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At the core successful business projects are innovative ideas. Thanks to them, new ways of meeting human needs and solutions are emerging. actual problems global and local scale.

• Enthusiasts succeed.
• Working with like-minded people
• Youth is your advantage
• A startup won't make you starve
• Perfectionism kills the idea
• Ideas for fast food fans
• Eco jar for shampoo
• Napkins in tablets
• Socially useful startup
• A startup that increases the level of comfort
• Photo processing service
• One card for all occasions

Ideas for a startup lie in the world around them, not in milestones in history. To create your own unique project, you need to regularly look back at what is happening around you, what trends are emerging in society and what worries people. In this article, we will look at the main business trends that will help you develop your startup project.

What does the term "startup" mean?

Everyone has their own idea of ​​startups. This phenomenon causes a variety of associations. Some believe that a startup is an Internet resource, others call a startup a business of young entrepreneurs who have never had experience and start from scratch.

In fact, this can be called true, but only half. Indeed, an Internet resource can also be a startup if it contains an original idea. Read what are in the vastness of the network.

In general, the concept of “startup” goes beyond these judgments. It is an innovative business idea implemented through new technologies.

A startup is a unique product of the human mind, a fresh look at solving an old problem.

In addition, a startup is characterized by:

1. Small starting budget
2. Friendly relationships between partners
3. Work from scratch

It is also worth noting that the idea itself is not essentially a startup. This term can be used to refer to a company that has already manufactured a product and has stepped over the stage of concept development.

How to understand that your startup ideas can be successful?

There are a few basic traits that are common to most successful startups. These traits were identified during the analysis and monitoring of start-up projects. Let's take a closer look at each one and try to highlight the five basic rules of startups.

Enthusiasts succeed.

If you start a startup just for profit and are not willing to work for the idea, your project will not succeed. Startups are built on a strong desire to make a difference in society, so developing an idea requires a sincere interest in what you do. Otherwise, your enthusiasm will evaporate at the first difficulties. In addition, you should not launch a startup for the sake of making quick money. Such projects require a lot of preparation and a long run-up, therefore, as a rule, they do not bring profit at the very beginning.

Working with like-minded people

Learn to share responsibilities and delegate tasks to make the project work successfully. If you have a team of like-minded people who believe in the project as much as you do, then this is already a big step towards achieving your goals. It's much easier to do it together than alone. Plus, everyone can focus on what they do best.

Youth is your advantage

This does not mean that older people should be automatically written off. People with more experience can be first-class managers and coordinators, and young people are more in demand in developing new ideas. It is no secret that in today's realities, young people have more opportunities to receive grants and investments, because they are more ambitious and focused on change. True, aspiring entrepreneurs often begin to have a lot of questions about starting their own business. If you know all the nuances, open your not as difficult as it seems.

A startup won't make you starve

Many are afraid to start implementing their ideas, thinking that they will have to quit their main job, and there is neither desire nor opportunity to remain without money. In fact, people started many successful startup projects while working in an office for a salary. You can always carve out a little time during the day for your business and it is not at all necessary to radically change your life for this.

Perfectionism kills the idea

At your main job, you may have tasks and expectations that you need to meet. Do not transfer the same to your project. Make it your creative expression. Don't be afraid if you feel like you're lost in a chaos of many incomprehensible things. Enjoy this chaos, try new things, implement absurd methods. Let your project be an experiment, not a goal, then you can create something unique on the wave of inspiration.

New business ideas from around the world

A startup is often associated with high technology and IT. Because of this, people who do not have proper education in these industries and sufficient experience believe that they cannot develop their own startup. We want to refute this belief by picking up successful startup ideas created by ordinary people in this article.

Ideas for fast food fans

All of us, eating fatty foods, faced the problem of oily hands after a meal. In this case, the Italians came up with fingertips. This startup is supposed to solve the problem of dirty hands when eating burgers, chips, salted nuts and other similar foods.

On sale, such fingertips will come as an addition to the food for which they were intended.

Eco jar for shampoo

Another original and useful startup idea is special jars for Nephentes shampoo. Such bottles are a great contribution to the global ecology.

In their form, the jars resemble an enema. Their essence is that people stop buying a huge number of plastic bottles that kill the ecology of our planet, because plastic decomposes over many centuries. By purchasing such reusable bottles, people can come to stores where the same shampoo will be poured into a bottle for everyone from a large container.

Jars of Nephentes do not include a cap. The bottle is made of elastic material, so the neck is simply bent and fixed.

Napkins in tablets

Tablet-shaped wipes are another startup innovation. They were designed specifically for restaurants.

What is their advantage over conventional napkins? First, these wipes are germ killers. The tablet (napkin) is thrown into a special antibacterial solution, in which it opens and becomes ready for use. In addition, napkins exude a pleasant aroma. Secondly, they are reusable, so they save the budget of establishments, which from now on do not have to spend money on buying large batches of napkins. Thirdly, this is a big plus for the environmental situation in the world.

India is rich not only in cinema and national dances, but also in start-up ideas. This country also has its own analogue of Silicon Valley, although most people see only one side of the coin: unsanitary conditions and high level poverty.

Concern about the environmental situation and the large amount of garbage among Indian developers has turned into an interesting project. Its essence lies in the creation of edible spoons that will be sold instead of ordinary plastic ones along with ice cream or other desserts.

Such a spoon after eating the dish can be eaten or thrown into the trash. Flour decomposes very quickly and cannot be harmful. environment. The composition of edible spoons allows them to be used even by vegetarians. The developers plan to create a gluten-free edible spoon so that the invention is available to everyone.

Socially useful startup

Startups can be aimed not only at solving global problems but can also locally improve the lives of the population.

For example, a socially significant startup - a supermarket of cheap products was opened in Denmark. The supermarket is called “WeFood” and sells goods that are not displayed on the shelves of ordinary stores. What is meant? These products include products with defective packages, expired products, labeling errors. As a rule, such products are disposed of by ordinary stores, but are the main assortment of “WeFood”.

This idea is good because it allows people with a low standard of living to buy goods at an affordable price for them and diversify their diet. In addition, thanks to the opening of such supermarkets, the volume of products becoming undeserved garbage has been significantly reduced.

From these examples of startups, we can conclude that the original is born from the everyday. It is not necessary to be a genius to come up with your own unique idea, it is enough to look around more and place accents correctly.

It is not always possible to generate original ideas, so people prefer to earn on what has already been tested on the experience of others. There is a mass interesting business ideas, such as, for example, . Such a business allows you to conduct your business in comfortable conditions without leaving your home.

New startups and business in Russia

Let's see how things are with domestic startups. Despite the instability of the economy and financial problems, this area is actively developing. Talented and creative young people develop innovative ideas, which, unfortunately, cannot always attract proper investment. Let's take examples of startup projects of the past years:

A startup that increases the level of comfort

The Russian company SVET demonstrated its unique startup idea. A team of enthusiastic inventors come up with lamps that mimic natural light. The device can be configured depending on the time of day.

Such a project can not only increase the level of comfort in the house, but also significantly improve the health of those who will use such light bulbs.

It would seem that this idea has no flaws, but one colossal minus is the cost of the goods. This is a rather expensive project, because not everyone can afford to buy one device for $70. It is precisely because of the price category that the startup of our compatriots is mainly in demand in other countries.

Photo processing service

Another startup whose popularity peaked in 2016-2017. It's about about the Prisma app. Once upon a time, photos processed in this application were full of Instagram feeds and were the main photo trend. The developer and creator of the application was an ex-employee of Mail.ru.

For those who do not know what the essence of a startup is and the features of photo processing, we will tell you. An ordinary photo is uploaded to the application, where it turns into a painting visual arts. The main highlight of this program is that it does not use the overlay of standard filters, but draws a picture from scratch. Neural network algorithms scan the picture and recreate it in an artistic version.

One card for all occasions

A large number of discount cards collectively can cause inconvenience to their owners. You never know which card will come in handy and whether it is worth taking this plastic set with you from home. This is where the innovative start-up project “Cardberry” comes to the rescue.

Its essence lies in the fact that one device replaces a whole pile of cards. How it works? You have one "Cardberry" card in your hands, all your main cards are integrated into a special application. At any time, you can log into your smartphone and select the card you need, under which Cardberry will adapt and subsequently perform its functions.

Be open to new things, study the history of successful startups and invent your genius from the simple and everyday. All these examples show that startups are not just a way to make money, but a business based on innovation and the idea of ​​transforming the world around. If the field of startups is not quite right for you, you can find out Because the Internet provides tremendous opportunities for self-realization.

The world of business cannot keep up with the development of technology. Accordingly, new innovative business ideas appear in this process, which, in turn, have their own life cycle. The result of all this is the appearance of a new product on the market in the event that the idea was successful. The concept of innovation refers to everything that is improved, transformed into a new one or invented. Moreover, today this can apply to any industry, including business.

Initially, such a term was born in science and industry, but later, due to the modern way of life, in which interaction and interpenetration increasingly covers various areas of human activity, it has also become a business term. The search for new ideas and their implementation in life is called innovation. It would seem that since everything has already been invented, then where do they come from?

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Why innovation is needed

In fact, there is always something in the world that needs to be improved, and the conditions for the birth of innovative ideas are constantly appearing in society. However, they often go unnoticed due to the fact that there is simply no interest in them, because not every entrepreneur has unlimited resources and the desire to spend time waiting. The implementation of an innovative idea or project requires its own time frame, and an early market effect may not occur. Because of this, many are afraid of innovation and prefer ordinary, proven and already working business projects.

In fact, this judgment of entrepreneurs is not always correct. If it were not for innovative ideas, which, by the way, even influence the course of history, then there would be no social economic development the state as a whole.

Realizing that innovation is closely related to scientific and technological progress, which significantly affects any production, improving both productivity and quality by improving means, most people from the business sector began to relate to this differently and came to the conclusion: in our time, it is not enough for capital to apply mere labor. The more creative thinking a businessman has, the more rewards his innovative ideas can bring, and therefore he should also be engaged in intellectual activity.

Thus, any entrepreneur is faced with the question of how to independently learn to find and implement innovative solutions. Very rarely, successful ideas are born as a result of a brilliant insight, and, as a rule, innovations are the result of intellectual work, a conscious and purposeful search for new solutions. There are major sources of ideas that will help every entrepreneur to look at their business in a new way.

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Seven Innovative Steps to Business Success

The first is an unexpected event. This concept includes both success and failure, and what is happening around. That is, thanks to any incident, innovative ideas can spontaneously be born. The main thing at this moment for the management is to see possible prospects and implement them in life. Success will depend on the competence of the leadership, as well as on the lack of a narrow worldview.

Of course, any changes in business are always risky, but after all, the whole business is built on the basis of risk. Experienced entrepreneurs can even see hidden innovation opportunities in unexpected failure, which, for example, will increase profits or push the enterprise to a higher stage of development.

The second is any discrepancy between what is and what should be. This concept includes any dissonance in economic indicators, various discrepancies between the present and concepts about it, as well as inconsistencies between the priorities of the consumer and the ideas of entrepreneurs about them. They, as a rule, do not appear in the reports in the form of numbers that managers receive, that is, they have more qualitative than quantitative moments.

Third, the need production process. In this case, innovative ideas are not born from any events, but the need to improve an already existing process can become the reason for their appearance. For example, replacing even one weak link will rebuild the old for a new one that will meet modern needs. To do this, you need to understand the essence of things, and not change anything intuitively. In this case, the decision should correspond to the values ​​of potential consumers.

Fourth - structural changes in the market or in any industry. For example, if an industry is experiencing rapid growth that outpaces the population, then there is a high probability that its structure will change. The reason may be that in the process of doubling production in the industry, rapid obsolescence will occur, and it will no longer adequately respond to what is happening. All this will be a powerful impetus for finding innovative solutions.

Fifth - demographic factors. They play an equally important role in the birth of new ideas. Although until today it was thought that this is the most predictable segment, but in fact its indicators can change rapidly, and therefore do not pay attention to such important aspects it is forbidden. Thus, with a careful systematic analysis of such factors as the population size, its age structure, the level of education and income of people, an entrepreneur will have a highly productive and highly reliable source of innovation.

Sixth - various changes in value attitudes and perceptions. These phenomena cannot be explained from an economic point of view, since any such changes are a consequence of the passage of time. They can be used as a source, but it will be necessary to implement on the basis of this innovation consistently and narrowly, given that in this case an accurate timing will also be needed.

Do we think that everything will be better and much cheaper in the future? This question painted in very subjective colors of situational perception. However, this is exactly what the market is looking forward to. And the next question concerns how to generate and implement innovative business ideas so that it is our company that enters the proposed future? To do this, you need to understand what these ideas are, where and how to find their sources, how to organize a flow of events that would allow a business to enter the commercialization stage and achieve market success?

The concept of innovative ideas

Let's try to figure out what distinguishes an ordinary idea from business ideas focused on innovation. To do this, let's go in the order of narrowing the scope of application of the conceptual field. On the one hand, the very word "idea", which has an ancient Greek origin (idea), is very close to the concept of thought. It implies a certain idea, a conclusion, a form of comprehension of a perceived phenomenon, a favorable image of the future, present and even the past. On the other hand, under the idea is perceived a certain plan, the intention to carry out the action in a special new way. Therefore, an idea is often associated with an invention, a creative process of finding a new solution or device for something.

In the context of our topic, we consider not just an abstract idea, but the image of a new product, service or process (hereinafter referred to as the “product”). This product should be the result of the introduction of innovation in the process of its commercialization, that is, in the course of innovation. At the same time, we must understand that in addition to business innovations, there may be a large number of innovations that do not concern the commercial sector of the economy. Examples are innovations in the educational sphere, in the field of state building, in the field of social and humanitarian relations, in defense systems, the armed forces, etc. But we focus on the ideas of creating an innovative business - the kind of activity that aims to make a profit on the commercial use and sale of innovative products.

We agree that for the purposes of this article, we consider innovative ideas as systemic conclusions that relate not only to the images of certain objects or technologies, but are also perceived in relation to the corresponding market relations. Since the entrepreneurial meaning for such ideas is dominant, the question of the market's reaction to innovations becomes a priority in a number of evaluation parameters. However, an idea can be taken up by a business for implementation at any stage of the innovation process and at any level, regardless of authorship.

1. At the level of strategic marketing.
2. At the level of exploratory research work.
3. At the level of applied research and development work.
4. At the stage of direct commercialization.

In Russia, entrepreneurship has a great potential for resourcefulness and is able not only to generate, but also to embody progressive ideas and all kinds of activities that allow it to simply survive. Take, for example, tax planning and the shadow economy: activity is very high there, and a great many ideas are spinning. This indicates that there is a craving for innovation in Russian reality. Another question is whether the business has the appropriate motives and incentives to innovate? New business ideas can generally be directed to:

• for research and development work;
• to search for a product (goods, services) for an invention being created or acquired;
• to improve or reengineer business processes;
• to search for the promotion concept and implementation model;
• to find a way to mobilize the market instruments needed for innovation to succeed.

Sources of business ideas

The process of commercialization of innovation goes through several cyclic stages, among which the birth of ideas takes the first place. Suppose we are talking about the creation of a fundamentally new, innovative product that goes through the entire chain from the primary author's idea to mass production and marketing. The role of the author in this case is dominant. He acts both as an inspiring leader and initiator of scientific, design and all other research and implementation, including the laboratory, pilot operation and production stages.

However, one author's activity is obviously not enough. An entrepreneur should be nearby. Ideally, if he also has production facilities, have developed resources in the direction of marketing, promotion and sales, will become an investor and provide sufficient financial flow. In practice, the innovation process develops in stages. Below is a model of cyclic stages of commercialization, in which several stakeholders can participate, which is most often more justified.

Cyclic model of innovation commercialization

1. An idea acquires value only as it is commercialized. The further it has advanced to full-fledged market realization, the higher its value.
2. Essentially, the cost of an embodied idea is determined by the amount of risk that an entrepreneur takes on when entering the innovation process with respect to the proposed idea.
3. The level of participation of the author in future profits depends on the form and scale of the business in which the innovative idea will be embodied.

How does an innovative business idea come about? What is its formation: art, a random act of brilliant creation or technology? Until recently, it was believed that authorship, including in the technical field, is a unique phenomenon arising from the combination of multiple, including random, circumstances. However, modern management technologies, which have already taken root in Russia, allow an innovative idea to be put on stream in a business context.

Of course, the quality, uniqueness, breakthrough meaning of the idea is lost in this case. But in most cases, a perfect blue ocean strategy is not required for a business. Pioneer developments and implementations are often too risky and prohibitively expensive, so a defensive strategy can also be winning. In this regard, among the personalized sources of the formation of an innovative idea, the following stand out.

1. Scientists who are passionate about fundamental theory or applied development in a narrow research area or at the junction of scientific fields.
2. Businessmen for whom the word "impossible" does not exist.
3. Industry leading competitors.
4. Sales staff, dealers, sales representatives etc.
5. Active employees, sometimes young professionals, motivated for career growth.
6. Loyal or, conversely, infinitely demanding customers.

According to the method of formation and implementation, the sources of business ideas differ as follows:

• own breakthrough ideas-finds;
• unique technical solutions protected by patents subject to re-development with registration of a parallel patent;
• cloning an idea using elements of industrial espionage or attracting know-how carriers;
• transformational addition to an already implemented idea;
• compilation of several ideas without deep processing of their sources;
• formation of a hybrid idea at the intersection of the latest knowledge, scientific and practical solutions.

Methods for developing ideas and forms of implementation

Suppose an innovative business idea is close to maturity, and it must be comprehended in a creative group. Perhaps the idea needs further development, interpretation. It is probable that the idea has only just been outlined, or there are several fairly extensive hypotheses that require development and selection. Management science for these purposes suggests the use of many universal methods. We will pay special attention to almost each of them, but in this article we will limit ourselves to a simple enumeration.

1. brainstorming method. Authorship belongs to Alex Osborne.
2. William Gordon's synectics method.
3. Tony Buzan's Mind Mapping Technology.
4. MFO (focal object method) by Charles Whiting.
5. The Six Hats Method by Edward de Bono.
6. Method of morphological analysis by Fritz Zwicky.
7. Method of "indirect strategies" by Peter Schmidt and Brian Eno.
8. Delphi method.
9. Bob Eberle's SCAMPER Creativity Method.
10. TRIZ by Heinrich Altshuller.

Among the local techniques that help develop a solution for formulating ideas, I propose to highlight:

• the trap technique for ideas, when almost all incoming thoughts are recorded on a voice recorder or in a notebook for a certain time;
• the technique of using the principle of incubation, when a given mental program issues a solution from the subconscious into the very unexpected moment: in the shower, in the subway, in a dream, etc.;
• a technique for systematizing ideas based on the construction of matrix structures.

The implementation of innovative ideas is realized through certain organizational forms, which should be classified according to the characteristics of the business scale, stage life cycle. So, a business idea can be embodied:

• in the form of an innovative project in a large company;
• through a specialized small innovative business that has reached the stage of late "childhood" or even "youth" according to I. Adizes;
• through innovation in small business, implemented in the form of an innovative start-up.

In Russia, startups began to actively develop in the early 2000s under the patronage of the state. They have features that distinguish them among small innovative businesses. First of all, this is the potential for rapid growth, the speed of which is much higher than that of a typical innovation in a small business. As a rule, startups use an offensive rather than a defensive strategy, so the risks for this form are much higher. The issue of providing financing is very complicated; a special financial infrastructure is being created to solve it.

We conclude a review article on idea generation in innovative entrepreneurship. All ideas, being accepted for implementation, ultimately have a design implementation. I emphasize once again: despite the fact that the “cartridge in the barrel” (idea) is driven by the author, only the entrepreneur can pull the “trigger”, because it is he who is responsible for the commercialization of the main idea of ​​​​innovation.

The concept of "small business" can apply not only to kiosks and small service establishments. Despite the fact that businessmen are not used to investing in scientific development, innovations can be a great way to increase their own capital. In this article we will talk about innovative small business ideas that can be implemented in Russia.

Innovative small business in different countries

In order to understand how developed innovations are in a particular state, we propose to consider several major powers from this point of view. How small businesses are organized in different parts of the world:

1. In Germany and other European countries, there are many small companies that innovate together with large corporations. They produce individual parts or bring their own designs to market. Small firms take the lead and create new products. After the products go on sale, small businesses can count on the support of the "parent" corporation. The reason for this success is simple: states actively support start-up entrepreneurs and create the most favorable conditions for their development.

2. In China, small organizations are considered the main source of innovation. A special entrepreneurial culture allows you to improve productivity, reduce the amount of defective goods and create new products. Since 2003, the Chinese government has established two long-term programs to help start-up entrepreneurs. Due to this, the share of small business in the state economy has exceeded 60%.

3. Small business sectors in Russia are not developing so rapidly. Most of firms are engaged in trade, or rather, resale imported goods. Innovative technologies within small enterprises are used extremely rarely. There is not enough investment to create a new product and professional personnel. A narrow sales market for products and low demand for high-tech goods also play a role. Entrepreneurs are afraid to invest their savings in innovations, because it is not known how the population will react to the appearance of this product.

Is innovation necessary for highly profitable small businesses in Russia?

Surveys among managers of enterprises of various sizes have confirmed that work optimization reduces the cost of production and allows significant savings in its production. Innovations not only improve the work of the company, but also lay a good foundation for the development of the country. The creation of innovations improves the life of the population and raises the general standard of living.

At the same time, experts argue that innovations should be directed to solving specific problems. A product that satisfies the needs of the population or makes life easier will always be in demand.

Small businesses are most interested in introducing new products to the market. Through innovation, even a small firm can quickly gain popularity and earn a decent income.

Ideas for organizing a profitable small business in Russia

It must be understood that not every innovation will be in demand among the population and will bring income. To really organize profitable business, it is necessary to study consumer demand and sensibly assess their capabilities to meet it. Below are real business projects that a small business entrepreneur can successfully bring to life:

1. Robot gardener. The unique device allows you to forget about weeds and small pests. A smart machine independently destroys everything that interferes with the proper growth and development of crops. Human intervention is not required, the robot itself performs its task throughout the day. The car is charged by solar panels, additional service not required in most cases.

2. Service for space planning. Free online resources for renovation planning are far from ideal. They poorly reflect the design idea and give only a rough idea of ​​what awaits a person in the future. Creating a full-fledged website where people can realize their ideas will certainly attract customers. A huge selection of furniture and decoration for rooms will delight visitors, and a professional consultant will tell you how best to equip your home.

3. Rain rooms as a business originated in China. Numerous attractions have already opened on the territory of the country, due to which people can enter a room with an impromptu downpour and not even get wet. This service helps to relieve stress and relax, it is in great demand among both children and adults.

4. An unmanned mobile store can become a simple and profitable source of income. Mobile retail outlets are already in demand in China. Sooner or later, the trend will reach Russia. The mobile store is a mobile kiosk on automatic control. It can grow food around the city or serve as a mini-supermarket. Payment is made by bank cards, buyers can purchase the necessary products or place an order.

5. The smart dressing room mirror was invented by Labs. The gadget is installed in booths of branded clothing stores. It allows you to see yourself under different types of lighting, complete the outfit with accessories and instantly pay for the purchase. This eliminates the need to hire a large staff of service personnel and makes life much easier for both the buyer and the owner of the chain of stores.

When choosing an idea for your business, pay attention to the demand in the region. The best option would be to conduct a social survey about the desire to use a particular product. After a competent analysis of the market, the entrepreneur will be able to engage in the most promising activities.

In this video you will see some ideas for starting a business.

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Federal Agency for Education

State educational institution higher professional education

State University of Management

Institute of National and World Economy

Department of Management

COURSE PROJECT

in the discipline "Innovations in anti-crisis management"

on the topic: "Innovations in small business"

Completed by: Potapova E.M.

Checked by: Kuzmina E. Yu.

k. e. PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Management

Moscow - 2005

Introduction

Chapter I. Essence innovation management

Chapter II. Small business innovation

Chapter III Innovative business in the Kaluga region on the example of NPF Stella LLC

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Introduction

At the present stage of economic development in dynamically changing economic conditions, as well as in crisis situations, the role of innovation is constantly increasing, which is a decisive factor in the successful functioning of any organization. After all, no matter how successfully the organization develops, but if its activities are not aimed at mastering new technologies that allow the production of new types of products of higher quality and with least cost, then it runs the risk of becoming uncompetitive after a while, and this, in turn, means a weakening of its position in the market, loss of consumers and a decrease in profits.

Small business is the backbone of the economy of most developed countries. This is an area where creative, motivated people can fully realize their talent and experience. It was the ideas of a small business that created the McDonald's hamburger, the Apple computer, the Ford car, and many other useful goods. Any big business starts small.

The purpose of the work is to prove that the innovative activity of even small enterprises plays an important role in the state economy.

Object - innovative activity of small business.

Subject - the impact of innovation on small business

Tasks - study of innovation management, determination of the role of the innovation sphere of small and venture business in the state economy.

Chapter I Essence of innovation management

1.1 The concept and classification of innovations

Innovation management is a relatively new concept for the scientific community and business circles in Russia. It is at the present time that Russia is experiencing a boom in innovation. Some forms and methods of economic management are being replaced by others.

In the specialized literature and official documents, the concepts of managing scientific and technological progress, introducing the achievements of science and technology into production, etc., were most often used, which is typical for a centrally controlled economy. AT market conditions management, there can be no question of any introduction of anything. This fundamental difference explains the difference in the content of individual concepts in the field of innovation management.

It is generally accepted that the concept of “innovation” is the Russian version of the English word innovatoin. The literal translation from English means “innovation” or in our understanding of the word “innovation”. Innovation means new order, new custom, new method, invention, new phenomenon. The Russian phrase “innovation” in the literal sense “introduction of the new” means the process of using innovation.

Thus, from the moment of acceptance for distribution, an innovation acquires a new quality - it becomes an innovation (innovation). The process of introducing an innovation to the market is commonly referred to as the commercialization process. The period of time between the appearance of an innovation and its implementation into an innovation (innovation) is called the innovation lag.

In everyday practice, as a rule, the concept of innovation, innovation, innovation, innovation is identified, which is quite understandable. Any inventions, new phenomena, types of services or methods only receive public recognition when they are accepted for distribution (commercialization), and already in a new capacity they act as innovations (innovations).

It is well known that the transition from one quality to another requires the expenditure of resources (energy, time, finance, etc.). Three main components and form the scope of innovation and are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Scheme of innovation activity

In the scientific literature, there are a large number of approaches to defining the definition of innovation. For example, on the basis of content or internal structure, innovations are technical, economic, organizational, managerial, etc.

There are such signs as the scale of innovations (global and local); life cycle parameters (identification and analysis of all stages and substages), regularities of the implementation process, etc. Various authors, mostly foreign (N. Monchev, I. Perlaki, V. D. Hartman, E. Mansfield, R. Foster, Twist B., I. Schumpeter, Rogers E. and others) interpret this concept depending on the object and subject of their research.

For example, Schumpeter interprets innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors motivated by an entrepreneurial spirit. In the internal logic of innovations - a new moment of dynamization of economic development.

Technological innovation is now subject to the concepts established by the Oslo Guidelines and reflected in the International Standards in Science, Technology and Innovation Statistics.

In accordance with these standards, innovation is the end result of innovative activity, embodied in the form of a new or improved product introduced to the market, a new or improved technological process used in practice, or in a new approach to social services.

Thus, innovation is a consequence of innovation activity.

On the other hand, analyzing various definitions, we can conclude that the specific content of innovation is change, and the main function of innovation is the function of change.

The Austrian scientist I. Schumpeter singled out five typical changes: .

1. Usage new technology, new technological processes or a new market supply of production (purchase - sale).

2. Introduction of products with new properties.

3. Use of new raw materials.

4. Changes in the organization of production and its logistics. 5. The emergence of new markets.

I. Schumpeter formulated these provisions back in 1911.

In turn, the classification of innovations allows the organization implementing them:

ensure a more accurate identification of each innovation, determining its place among others, as well as opportunities and limitations;

ensure an effective relationship between a particular type of innovation and an innovation strategy;

ensure program planning and system management of innovation at all stages of its life cycle;

develop an appropriate organizational and economic mechanism for implementing innovation and replacing it with a new one in order to ensure the strategic objectives of the organization;

develop an appropriate compensation mechanism (overcoming anti-innovation barriers), which will reduce the impact of innovation on the stability and balance of the system.

There are a number of classifications of innovations in the literature. For example, A.I. Prigozhin offers a typology of innovations according to 9 features: .

1) by type of innovation:

logistical;

economic;

organizational and managerial;

legal;

pedagogical

From the point of view of the impact on the achievement of the economic goals of the organization, material and technical innovations include:

innovation-products;

innovation-processes.

Product innovations allow you to increase profits both by increasing the price of new products or modifying existing ones. Process innovations allow you to improve economic indicators due to: - improvement of training source materials and process parameters, which leads to a reduction in production costs and an increase in product quality.

The development of each basic technology is characterized by an S-shaped logical curve. The slope of the curve and the inflection points of development in each period of time reflect the effectiveness of the technology and the extent to which the technological potential is being used. As the limit is approached, further use of this technology is not economically feasible.

The evolution of technology along the S-curve depends on the experience accumulated over time. The success of technological innovations depends on the speed of adaptation of innovations to real production conditions and the characteristics of the environment in which the innovation process takes place. Relationship product innovation and technological innovations. At present, any historically stable industry can instantly turn into a volatile one due to the diversification of related technologies. The likelihood of such an event at any stage of the demand life cycle increases the requirements for acceptance management decision based on a real assessment of the consequences of applying the new technology.

In recent decades, electronic computers have become a powerful means of intensifying any development. Its first contribution to the intensive technology of the innovation process in the enterprise was automation information support. Creation of information and reference and information retrieval systems, data banks, knowledge bases, etc. made it possible to sharply increase the completeness of the coverage of available information, the purposefulness of its search and use.

AT modern conditions intensive production of new knowledge processes of creating new technical systems are characterized by the increasing complexity of design tasks: the number of alternatives for the implementation of individual subsystems, nodes, blocks is growing, the list of physical processes that form the basis of their production is increasing. As the number of alternatives grows, so does the number of feasible and workable combinations of these alternatives. All this leads to the need for adequate information support for design and development work, which is impossible, in our time, an ever-increasing flow of information, without the help of a computer.

Academician V.N. Glushkov noted that "the aspects of using computers in invention are practically countless" and the next step in this regard was the use of the capabilities of electronic computing technology not only in the search for optimal physical principles of operation (OPP) of future designs or technologies and technical solutions ( TR), but also in the discovery of new and more efficient FOPs and TRs.

For example, one of the methods of automated synthesis of technical solutions developed in our country makes it possible to obtain, by combining elements and features of known technical solutions, new, still unknown TR, provides a largely automatic assessment and comparison of TR options, automates the description of the synthesized (selected) TR in natural language or as a graphic sketch.

AT recent times human-machine expert systems are gaining more and more importance, allowing to combine the experience, knowledge and intuition of people with the capabilities of electronic computing technology. Especially promising is the use of such systems in the innovation process, which, as a rule, is characterized by a significant uncertainty in the timing, required resources, and expected results.

According to Russian experts, first of all, expert systems are needed to test the objects being developed on test benches. Thus, the analysis of the innovative process of developing a number of types of engines showed that they were created within 6-7 years. But at the same time, the time and money spent on working out the product amounted to more than 80 percent total costs per project, and the useful time of the testing process itself is only 5-12 percent.

Such a low efficiency is explained, on the one hand, by the fact that due to the complexity of the mathematical description of the relationship of physical processes occurring in the objects being developed, errors in the designs of complex systems are inevitable; on the other hand, when designing, it is not customary to provide for the possibility of failures, because it is initially assumed that the object will satisfy all the requirements established in the task.

However, it should be noted that not in the course of the actual design, but only in the process of long-term experimental processing and full-scale tests, it is possible to ensure high reliability and quality of the products being created. Savings on the development of a program and test system leads to the fact that immeasurably more time and money are wasted to find out the causes of unforeseen failures and eliminate them. Practice shows that this sometimes takes 90 percent of the time of experimental debugging of new products.

The use of an expert system, in which, in parallel with the design of an object, a program of its testing is prepared and optimized, makes it possible to identify weaknesses in the design at the initial stages of the project, which can be corrected before the start of operation of the machines. With the help of these systems in modern technology, its interaction with users and the external environment is more fully taken into account, control and diagnostics are carried out, without which complex machines are considered uncompetitive today.

The enormous possibilities of expert systems are best revealed in their combination with other functional blocks and developed software packages for computer-aided design systems.

In the USA, for example, there are already new means software Computers that make it possible to dramatically speed up and improve the accuracy of preliminary calculations of the cost of a product being prepared and produced. For example, Kodak Corporation's programs can reduce production cost estimates by 75 percent. As the experience of individual companies shows, with the skillful use of these programs, the deviations of preliminary results from actual cost indicators do not exceed 10 percent. Specialized automatic design systems (CAD), designed exclusively for cost estimates, are able to operate with large databases, including data on more than 250 types construction materials and 60 types of technological equipment.

With some models like complex systems the choice of new technologies is optimized, the time for the release of a batch of products is calculated, the cost of the batch and the time spent on checking the quality of the products are determined. Introduced into practice and fundamentally new approaches to the construction of such programs, focused on the stage of design and technological development of the product. These programs are equipped with expert systems designed for designers and technologists.

The basic principle, according to which the basis of such systems is formed, is that from 50 to 80 percent of the future cost can be accurately determined at the stage of design and technological development. Typically, these programs are introduced to automated workstations (AWS) of designers and technologists, which significantly increases the efficiency of their use. Thanks to this, in particular, it becomes possible to analyze many cost options. The most experienced specialists manage to calculate the expected cost of a future product with the help of new programs with an accuracy of up to 5% in half an hour.

Thus, thanks to the introduction of an expert system into the process of designing large integrated circuits, it was possible to optimize their development, to carry out it much faster and with better quality. One such system from the American company Bell helps designers obtain a description of a microcircuit, coordinate the transition from one stage to another, automatically compose the necessary documentation, and so on.

DEC uses expert systems in the development of the composition and configuration of manufactured computers, which allows it to create machines with optimal characteristics that meet all customer requirements.

Based on predetermined rules, the system used by the company determines what replacements or additions should be made to the original computer configuration in order to ensure the delivery of a machine that meets the needs of the customer and at the same time has a minimum cost.

With the help of this expert system, DEC has configured more than 90,000 machines and in 98 percent of the cases there were no problems. System performance is six times higher than manual operation. At the same time, 2 percent of orders that were beyond the power of the expert system contain the most interesting and complex new tasks, the solution of which requires maximum effort and high qualifications.

Thus, expert systems are not only a means of intensifying the technology of the innovation process, but also capable of playing the role of "snoops" looking for unknown innovative directions.

1.2 Public policy for the development of innovative activity in the Russian Federation

The main role in supporting innovation belongs to the state. In turn, the priority in the volume of innovations undoubtedly belongs to science - because. it is thanks to it that discoveries are made that move the progress of man forward. Considering the above factors, we will consider the process of developing innovation support programs using the example of government funding of science and its activities related to innovation.

Speaking about the modern economy, it is necessary to take into account its transitional nature. This affects the processes of state financing of scientific innovations. This process of change is driven by a number of factors. Among them, it is impossible not to mention the gradual increase with the beginning of the price liberalization policy of shortage of funds from commodity producers, the growth in mutual non-payments, which led to a decrease in the receipts of funds from their main customers to scientific organizations of the sectoral profile - industrial enterprises and associations. “Reducing” trends also affected academic and university scientific organizations that have contractual relations with enterprises.

The most important source of R&D funding is budgetary funds. They are used primarily to fund research and development in the defense industries, as well as to fund budget organizations and conducting fundamental and applied research in academic and university organizations. The foregoing leads to the conclusion that the fall in demand for scientific and technical products in the initial period of the formation of market relations, which led to the difficult financial situation of many scientific organizations, was an inevitable consequence of changes in the fundamental foundations of the functioning of the economy. In this situation, the survival factors of scientific organizations will be the qualifications of their personnel, material and technical equipment. But in any case, changing existing organizational structures seems inevitable. However, this process should not be dramatized. It will contribute to the formation of an adequate market economy in the scientific and technical sphere, more adapted to the task of accelerating scientific and technological progress. However, favorable conditions for self-regulation will not appear immediately. Therefore, in the modern period, the role of the state is increasing. Another relatively new way for enterprises to use their non-R&D funds is the purchase of stocks and bonds. joint-stock companies and enterprises, government securities with the subsequent receipt of dividends (interest) on them, as well as the opening of term deposit accounts in a commercial bank at interest specified in the loan agreement.

The third area of ​​state financial support for the scientific and technical sphere is profitably directed organizations.

In addition to methods of direct (through the conclusion of contracts, the issuance of subsidies, etc.) state financing of research and development, it is necessary to actively use the so-called indirect financing of scientific and technical measures, which stimulates an increase in the costs of enterprises.

Other benefits are also used to stimulate the research activities of companies, and their composition and size are constantly being specified. Thus, in the 1980s in the United States, in conclusion of the chapter, we note that the conditions for adapting the emerging system of financing scientific and technical progress to the realities of a market economy are an active state scientific and technical policy: firstly, aimed at direct financing of both specific R&D and individual scientific organizations in the existence and development of which the state is interested; second, setting clear funding priorities.

Chapter II Innovation in Small Business

2.1 The role of the innovative sphere of small and venture business in the state economy

A fairly common point of view is that small business is an innovative business, because it has a much more fluid organizational structure. Small businesses in the struggle for survival are more willing to use innovative technologies and developments, and a significant part of firms is directly focused on the commercialization of technologies. But all enterprises arise as small ones, and all are new in some way. Everything innovative is new, but not everything new is innovation. The organizers of the TACIS project proposed their own definition of a small innovative enterprise (SIE). SIE is an enterprise whose share of products older than three years in the total volume of output is no more than 10%. Despite the fact that only about 6% of the total number of employees in small business work in the innovation sector, this area of ​​small business development can be to put one of the first places in terms of importance for the development of the economy .. Small enterprises engaged in innovative activities (SMID) began to appear on a large scale already in the second half of the 80s. Their development made it possible to speed up the innovation process, overcome the obstacles to technological progress that existed in the planned economy - departmental barriers, inconsistency in the stages of the innovation process, the monopolistic position of individual participants overall process. The rapid growth in the number of IPIDs at that time was also influenced by the lack of demand scientists in the previous period, limited opportunities for the manifestation of ability in state academic and industry scientific institutions. A significant part of the IPID, regardless of the name, functioned in the field intermediary services. In the field of R&D, MPID was mainly engaged in the development software products, design work, economic research. In the early 1990s, IPID found itself in difficult conditions of a rapid curtailment of demand for scientific products due to the investment crisis, which caused a decline in innovation activity, and an increase in the budget deficit. Currently, IPIDs are not associated with investment demand, so their profitability has declined sharply. Research and development is carried out either on rented equipment or by using it free of charge at the place of work. Characteristic development of small innovative business at the present time - its instability.

Small business in the innovation sphere is currently being formed in several ways. IPID can be separated from the large state scientific organizations. Their funding is constantly reduced, and they cannot adapt to the new economic conditions. The activities of small firms in this case are mainly aimed at modernizing and improving the types of equipment developed at the parent company. MPID can be created as market backups of laboratories and departments of industrial research institutes and factories and be engaged in both purely scientific and applied research, and a full innovation cycle. the way of formation of IPID is to unite a group of developers for the production of competitive and profitable science-intensive products. The period of existence of such IPIDs is often limited by the timing of the implementation of a particular idea.

MPIDs can also be formed as intermediaries to promote innovations and technologies created by specialists in the field of a particular technique and technology. The role of such firms is especially significant in regions where scientific, technical and marketing ties are weaker than in the center.

Deep systemic economic crisis Russian economy confirmed that the financial system and the might of the state lies might industrial production, and forced to draw the attention of all interested parties to the real sector of the economy. In the post-crisis integration processes (after August 1998), industrial capital begins to prevail, ensuring closer interaction with financial capital; diversification processes are intensifying, having a scientific, technological, regional and economic focus. It is its development through the maximum attraction of investments in the real sector of the economy, and above all its innovation sphere, that should become the cornerstone of the state investment and innovation policy in Russia in modern conditions.

The more acute the crisis of large-scale production, the more hope there is for small business as a “market generator” of innovative ideas, accelerating “from below” (at the micro level) the processes of structural transformation planned “from above” (at the macro level), the more actively “cultivation” of new organizational management structures innovative activity, their replication on an economically more and more significant scale as “points (poles) of growth”, the faster the formation of a new corporate strategy and tactics by using the advantages of small forms of organization of the project business with technology transfer. .

The development of innovation activity and the development (support) of small business at the current stage are largely interconnected, they complement and stimulate each other.

In modern conditions, technological progress is of great importance, understood not only as the application of new methods of production (innovations in production processes); but also as the creation and significant improvement of goods (innovations in products). In this regard, the main "points (poles) of growth" are innovative monopolies that arise in the process of producing improved or completely new goods and services. A monopoly position can be occupied not only by large, but also by medium and small enterprises. It all depends on the industry, product or service provided.

2.2 State regulation innovation activity in the sphere of small and venture business

Abroad, in almost all developed industrial countries, there is a system of state incentives for innovation activities of small and medium-sized enterprises. So, in France, making sure that the increase in the activity of small and medium-sized firms affects the growth of the country's international competitiveness, they implement special programs assistance to innovative enterprises, participating in their costs through subsidies, tax incentives, concessional loans, risk capital and consulting.

The most striking example of a successful innovation policy, especially for the development of small and medium-sized businesses, is China. High degree legal support in the field of technology transfer; a tax system that exempts SEs involved in the development of new technologies from income tax; the system of their concessional lending and financial support ensured the effective use of scientific and technical potential and high profits from innovation.

In this regard, an active structural policy is of great importance - a constantly renewed and ongoing process, unthinkable without active state regulation, which should and can contribute to the optimal development and functioning of innovative monopolies.

Speaking of government regulation, it can be noted that whatever the common causes, all countries with market economies face serious problems. Therefore, many of the problems facing Russia are due not to the peculiarities of the transformation period, but to the cardinal defects of the market, which are recognized by all economists in the world. The current crisis of the world market system testifies to the process of cardinal changes in adaptation, in which a large place is given to innovative monopolies. The main vector of movement of countries with market economies includes capitalist planning in one form or another. The market at a certain stage of its development gives rise to an objective need for forecasting and planning economic processes that act as a negation of the market. As in the process of development of the command-administrative system, there is a need for market relations, which act as a denial of the system that generates them. All this acts as an objective reaction of systems to the difficulties that arise in the process of their functioning. In the very general view forecasting and planning become tools that allow market economy to overcome their own organic shortcomings by combining the non-state and public sectors. (Appendix 1).

At present, no society, from the most centralized to the most decentralized, is currently capable of creating an efficiently functioning mechanism. Social, political and technological factors are of great importance. Objective reality testifies in favor of such a situation that, in general, the economy is a harmonious and logical system, and the real problems and difficulties facing any society, both Russian and American, are a manifestation not only and, perhaps, not so much of economic laws. , and those political and moral values that dominate in a society based on politics and morality in the form of a collective will and a personal system of values. The crisis is going through the whole human civilization. Does not exist; of a single drug in the form of a market, plan, forecast, the law of supply and demand, but their optimal combination is needed at each specific stage (time interval), which in many cases is achievable under the conditions of an innovative monopoly. In terms of developing a system of forecasting and planning at the enterprise level, it is innovation monopolies that have the greatest potential.

From the standpoint of the development of modern economic systems and the achievement of the greatest efficiency of their functioning, the state policy in the economic sphere, along with others, should pursue the goals and objectives of the formation of innovative monopolies, preventing their transformation into "classical" monopolies. In this regard, two types of markets can be distinguished:

Traditional - where in the garden of objective laws of competition processes of concentration and specialization of capital take place, ultimately leading to the formation of a monopoly. In this situation, the government should take the whole range of measures aimed at developing competition and limiting monopolistic tendencies;

New - when an enterprise objectively receives a monopoly position due to the conduct of effective innovation. In this case, the state is already dealing with an innovation monopoly and should encourage the preservation of its innovative nature.

There are the following basic approaches that can be taken to determine the presence or absence of a monopoly in a particular market.

First, market results, when the ideal (hypothetical innovation-monopoly) market is compared with the real situation. Secondly, the behavior of economic entities, when the economic behavior of a monopoly is considered in order to identify its innovative nature. Of great importance is the identification, analysis and prevention of elements of collusion and tacit agreements between enterprises. Thirdly, the structure of the market, when, due to the restriction of the opportunity for an enterprise to freely exit or enter an industry, there are serious problems with the promotion of competition.

Criteria for determining the boundaries of effective state intervention in economic systems in terms of encouraging the innovation component in the activities of monopolies, the effectiveness of the functioning of monopoly enterprises, ensuring the effectiveness of the impact on the course of economic processes in the field of innovation, and the effectiveness of budget policy are. In terms of ensuring the effectiveness of functioning, the state should act as the main guarantor of providing all citizens economic freedom, without which political, innovative, entrepreneurial, spiritual, scientific, creative, etc. freedom is inconceivable. In terms of specifying this provision, the state should strive for an objective assessment of its own compatibility with the market, innovation and competition and find ways to achieve effective compatibility. In cases where the state is unable to ensure the achievement of education and the development of innovative monopolies in a specific time period, it must limit their intervention in economic processes. And vice versa, when the state has every opportunity to promote the economic development of this type of monopoly, then its inaction is very often illegal and can lead to negative consequences both in the short and long term. All methods of state regulation of a market economy should not be aimed at suppressing market signals, including those associated with the emergence of innovative monopolies, but at predicting the likely consequences of their change and based on institutions market organization social production. The state should pursue an active state structural policy, the main purpose of which should be to stimulate innovative monopolies and structural changes generated by the market. Structural policy should help to ensure and stimulate the socially acceptable adaptation of monopoly enterprises to rapidly changing conditions, especially in industries that are on the verge of recession, stagnation or unstable growth, when these issues are transformed into employment problems. At the same time, a decisive structural transformation is required in industries that are not able to establish themselves in the current economic conditions. Structural policy should focus on encouraging technological progress and include direct and indirect support innovative enterprises, incl. and innovation monopolies. Indirect methods here are the stimulation of R&D and government intervention in the framework of technology policy.

Under these conditions, state support for small business in the innovation sphere is necessary to stabilize the production process at the first stage and make more efficient use of its resource potential; for their subsequent maintenance at a level sufficient to achieve a continuous and progressive low-inflationary socio-economic development, accompanied by stable production growth, a decrease in unemployment through the creation of new jobs and growth purchasing power population of Russia; to solve in the future the strategic goal of the socio-economic development of any democratic state - improving the well-being of the people.

State support for small business in the innovation sphere in conditions of limited investment resources should be based on the relationship between the federal and regional bodies that carry it out and the development of a unified policy by them, adapted in each specific case to specific regional conditions. Support for small business in the innovation sphere at the federal level involves the definition of state priorities for its development and the formation of a fund of financial resources necessary for investing at the expense of the federal budget. Taking into account the real needs of the regions requires that federal policy be based not on the territorial affiliation of small businesses, but on a targeted approach. Investment funds to support specific areas of small business development should be allocated at the federal level according to the target principle, based on how a specific regional program or a specific regional small business support project meets the national goals of forming competitive environment, creating additional jobs, conversion, increasing the scientific and technical level of production, supporting certain categories of the population and improving the environmental situation. The intra-regional policy of supporting small business in the innovation sphere should include two blocks - programs and activities that are important for the development of this particular region, implemented directly at the regional level at the expense of local resources; programs and activities of interregional importance and meeting the objectives of the national program for the formation of a system to support small businesses. The relationship between federal and regional small business support agencies, the development of a single policy by them should find concrete expression in the balance of various sources of financing for regional programs for the development of small business.

State investment resources should be concentrated on the most important areas of small business functioning that meet both federal and regional interests, namely, small business in the innovation sphere. At the federal level, the state functional-target priorities in investing small businesses in the innovation sphere should include ensuring the interests of the latter in the course of interdepartmental coordination of the activities of federal agencies that provide state support for innovation activities in the following areas:

Formation and implementation of a unified state investment and innovation policy (coordination of the goals of the three; main agents economic activity-- in fact, "innovators" who generate ideas and design the means of their implementation; entrepreneurs; legal entities of any organizational and legal forms implementing innovative projects; bodies state power establishing legislative norms and by-law standards and regulations);

Stimulating the activity of participants in a unified state investment and innovation policy, including direct support for participants providing “cross-program” coordination of innovation activities in the interests of providing state support to small businesses.

Achieving the interests of small business in the innovation sphere can be implemented within the framework of solving the following main tasks at the federal level.

1.Planning of sectoral, functional, territorial structure development of innovative activity and state budgetary resources for its state support.

2.Organization and management federal register on registration of requests for support of innovative projects.

3. Implementation of the state order for state support of innovation.

4. Improvement of the federal contract system in terms of selective management of state support.

5. Promoting the development of small business in the innovation sector and the conversion of defense enterprises, as well as raising the scientific and technical level of production.

6. Facilitating the cooperation of both innovative firms (venture companies), and their cooperation and cooperation with large and medium-sized enterprises.

7.Support in the field of foreign economic activity.

8. Formation of the social sphere.

9.Support in improving the environmental situation.

10. Maintaining certain disproportions and disequilibrium conditions in the economy for the redistribution of resources and the organization of the redistribution of resources in favor of innovative monopolies.

11. Creation and development of support infrastructure.

12. Carrying out a tax policy of state support in the innovation sphere.

13. Conducting an investment policy of state support in the innovation sphere.

1. Planning of branch, functional, territorial structure of development of innovative activity.

In accordance with the Fundamentals, the main measures of state stimulation of scientific, scientific, technical and innovative activities in priority areas of development of science, technology and technology in the field of improving the structure of the public sector of science and high technologies, strengthening the material and technical base of science, increasing the efficiency of using state property are:

Conducting an inventory of the scientific and technical complex, including science cities, including changes (in necessary cases) organizational-legal form and form of ownership of scientific organizations;

Improving the academic sector of science by concentrating resources on solving fundamental scientific problems, optimizing the management system for scientific and scientific and technical activities, clarifying the number of subordinate scientific organizations and the number of employees;

Giving to state scientific centers Russian Federation functions of leading organizations in the most important areas of technology and technology development;

Sale of surplus property and construction-in-progress facilities released in the process of restructuring the scientific and technical complex, using the funds received for additional financing of measures to strengthen the material and technical base of scientific organizations;

Using, in accordance with the established procedure, part of the fixed assets of scientific organizations, released in the process of restructuring the scientific and technical complex, to support small scientific and innovative entrepreneurship, the creation of scientific and technological parks, innovation and technology centers and other objects of innovative activity;

Improvement of the current system of accreditation of wrist organizations, transition to their attestation and certification, taking into account international quality standards:

Bringing targeted funding for the development of instrumentation: base, maintenance of unique stands and installations used in research and development in priority areas of science, technology and engineering to 5% of the amount of funds allocated from the federal budget for fundamental research and promotion of scientific and technological progress;

Providing budget compensations to state scientific organizations and state higher educational institutions for the payment of property taxes (unique scientific equipment, stands, installations and structures) according to the list approved by the Government of the Russian Federation;

decline customs duties for imported specialized scientific equipment that has no domestic analogues (as part of a general strategy to reduce customs duties on imported technological equipment);

An increase in budgetary appropriations for scientific research and experimental development of civilian purposes in connection with the transfer to the federal budget of income from the lease of federally owned property by scientific organizations;

Compensation at the expense of the budgets of all levels of expenses of state scientific organizations - state unitary enterprises for rent for land (within the limits of land plots recognized as necessary for scientific and scientific and technical activities based on the results of the inventory).

The planning of the sectoral, functional, territorial structure of the development of innovative activity in the environment of small business is carried out through the distribution of state budgetary resources for its state support (determination of the volume and structure of the state order).

2. Organization and maintenance of the federal register to record applications for support of innovative projects of small businesses, and their satisfaction by stages (receipt of applications and their codification, preliminary examination and decisions made on state support, implementation of decisions and allocated start-up resources from the state budget, attracted financial resources from extrabudgetary sources and the results of their total costs, including an analysis of the effectiveness of the implemented project, as well as conclusions from the analysis to improve the planning of state support in the future).

3. Implementation of the state order for state support of innovation activities through the preparation and conclusion of interconnected (along the "verticals" and "horizons" of state administration to support small businesses) contracts (agreements) and multilateral state contracts to support selected innovative projects proposed by small businesses, including direct financial support on equity principles in the pre-commercial phases of the implementation of innovative ideas (completion of R&D, business planning, commercialization of R&D results, assistance in obtaining titles of protection for intellectual property, search for strategic partners and potential investors, organization and support of investment development processes in the start-up period).

4. Improving the federal contract system in terms of selective management of state support, depending on the ratio of such performance indicators of an innovative project as "Profitability - risk - liquidity", the importance of the project in terms of implementing state policy priorities in the relevant area, methods of providing budget allocations ( in the form of grants, interest-free loans, concessional loans, state guarantees) at different phases of its implementation, as well as the cost of a new business that will be busy replicating (exploiting) the results of an innovative project (production of goods using new technologies, new services for promoting goods to the consumer, new consumer niches for goods and services as a result of the spread of innovation).

5. Promoting the development of IPFA and the conversion of defense enterprises, as well as raising the scientific and technical level of production is an urgent direction of state policy to support small business. Under the conditions of the ongoing investment crisis, the material basis for the introduction and dissemination of scientific and technological progress turned out to be extremely narrowed. IPID can contribute to the expansion of the use of already known progressive technologies and equipment in enterprises of the civil sector of the economy. State policy should provide for the creation of a preferential tax regime for small science-intensive venture capital companies, the provision of IPID with risk capital based on the provision of loans for research projects that meet federal requirements and regional interests. The activities of the MPID should be focused on technical developments and their introduction into production. A significant part of the state policy financial resources small business support should be directed to regions that are undergoing conversion and major structural adjustment and have sufficient scientific and technical potential and qualified personnel. Investment and innovation policy in this area should be aimed at determining by competitive selection, taking into account economic situation the most promising MPID in various fields of science. Prospective projects that have passed the examination must receive at the stage of idea development state aid and then, at the stage of development of products, to attract the capital of commercial structures, significantly reducing the investment risk of investors.

6. Facilitating cooperation both of the IPID themselves, and their cooperation and cooperation with large and medium-sized enterprises. IPID cooperation is necessary to jointly address issues that cannot be resolved at the level of an individual firm, for example, issues related to a marked improvement in the use of fixed assets. It is easier for the cooperating IPFA to defend their own investment interests in relations with medium and large enterprises, with government authorities at various levels. State support for such cooperation requires additional financial and other benefits for IPFAs that maintain stable economic relationships. Within the framework of associations (cooperation) of the IPFA in the regions, the solution of problems associated with the emergence of new small firms and their functioning can be accelerated. This is: legal registration, obtaining a loan, purchasing necessary equipment, recruitment, consulting, protection of IPFA interests, coordination of industrial relations with public and private companies. The development of such associations can be facilitated by the provision by federal and regional governments of orders to large and medium-sized enterprises with the condition of their obligation to cooperate with small firms, and to facilitate the acquisition and marketing of the latter's products. The development of small business in the innovation sphere can be facilitated by the integration of IPFA into production structures more powerful economic entities. A large enterprise can provide accounting assistance to MPID, advise on marketing strategies, organize management consultations and staff training. Stimulation of IPFA cooperation with medium and large ones can be carried out on the basis of commitments large enterprises to provide small firms with a certain share of orders for contract work. Financial and industrial groups can play a special role in solving this problem as part of the formation of a new corporate strategy and tactics by “implanting” small innovative firms into financial and industrial groups by using the advantages of small forms of organization of project business during technological transfer (inter-industry transfer and territorial diffusion domestic scientific and technical achievements). As organizational forms of such integration, leasing, franchising, long-term contracts for the supply of components for certain financial guarantees. The advantage of this variant of industrial organization will be the creation of guaranteed sales markets for IPID, especially in cases where financial and industrial groups make a breakthrough to export markets.

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Advantages and disadvantages of small business. The role of small business in the Russian economy. Conditions and factors of small business development in Russia. State policy in the field of small business. Analysis of the development of small business in the city of Irkutsk.

term paper, added 06/04/2012


Study of the concept, essence and history of venture business as an innovative sector of small business. Sphere Analysis entrepreneurial activity associated with the implementation of risky projects and investments in the field of scientific and technical innovations.

term paper, added 11/25/2011


The concept of small business in economic theory. The role of small and medium business in the economy of Kazakhstan. Analysis of the state and dynamics of development of small and medium-sized businesses, its problems and risks. Rating of problems hindering the development of entrepreneurship.

presentation, added 06/06/2012


Small business: concept and role in the national economy. Foreign experience in supporting small innovative businesses. Problems of formation and stimulation of small innovative business in Belarus. Features of venture financing of innovative projects.