 28%. With such indicators, the payback of the initial investment in the business occurs after 19 months of the organization's operation.

Recommended download dental office business plan, from our partners, with a guarantee of quality. This is a complete, ready-made project that you will not find in the public domain. The content of the business plan: 1. Confidentiality 2. Summary 3. Stages of the project implementation 4. Characteristics of the object 5. Marketing plan 6. Technical and economic data of the equipment 7. Financial plan 8. Risk assessment 9. Financial and economic justification of investments 10. Conclusions

Step-by-step plan for opening a dental office

It is best to start by choosing the location where our dental office will be located and drawing up a business plan. Immediately you need to think about the prospects for development and expansion of the services offered. Define strategic goals and calculate risks.

Specify the OKVED code when registering a business to open a dental office

New entrepreneurs often have difficulty choosing OKVED. Sometimes it is difficult to determine which OKVED code is most suitable. In this case, you should specify the OKVED code - 85.13 - Dental practice. It fits in every way.

Do I need permission to open a dental office?

To open a dental office, you will need a license, which is needed for almost any business related to medicine. It will take some time to receive it, and the opening of the office will have to be slightly delayed. In addition, permits from Rospotrebnadzor and Gospozhnadzor will be needed.

New Dental Technologies

Technologies in the field of medicine are constantly evolving, including dental technology. To get ahead of competitors, you need to offer customers not only high-quality service, but also new technologies. Among them are the following:

• intraoral cameras with which you can see the exact image of the teeth;
• air polishing, which allows you to remove the destroyed parts of the teeth with jets of compressed air;
• fluid that reveals caries.